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PubMed1985

Filing and retrieving a personal collection of 35-mm teaching slides in medicine. A simplified system.

The use of 35-mm slides to teach or supplement lectures has become an important technique in medical education. To be effective, the slide collections need an efficient filing and retrieval system. The systems previously described for filing and retrieval of slides usually are expensive, require many materials and much space, and are more suited for slide libraries and large collections than for personal collections of teaching slides. A more simple and inexpensive system to file and retrieve personal collections of 35-mm teaching slides uses color labels to identify groups of topics and also numbers to identify each slide in a given group. The color labels also help in proper loading of slides into the slide tray. This system can be expanded easily to suit individual needs.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1993

European isolation and confinement study. Twenty-four hour rhythm of rest/activity and sleep/wakefulness: comparison of subjective and objective measures.

The purpose of this study in the ISEMSI project was to record continuously the rest-activity cycle of the six subjects by ambulatory monitoring. It was planned to record the subjects during approximately 10 days of the pre-isolation period, the 28 days of isolation, and the 6-day post-isolation period. The three following major aims were envisaged: (1) to evaluate the possibility of monitoring the rest-activity cycle and sleep over prolonged time periods under conditions of confinement; (2) to examine the sleep period under the experimental condition in comparison to the pre- and post-experimental periods; and (3) to compare objective and subjective measures of sleep. The activity monitor is enclosed in a small metal case (68 g; 51 x 36.5 x 21 mm), which is worn on the wrist. The monitor is started via an interface; the recording interval was 1 minute. The subjects were instructed to read out their own data into a PC, and to obtain a graphic display within the confinement chambers to supervise the proper functioning of the activity monitors. Subjective data on sleep quality were obtained on a daily basis by means of a morning questionnaire. Once per week, the daytime vigilance states were assessed at 2-hour intervals on visual analogue scales. The activity recordings reflected the tightly controlled sleep-wake cycle during weekdays, and the permissive schedule on weekends. The data revealed no major sleep disturbances, which was in accordance with the subjective data. Most sleep complaints were due to the noise caused by snoring of other subjects. Self-rated tiredness tended to increase during confinement, whereas self-rated tenseness showed no trend. Due to organizational limitations, the data collected in the pre- and post-experimental periods were insufficient for an analysis. Summarizing, motor activity recorded by means of an ambulatory activity monitor proved to be a valuable non-electroencephalographic measure of sleep quality and rest-activity pattern of humans under conditions of long-term confinement. The activity monitor was found to be unobtrusive and reliable. The data read-out by the subjects during the experiment was feasible and contributed to the reduction of data loss. When the objective measures of sleep quality thus obtained were compared with subjective measures of this parameter, a good correspondence was found. Hence it can be said that activity monitoring represents a simple and reliable method for the long-term monitoring of sleep and wakefulness, which is well suited for application under space conditions.

Circadian Rhythm↗
PubMed2001

[G-tolerance of female cosmonauts during descent in space flights of 8 up to 169 days in duration].

Investigations into g-tolerance of female cosmonauts during descent in space flights of varying duration are topical for the present day, as there are little data on this issue. Tolerance of +Gz-loads during descent was analyzed based on the data about 4 female cosmonauts in 5 space flights. The space flights were conventionally divided into short- (8-16 days) and long-term (169 days). In two space flights (16 and 169-d long), tubeless anti-g suit Centaur was warn during descent. In these space flights, g-tolerance of females was quite satisfactory advocating for the possibility for women to fly to space without any constraints. When the anti-g suit was not used, female physiological systems were stressed heavier than male. The spacesuit smoothed away this difference. Our results evidence a distinct positive effect of wearing the anti-g suit by female cosmonauts during descent as it reduces stress to their physiological systems.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2001

Meeting medical terminology needs--the Ontology-Enhanced Medical Concept Mapper.

This paper describes the development and testing of the Medical Concept Mapper, a tool designed to facilitate access to online medical information sources by providing users with appropriate medical search terms for their personal queries. Our system is valuable for patients whose knowledge of medical vocabularies is inadequate to find the desired information, and for medical experts who search for information outside their field of expertise. The Medical Concept Mapper maps synonyms and semantically related concepts to a user's query. The system is unique because it integrates our natural language processing tool, i.e., the Arizona (AZ) Noun Phraser, with human-created ontologies, the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and WordNet, and our computer generated Concept Space, into one system. Our unique contribution results from combining the UMLS Semantic Net with Concept Space in our deep semantic parsing (DSP) algorithm. This algorithm establishes a medical query context based on the UMLS Semantic Net, which allows Concept Space terms to be filtered so as to isolate related terms relevant to the query. We performed two user studies in which Medical Concept Mapper terms were compared against human experts' terms. We conclude that the AZ Noun Phraser is well suited to extract medical phrases from user queries, that WordNet is not well suited to provide strictly medical synonyms, that the UMLS Metathesaurus is well suited to provide medical synonyms, and that Concept Space is well suited to provide related medical terms, especially when these terms are limited by our DSP algorithm.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1995

[Role of vestibular and visual analyzers in changes of postural activity of patients with childhood cerebral palsy in the process of treatment with space technology].

The paper presents the findings of stabiligraphic investigations of children afflicted with the hyperkinetic child's cerebral paralysis treated with the method of graduated wearing suit ADELI. This suit is a modification of space-designated PINGUIN used to counteract the adverse effect of long-term microgravity on the skeletal muscles and the skeleton. 30 children were investigated prior to, immediately after, and in a delayed period after this treatment. A group of 11 healthy volunteers were also investigated as their control. The program of investigation included routine stabilimetry, the station test, and head rolling tests. The results demonstrate that in healthy subjects the standing pose is primarily acquired and sustained by means of the visual analyzer, whereas the CCP patients pose could attain this pose with a significantly weakened control by the visual analyzer. Application of ADELI increases the role of visual analyzer in the control of standing pose. Following the treatment, the stabilimetric indices of patients changed for the better and approached those in healthy subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Molecular structure of a D-homoandrostanyl steroid derivative: single crystal and powder diffraction analyses.

The knowledge of the structure of a molecular crystal is frequently a prerequisite for the understanding of its solid state properties. Even though single-crystal diffractometry is the method of choice when it comes to crystal structure determination, methods using powder diffraction data become more and more competitive. There has been much recent interest in the development of a new generation of "direct-space" approaches that are particularly suited for molecular crystals. The crystallographic structure of a steroid derivative molecule (17,17-di-n-propyl-17a-aza-D-homo-5alpha-androstan-3beta-ol) was obtained in two independent ways: from a single crystal by laboratory X-rays and from a polycrystalline powder by high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction. The molecule crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) (a = 6.5346, b = 17.6006 and c = 19.6978 A). Hydrogen bonds form infinite chains of molecules parallel to the c axis.

Androstanols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Percutaneous catheter placement for cyst drainage in the subarachnoid space.

A technique for percutaneous catheter drainage of cystic masses in the subarachnoid space was developed and shown to be safe and effective in an 18-year-old boy with life-threatening, recurrent neuroenteric cysts that compressed the brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord. Percutaneous drainage through a C1-C2 approach was performed on 11 separate occasions. Decompression was always accomplished and no infection or other complication occurred, even with continuous catheter drainage for 9 months. This technique provides opportunities for interventional neuroradiologic therapy in the subarachnoid space. It appears to be suited for percutaneous drainage of intraspinal and intracranial cysts when surgery is not indicated due to intractability or inaccessibility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Mechanical counter-pressure vs. gas-pressurized spacesuit gloves: grip and sensitivity.

INTRODUCTION: An elastic mechanical counter pressure (MCP) glove for spacesuits is under development. In this study we compared handgrip and pinch grip strength levels for the MCP glove and the current extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) gas-pressurized glove. METHODS: We employed handgrip and pinch grip dynamometers to assess strength levels and von Frey monofilaments to evaluate hand sensitivity. Tests were conducted with the gloved hand inserted in an evacuation chamber at 200 mmHg below atmospheric pressure to simulate conditions in space. RESULTS: Average bare hand strength was 463 N and decreased to 240 N for EMU and 250 N for MCP. Pinch grip and key grip testing showed no difference among conditions. However, there was a significant decrease in palmar grip strength from 111 N barehanded to 67 N in both gloves. Barehanded endurance time was 160 s and dropped to 63 and 69 s for EMU and MCP, respectively. Sensitivity was significantly better for MCP compared with the EMU. DISCUSSION: The MCP glove improved hand sensitivity when compared with the EMU glove and performed as well as the EMU glove in terms of overall handgrip strength, endurance at 25% of maximum handgrip strength, pinch grip, palmar grip, and key grip tests. Improvements in fabric composition and glove design may further improve ergonomic and other functional parameters of the MCP glove.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Simulation of a hospital's theatre suite.

Describes a study of sex operating theatres in a modern hospital where management was concerned about the throughput of the system. Senior medical staff were of the opinion that insufficient recovery spaces had been provided when the suite of theatres had been built which, if correct, was a physical constraint requiring considerable financial investment to remedy. They also thought that shortage of porters (¿You can never find a porter when you need one!¿) and recovery nurses were current operational problems. The relationship issues encountered when interfacing with the staff involved, the collection and analyses of relevant data and the building of a visual interactive simulation model are described.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2005

A geometric invariant-based framework for the analysis of protein conformational space.

MOTIVATION: Characterization of the restricted nature of the protein local conformational space has remained a challenge, thereby necessitating a computationally expensive conformational search in protein modeling. Moreover, owing to the lack of unilateral structural descriptors, conventional data mining techniques, such as clustering and classification, have not been applied in protein structure analysis. RESULTS: We first map the local conformations in a fixed dimensional space by using a carefully selected suite of geometric invariants (GIs) and then reduce the number of dimensions via principal component analysis (PCA). Distribution of the conformations in the space spanned by the first four PCs is visualized as a set of conditional bivariate probability distribution plots, where the peaks correspond to the preferred conformations. The locations of the different canonical structures in the PC-space have been interpreted in the context of the weights of the GIs to the first four PCs. Clustering of the available conformations reveals that the number of preferred local conformations is several orders of magnitude smaller than that suggested previously. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: www.it.iitb.ac.in/~ashish/bioinfo2005/.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Simulated shuttle egress: comparison of two Space Shuttle protective garments.

BACKGROUND: In a previous study from our laboratory, we observed carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation in the helmet of the NASA Launch and Entry Suit (LES) during a simulated emergency egress from the Space Shuttle. Of 12 subjects, 8 were unable to complete the egress simulation with a G-suit inflation pressure of 1.5 psi. The purpose of this report was to compare CO2 accumulation and egress walking time in the new Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) with that in the LES. METHODS: Four male subjects who previously were unable to complete the egress in the LES performed a simulated egress while wearing the ACES with the G-suit inflated to 1.5 psi. The egress simulation consisted of 6 min of seated rest, 2 min of standing, and 5 min of walking on a treadmill at 1.56 m x s(-1) (3.5 mph) and 0% grade. The helmet visor was closed with the subjects receiving 100% oxygen throughout the simulation. Inspired CO2 and walking time were measured. RESULTS: The rate of CO2 accumulation was significantly less (ACES: 0.53 +/- 0.03, LES: 1.07 +/- 0.15 %CO2 x min(-1); p = 0.05) and walk time was greater in the ACES (ACES: 5.0 +/- 0.0, LES: 2.7 +/- 0.2 min; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in the design of the ACES from the LES resulted in a decreased rate of CO2 accumulation and an improved egress walking time compared with the LES.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Intracellular injection with horseradish peroxidase of physiologically characterized stellate and bushy cells in slices of mouse anteroventral cochlear nucleus.

Nissl-stained tissue from brain slice preparations of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of the mouse resembles tissue fixed in situ. Multipolar, spherical, globular, and granule cells can be distinguished after intracellular injection with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Stellate cells have relatively large dendritic fields; their axons have collaterals which terminate within the cochlear nuclear complex. Bushy cells have smaller dendritic fields; where they can be seen, axons have no collaterals. Granule cells have few short dendrites; their very fine axons branch close to the cell body and could be followed only for short distances. Intracellular recordings from six stellate cells labeled by intracellular injection of HRP revealed that they have linear current-voltage relationships around the resting potential and that they respond to suprathreshold depolarization with large, regularly firing action potentials. Intracellular recordings from four bushy cells, also labeled by injection of HRP, showed that these cells have nonlinear current-voltage relationships around the resting potential and that they respond to suprathreshold depolarizations with only one or two small action potentials. The anatomical and physiological features of bushy cells reduce summing in time and space and make bushy cells well suited to preserve the firing patterns of auditory nerve inputs. The anatomical and physiological features of stellate cells, in contrast, allow summing in time and space.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The ESA Laboratory Support Equipment for the ISS.

The Laboratory Support Equipment (LSE) for the International Space Station (ISS) is a suite of general-purpose items that will be available onboard the Station either as self-standing facilities or as equipment that can be used at defined locations. Dedicated to supporting system maintenance and payload operations, some LSE items are derived from commercial equipment, while others have been specifically developed for the ISS. ESA is currently engaged in developing three pressurised facilities and one pointing mechanism that will become part of the LSE complement, namely: the Minus Eighty degree centigrade Laboratory Freezer for the ISS (MELFI), the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG), the cryogenic storage and quick/snap freezer system (Cryosystem), the external-payload pointing system (Hexapod).

Equipment Design↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Dynamic CT of the laterosellar extradural venous spaces.

We evaluated the ability of dynamic CT scanning to accurately demonstrate the laterosellar extradural venous spaces. Careful examination of 680 consecutive patients with this technique has permitted us to describe four main venous groups: the veins of the lateral wall (present in 98% of cases), the vein of the inferolateral group located beneath cranial nerve VI (present in 92% of cases), the medial vein located between the internal carotid artery and the pituitary gland (present in 20-30% of cases), and the vein of the carotid sulcus located between the intracavernous internal carotid artery and the lateral wall of the sphenoid bone (present in 65% of cases). The vein of the carotid sulcus is absent only when the internal carotid artery lies close to the sphenoid bone. In 12 patients with suspected cavernous sinus invasion, dynamic CT scanning demonstrated obliteration of the vein of the carotid sulcus. In five patients with huge tumors of the temporal region, dynamic CT scanning of the cavernous sinus permitted demonstration of normal laterosellar extradural venous spaces, thus permitting exclusion of intracavernous sinus invasion. We believe dynamic CT is the imaging technique best suited for studying the laterosellar extradural venous spaces. Its spatial resolution and dynamic capacity make it superior to MR, and it should be the first procedure when invasion of the cavernous sinus by a pituitary tumor is suspected.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1982

Site location and requirements for the installation of a nuclear magnetic resonance scanning unit.

The installation of a nuclear magnetic resonance unit in any diagnostic facility involves certain location and environmental requirements. Based on our experience with the FONAR QED 80 system, we have delineated the major factors which must be considered when planning for such an installation. The major requirements are location and space. Suggested layouts for the suite and the control room are included. Certain environmental specifications will vary depending on the location of the facility and the type of unit installed.

Air Conditioning↗
PubMed1996

Obturator hernia: current diagnosis and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Obturator hernia is a rare pelvic hernia for which both diagnosis and therapy are difficult. Because symptoms are nonspecific and specific physical findings are often obscure, diagnosis of obturator hernia is often delayed until laparotomy for bowel obstruction. Strangulation is frequent, and mortality remains high (25%). Primary closure of the hernia defect is difficult because adjacent tissues are not easily mobilized. Although a variety of techniques have been described, surgical repair has not been standardized. METHODS: We report a case of bilateral obturator hernia with incarceration in association with bilateral femoral hernia in which these problems were satisfactorily addressed. RESULTS: The hernias were diagnosed by computed tomography (CT) scan and repaired with synthetic mesh placed in the preperioneal space. This technique is well suited to unilateral and bilateral combinations of obturator, inguinal, and femoral hernias. CT scan in the work-up of severe gastrointestinal symptoms with weight loss may lead to a diagnosis of occult hernia, thereby allowing elective repair and, hopefully, a reduction in mortality risk. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend CT scan for suspected obturator hernia and preperitoneal mesh repair of noninfected cases.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Molecular dynamics simulations of glycoclusters and glycodendrimers.

Protein-carbohydrate recognition plays a crucial role in a wide range of biological processes, required both for normal physiological functions and the onset of disease. Nature uses multivalency in carbohydrate-protein interactions as a strategy to overcome the low affinity found for singular binding of an individual saccharide epitope to a single carbohydrate recognition domain of a lectin. To mimic the complex multi-branched oligosaccharides found in glycoconjugates, which form the structural basis of multivalent carbohydrate-protein interactions, so-called glycoclusters and glycodendrimers have been designed to serve as high-affinity ligands of the respective receptor proteins. To allow a rational design of glycodendrimer-type molecules with regard to the receptor structures involved in carbohydrate recognition, a deeper knowledge of the dynamics of such molecules is desirable. Most glycodendrimers have to be considered highly flexible molecules with their conformational preferences most difficult to elucidate by experimental methods. Longtime molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with inclusion of explicit solvent molecules are suited to explore the conformational space accessible to glycodendrimers. Here, a detailed geometric and conformational analysis of 15 glycodendrimers and glycoclusters has been accomplished, which differ with regard to their core moieties, spacer characteristics and the type of terminal carbohydrate units. It is shown that the accessible conformational space depends strongly on the structural features of the core and spacer moieties and even on the type of terminating sugars. The obtained knowledge about possible spatial distributions of the sugar epitopes exposed on the investigated hyperbranched neoglycoconjugates is detailed for all examples and forms important information for the interpretation and prediction of affinity data, which can be deduced from biological testing of these multivalent neoglycoconjugates.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed2004

Zeolite-based photocatalysts.

The compartmentalised intracrystalline void space of zeolites are specially suited to incorporate and organise photoactive guests that can be used as photocatalysts. The rigid micropores allow assembly of multicomponent systems comprising of antenna and relays reminiscent of natural photosynthetic centers. Besides inorganic metal oxide clusters, zeolites as host are particularly attractive to construct organic photocatalysts since the guest becomes significantly stabilized by incorporation. This review gives special emphasis to the commercial and potential application of photocatalysts.

Journal Article↗