Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Somatotypes”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Somatotyping in the obese children and adolescents.

Age-related somatic variability studied by 15 anthropometric parameters was assessed in 278 subjects (138 boys and 140 girls) aged between 5 and 20 years. Of these, 30% had simple obesity, 10.0% obesity associated with hypothyroidism, 10.0% obesity with diabetes, 25% obesity with adrenocortical reaction, 23.5% functional adiposo-genital syndrome and 1.5% Cushing's syndrome. The peculiarities related to the somatic development as a whole, the degree of bone development, and adiposity are interpreted in the main clinical forms of obesity, on the basis of the morphogram.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The individual typological characteristics of the habitus of young children and the principles of somatotyping].

The nature of individual differences in early childhood was investigated by the principal component analysis of 22 absolute anthropological measures. The first principal component accounted for 45% of variability; it may be referred to as a general body-size factor, the same as in the studies of senior children and adults. The second principal component accounted for 14% of differences in habitus of children. Sex differences were inconsiderable. The concordance of the topology based on the values of two first principal components and on the V. G. Shtefko and A. D. Ostrovskiĭ classifying system was lower than 50%.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1997

[Effects of genetic polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase identifiable in human milk (PGM4 locus) on the somatotype of the newborn and reproductive function of women].

The polyacrylamide gel isoelectrofocusing technique was used to examine structural variations of the human milk-expressed enzyme PGM4-locus phosphoglucomutase. Six phenotypes controlled by four alleles: PGM4*1, PGM4*2, PGM4*3, PGM4*4 with frequencies of 0.261, 0.664, 0.047, 0.028, respectively, were identified in 180 milk samples taken from Moscow Russian women in labour. The empirical distribution of the PGM4 phenotypes is in a moderate agreement with the expected one with chi 2 = 9.622; 6 d.f. (p > 0.05). Its phenotypic belonging to PGM4 1-2 and PGM4 2-2 was examined for its influence on female reproductive function and neonatal somatic type. The PGM4 1-2 phenotype was positively associated with miscarriages whereas PGM4 2-2 negatively correlated with this abnormality. If the mother had PGM4 2-2, there might be increased body dimensions (body length and mass, head and chest circumferences) in male neonates. On the contrary, PGM4 1-2 was negatively correlated with body length and mass in the newborns of both sexes. For female neonates, there was a highly significant association only with the presence of PGM4 2-2 in their mothers, namely: its presence was positively correlated with all body dimensions.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of breed and body weight on echocardiographic values in four breeds of dogs of differing somatotype.

Eighty normal dogs of four morphologically disparate breeds (Pembroke Welsh Corgi, Miniature Poodle, Afghan Hound, Golden Retriever) (twenty of each breed), were studied by echocardiography to determine the importance of breed and weight in establishing normal echocardiographic reference ranges. Echocardiographic measurements included left-ventricular chamber dimension at systole and end-diastole, right-ventricular chamber dimension at end-diastole, interventricular septal thickness at systole and end-diastole, left-ventricular free wall thickness at systole and end-diastole, E-point septal separation, aortic root dimension at end-diastole, left atrial dimension, and fractional shortening. Analyses of covariance indicated that for all measurements except right-ventricular chamber dimension, the means were significantly different among breeds, after the differences in weight were taken into account. Echocardiographic measurements are variable even within the same breed. Breed must be considered in establishing echocardiographic measurement reference ranges. Echocardiographic values for each breed are presented.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

Physique, subcutaneous fat, adipose tissue distribution, and risk factors in the Québec Family Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationships among subcutaneous fatness, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) distribution, somatotype and risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). SUBJECTS: The sample included 1410 (715 male and 695 female) youths and adults from the Quebec Family Study. MEASUREMENTS: Six skinfolds and the dimensions necessary for the derivation of the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype (endomorphy, mesomorphy, ectomorphy) were measured. The six skinfolds were summed to provide an index of subcutaneous adiposity (SUM). In addition, the trunk-to-extremity skinfold ratio, adjusted for SUM using regression procedures (TER), and the first principal component (PC1) of skinfold residuals (also adjusted for SUM) were used to indicate SAT distribution, independent of the overall level of fatness. Risk factors for CHD included systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and fasting glycaemia, triglycerides (TGs), plasma cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein (HDL-C and LDL-C) cholesterol, and the HDL-C/total cholesterol (CHOL) ratio. RESULTS: In general, SUM was positively correlated with endomorphy and mesomorphy, and negatively correlated with ectomorphy. On the other hand, SAT distribution was not associated with somatotype, except in females where TER and PC1 were negatively correlated with mesomorphy. Results of forward stepwise regression analyses to predict CHD risk factors, indicated that a significant proportion of the variance in the risk factors could be accounted for by SUM, SAT distribution and somatotype (up to 16%). SUM is the best predictor, entering the regressions first (most important) in six of 15 significant regressions in males and 14 of 16 significant regressions in females. Somatotype components enter as predictors 10 times in males, and six times in females. Similarly, TER and PC1 enter as predictors nine times in males and five times in females. CONCLUSIONS: Somatotype is related to SUM, while somatotype and SAT distribution are largely independent of one another. Furthermore, SUM, somatotype and SAT distribution are significant predictors of biological risk factors for CHD.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2000

[Age and constitutional features in the forming of posture in children 7 to 14 years of age].

Longitudinal study of forming of the posture was performed in 138 healthy pupils of Moscow school No. 710 aged from 6.5 to 14 of both sexes. Simultaneously children were examined anthropometrically and their constitution was determined after Schtefko. The posture was examined visually. It was established that posture forms within observation terms depending on sex, age and somatotype. Peak age for the risk of posture disturbance is 9-11 for girls and 10-12 for boys. Digestive and muscular somatotypes provide favourable prognosis respective to posture (in girls), while astenoid somatotype is the worst. Special type of posture defect is characteristic for each somatotype. In children with digestive and muscular somatotype primary posture defects disappear by 12-14. In children with astenoid and thoracal somatotype their number, in contrary, grows.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physique and echocardiographic dimensions in children, adolescents and young adults.

Relationships between echocardiographic dimensions and the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype were considered in healthy, non-obese children (8-11 year olds, n = 143), adolescents (12 15 year olds, n = 216) and young adults (16-24 years, n = 190). Cardiac dimensions, measured by M-mode echocardiography at end-diastole, included left ventricular internal diameter (LVIDd), posterior wall thickness (PWTd), and interventricular posterior wall thickness (STd). Left ventricular mass (LVM) and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) were estimated. Partial correlations between cardiac dimensions and each somatotype component were calculated, controlling for age and the other two components. Only 9 out of 45 correlations in males and 7 of 45 correlations in females were significant (p < or = 0.05). LVM, LVEDV, and LVIDd were significantly related to somatotype in males, demonstrating significant positive correlations with mesomorphy (r = 0.25, 0.29 and 0.29, respectively) and ectomorphy (r = 0.22. 0.37, and 0.37, respectively), and LVEDV and LVIDd were related to endomorphy (r = 0.24 and 0.25, respectively) in 8-11 year old boys. In 8-11 year old females, endomorphy was related to STd (r = 0.41) and LVM (r = 0.34), while mesomorphy was related to PWTd (r = -0.34) and ectomorphy was related to PWTd (r = -0.36). In 12-15 year old females, mesomorphy was related to STd (r = 0.26) and in 16-24 year old females, endomorphy was related to LVIDd (r = 0.29) and LVEDV (r = 0.32). Overall, the correlations between somatotype and cardiac dimensions were low, ranging from -0.36 to +0.41, with no clear pattern in either sex. Additionally, a backward stepwise regression analysis indicated that body size was more important in predicting echocardiographic dimensions than somatotype. Thus, physique, as estimated with the Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype, is not related to echocardiographic dimensions in children, youths and young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Association between physique characteristics and hand skeletal aging status.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between skeletal aging traits (obtained from evaluation of hand radiographs) and physique characteristics, including indices of obesity, skeletal size, muscular development, and the somatotypes of Heath and Carter (1967) and of Deriabin (1985). To achieve our aims, we used multiple regression analysis, and Pearson's and canonical correlation analyses. The studied population comprised 629 males and 561 females aged 18-90 years, all members of the Chuvasha (Russian Federation). The present study provides evidence for a connection between hand bone aging traits and physique characteristics. The cortical index showed a small but significant correlation with adiposity and the index of overall physique, but bone mineral density (BMD) traits were not correlated with the index of overall physique. Deriabin's set of somatotypes was significantly correlated with BMD, but could explain only 2% of its variation. Significant correlations of the hand osteoarthritis trait were observed with indices of adiposity. Also observed were statistically significant canonical correlations with both sets of somatotypes, which enabled us to predict 2-3% of hand osteoarthritis variation by a combination of somatotype components. Osseometric score evinced statistically significant correlations with most indices of physique as well as with a combination of somatotype components. These findings may prove helpful in epidemiological studies, because they show that body composition is the factor that is statistically significantly associated with skeletal aging.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Shall the anthropometry of physique cast new light on the diagnoses and treatment of eating disorders?

Body weight is crucial to eating disorders. Beyond gender, age, and height it is determined by anthropometric features of physique, i. e. somatotypes. We investigated their impact on the anthropometric and metabolic assessment of nutritional status, psychometrics, and other clinical aspects of eating disorders. In 133 eating disordered girls (ICD-10 & DSM-IV criteria) of well-recorded catamneses, various somatometric measures (n = 133), serum leptin (n = 30), plasma tryptophan (n = 108), and psychometric scales (n = 119; EDI-64 & EAT-40) were examined, preferably on repeated occasions of their treatment and in comparison to 41 healthy controls. Somatotyping was performed by gender- and age-specific quintiles of Strömgren's Metrik Index (MI) derived from 6995 volunteers constituting the anthropometric reference.Somatotypes represent a significant factor for assessing nutritional status. Exhibiting higher EDI-64 bulimia ratings at admission, more prevalent self-induced vomiting and purgative substance abuse as well as prolonged refractory illnesses with more previous inpatient treatment trials but later admissions, heavier somatotypes were significantly underrepresented in our total clinical sample but more prevalent among bulimic eating disorders (p < 0.05). Neglecting the anthropometry of physique biases against the detection and treatment of eating disorders in heavier somatotypes at weights below general average. Henceforth, this shall be avoided by somatotyping according to frame indices.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1998

Sexual dimorphism in the physiques of World Championship divers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate sexual dimorphism in male (n = 43) and female (n = 39) springboard and platform divers at the 1991 World Diving Championships in Perth, Western Australia. In addition to recording the age, height and body mass of each diver, measurements were taken of 8 skinfolds, 13 girths, 8 breadths and depths, and 11 lengths. The derived variables were somatotype, sum of 6 skinfolds (SUM6) and height-adjusted proportional z-scores. The mean (+/- s) values for the males were: age, 22.2 +/- 4.6 years; height, 171 +/- 9 cm; body mass, 66.7 +/- 10.2 kg; somatotype, 2.0-5.3-2.4 +/- 0.5-1.0-0.8; SUM6, 45.9 +/- 11.4 mm. For the females, these values were: age, 20.9 +/- 3.8 years; height, 161 +/- 6 cm; body mass, 53.7 +/- 5.5 kg; somatotype, 2.8-3.8-2.8 +/- 0.7-1.0-0.9; SUM6, 65.6 +/- 17.0 mm. The males were taller, heavier, more mesomorphic, less endomorphic and had a smaller SUM6 than the females (P < 0.01). A series of discriminant function analyses were applied to groups of variables. Wilks' lambda and the overall F-ratio were highly significant (P < 0.001), with correct classification of sex reaching 84-99%. The best combinations of variables were as follows: (1) absolute size, 3 girths + SUM6, or body mass + SUM6 + height (Wilks' lambda = 0.17-0.35); (2) relative size, 2 girths + SUM6 + body mass. Combinations of breadths and lengths, skinfolds, or somatotype components, were less successful, with 84-87% classified correctly (Wilks' lambda = 0.40-0.48). We conclude that, in addition to the expected absolute size differences, sexual dimorphism between male and female divers can be explained by differences in relative size, skinfolds and somatotype, and that these differences may have implications for coaching and selection in diving.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Anthropometric parameters and body composition in girls with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome].

Anthropometric parameters, body composition and somatotype distribution were examined in 91 girl with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome, which develops as a result of sex chomosome anomaly. Somatotype definition was carried out using V.P. Chtetzov method, while osseous age was determined radiographically. Among the patients with Shereshevsky-Turner syndrome studied, marked prevalence of those with leptosomal constitution (82.3%) and stenoplastic somatotype (70.6%) was detected. Patients with megalosomatic constitution were rare: subathletic and auriplastic somatotypes were detected in 5.9% each, athletic somatotype was absent. These regularities may be associated not only with a sex chromosome anomaly, but with severe hormonal disbalance, which developed in this disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Practical use of the Möhr and Johnson formula for calculation of ideal weight. Preliminary observations on deviations from ideal weight in a group of 1,000 Sicilian adults].

Simplification of the operations required for the calculation of ideal weight in adults in accordance with the formula of Möhr & Johnsen is suggested. Preliminary notes on a group of 500 male and 500 female Sicilians aged 18-24 following determination of the Strömgren metrical index and somatotype, ideal weight, and a variation index of differences between the real weight and the ideal weight are presented. Leptomorphs were clearly predominant, particularly among the males. Assessment of the variation index values for each subject within the different somatotypes was followed by analysis of the frequency distribution of under-, normal, and over-weight subjects. Percent frequency was noticeably asymmetrical, with marked differences between somatotypes and the sexes, though there was a clear ratio between deviation and somatotype features. The overall percent frequencies without reference to somatotype were slightly more symmetrical and lay on a leptokurtic curve.

Adult↗