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PubMed2006

Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence.

Like all perception, social perception reflects evolutionary pressures. In encounters with conspecifics, social animals must determine, immediately, whether the "other" is friend or foe (i.e. intends good or ill) and, then, whether the "other" has the ability to enact those intentions. New data confirm these two universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence. Promoting survival, these dimensions provide fundamental social structural answers about competition and status. People perceived as warm and competent elicit uniformly positive emotions and behavior, whereas those perceived as lacking warmth and competence elicit uniform negativity. People classified as high on one dimension and low on the other elicit predictable, ambivalent affective and behavioral reactions. These universal dimensions explain both interpersonal and intergroup social cognition.

Aptitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Self-perceptions and social comparisons among children with LD.

The self-perceptions of third- and fourth-grade children with learning disabilities (LD; n = 59) and nondisabled students (n = 57) were compared using the Self-Perception Profile for Learning Disabled Students. Results suggested that the children with LD perceived themselves as less competent than did the controls in the areas of intelligence, academic skills, behavior, and social acceptance. These differences were not related to the length of time subjects with LD had received special education services. Contrary to expectations, subjects' self-perceptions were not affected by whether they chose LD or general education class peers as a reference group.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Impaired spontaneous anthropomorphizing despite intact perception and social knowledge.

Humans spontaneously imbue the world with social meaning: we see not only emotions and intentional behaviors in humans and other animals, but also anger in the movements of thunderstorms and willful sabotage in crashing computers. Converging evidence supports a role for the amygdala, a collection of nuclei in the temporal lobe, in processing emotionally and socially relevant information. Here, we report that a patient with bilateral amygdala damage described a film of animated shapes (normally seen as full of social content) in entirely asocial, geometric terms, despite otherwise normal visual perception. Control tasks showed that the impairment did not result from a global inability to describe social stimuli or a bias in language use, nor was a similar impairment observed in eight comparison subjects with damage to orbitofrontal cortex. This finding extends the role of the amygdala to the social attributions we make even to stimuli that are not explicitly social and, in so doing, suggests that the human capacity for anthropomorphizing draws on some of the same neural systems as do basic emotional responses.

Amygdala↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Adolescent mothers' perceptions of social support and the impact of parenting on their lives.

PURPOSE: To explore adolescent mothers' perceptions of social support and the effects of parenting on their lives. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive survey design used a purposive sample of 78 adolescent mothers. The Adolescent Parent Perception Inventory (APPI) was completed by these mothers. Responses on closed-ended questions were analyzed by frequency distribution. Responses on open-ended questions were content analyzed. FINDINGS: The community services rated as very important to all respondents was medical care for the child, however, home visits by a nurse were seen as somewhat important to 40%. The responses "your mother" and "your child's father" were most often selected in the items on social support. The child's pediatrician was most highly rated for professional support. Open-ended responses to the impact on their lives reveal both positive and negative results. CONCLUSIONS: More research is needed from the adolescent mother's perspective related to services and nursing roles in order to reconcile what the mother feels she needs with what she receives. Education is needed for fathers who are perceived as important sources of social support to the mothers. Nurses need to be able to support the growth opportunities provided by the new parent role of the adolescent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Parents' perception of social and sexual functions in adolescents with Down's syndrome.

The authors investigated parental perceptions of social interactions, interest in the opposite sex, sexual functions and issues concerning sex education in young persons with Down's syndrome. The evaluation of the data revealed that more than half of the study population showed interest in the opposite sex and are attending social gatherings. Many of the youngsters had expressed a desire to get married, however, only a few had an interest in sexual relationships. Masturbation was observed in 40% of the young men and in 22% of the young women. About half of the parents feel that their children should be sterilized or should have other forms of birth control if they would be able to reproduce. Only a limited number of adolescents had sex education. More parents who have girls with Down's syndrome than those who have boys are worried that their child may be taken advantage of sexually.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perceptions: a social relations analysis.

Agreement and accuracy in children's interpersonal perceptions during middle childhood were studied in the school environment. Sociocultural and ecological theories led to the prediction that, in middle childhood, peers' interpersonal perceptions would show high levels of agreement with those of teachers and would be accurate. A social relations analysis of data from a 3-year, cross-sequential study revealed that throughout middle childhood, peer perceptions of cognitive ability, observable behavior and characteristics, popularity, and affect correlated reliably with teacher perceptions. In addition, peer and teacher perceptions of targets' cognitive ability correlated with standardized test scores. Self-other agreement lagged behind teacher-peer agreement. The conceptual and statistical advantages of the social relations analysis of children's interpersonal perceptions were also considered.

Aptitude↗
PubMed1996

Social workers' perceptions of their power and service outcomes.

While social workers are becoming increasingly interested in methods of client empowerment, little attention has yet focused on the links between workers' own power and the services they provide to clients. The authors examine the link between workers' perceptions of their power on the job and perceived service outcomes. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted on survey responses from 591 direct practice social workers in Israel. Results indicate that power perceptions are significantly associated with an array of perceived service outcomes. These findings highlight the relevance of self-efficacy and control theory in understanding social workers' efforts toward effective service delivery. Further, they underscore a need to consider more carefully direct practitioners' own power concerns as they increasingly consider empowerment of their clients.

Burnout, Professional↗
PubMed2006

Integrating automatic and controlled processes into neurocognitive models of social cognition.

Interest in the neural systems underlying social perception has expanded tremendously over the past few decades. However, gaps between behavioral literatures in social perception and neuroscience are still abundant. In this article, we apply the concept of dual-process models to neural systems in an effort to bridge the gap between many of these behavioral studies and neural systems underlying social perception. We describe and provide support for a neural division between reflexive and reflective systems. Reflexive systems correspond to automatic processes and include the amygdala, basal ganglia, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and lateral temporal cortex. Reflective systems correspond to controlled processes and include lateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, and the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe region. This framework is considered to be a working model rather than a finished product. Finally, the utility of this model and its application to other social cognitive domains such as Theory of Mind are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

"My family and friends": six- to twelve-year-old children's perceptions of social support.

A psychometrically sound instrument is essential for the study of children's subjective impressions about social support. To evaluate such an instrument, 249 children, 6-12 years old, from a population-based sample of black and white families (50% single mothers, 50% two parents) were studied. The newly developed instrument, "My Family and Friends," consists of 12 dialogues, based on Vygotskian principles, and yields information about (a) children's perceptions of the availability of individuals in their networks to provide different types of social support and (b) their satisfaction with the help they receive. Children collaborate in interactive dialogues and manipulate personalized props. Collectively, the data indicate that subjective impressions about social support can be measured in a reliable and valid manner from early childhood through adolescence, and that children understand and care about the quality and the differentiation of support (i.e., emotional, informational, instrumental, and companionship) within their social support networks. Further, children report significant variations in social support when undergoing major family upheaval.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed2006

Falklands War veterans' perceptions of social support and the reconciliation of traumatic memories.

The current paper focused on the role social support plays in the reconciliation of traumatic memories. Four currently serving, male Royal Marines ranging from 40-42 years participated in semi-structured one-to-one interviews that explored perceptions of social support. Using thematic analysis, comradeship was found to be important in terms of maintaining support networks. However, this resource was used to avoid the reconciliation of traumatic memories. Social support from family members was sought when veterans were reassured that relatives would understand their experiences, and could support reconciliation. The importance of positive societal reaction was also emphasized. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential for early life reconciliation of traumatic war memories through the creation of a meaningful personal narrative.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Differential Effect of Mirror Manipulation on Self-Perception in Social Phobia Subtypes.

This study employed mirror manipulation to examine differences in self-perception between the DSM-IV subtypes of social phobia (social anxiety disorder). We asked 82 consecutively admitted patients with social phobia to record three positive and three negative characteristics about themselves. Sixty-three percent of them met criteria for a generalized subtype of social phobia (GSP). A random half of the total sample sat in front of a mirror before and during this task. Participants' responses were classified into either positive or negative self-statements concerning their bodily appearance, competence, and socially relevant or non-socially relevant personality characteristics. The mirror manipulation had a differential effect on self-perception in social phobia subtypes. The presence of a mirror led to more positive and negative self statements about bodily appearance, and to fewer negative self-statements about socially-relevant personality characteristics in participants with GSP. In contrast, participants not meeting criteria for GSP responded to mirror exposure only with fewer negative self-statements about non-socially relevant personality characteristics. These results suggest that mirror exposure leads to fewer negative self-statements about private aspects of the self, concerning social situations, while it enhances public self-consciousness in individuals with GSP.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Caregiver burden and psychotic patients' perception of social support in a Nigerian setting.

BACKGROUND: In Nigeria, there are no national social welfare and community rehabilitation programmes for the mentally ill. Families have to bear the major burden of care. The present study aimed to assess the severity of indices of burden among relatives of 75 schizophrenics and 20 major affective disorder cases, to identify the factors associated with burden, to assess the relationship between caregiver burden and patients' perception of social support, and to compare these with equivalent data for cancer patients' relatives. METHOD: Caregivers were assessed, using a burden questionnaire and Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Patients were assessed for perception of social support from the extended family. RESULTS: Clinical severity and burden indices were similar for the psychiatric illness groups. However, relatives of patients with psychotic symptoms, unco-operative behaviour, marital instability and unemployment had significantly higher GHQ scores; while patients from such families perceived a wider social support network. Financial burden was greater than effect on family routines. Disruption of family routines, GHQ scores and (inversely) size of family network patient expected support from, predicted global rating of burden. Although clinical severity and disruption of family routines for cancer patients were higher; relatives of psychiatric patients had higher GHQ scores, more family disharmony and greater social stigma. CONCLUSIONS: Disturbed behaviour is a greater determinant of severity of burden than psychiatric diagnosis; hence adequacy of treatment is a first step in reducing caregiver burden. The tolerance shown by this group of relatives implies that they have strong potentials for playing useful roles in community care. Research and policy should consider measures to strengthen extended family network ties in developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A nonverbal signal in voices of interview partners effectively predicts communication accommodation and social status perceptions.

Derivations from nonverbal communications accommodation theory are tested, and this knowledge is extended both theoretically and methodologically. Fast fourier transform and statistical analysis of a low-frequency nonverbal signal-in voices from 25 dyadic interviews between a talk show host and his guests revealed voice convergence between partners. Correlation coefficients from comparisons of partners' voice spectra and factor analysis of the correlation matrix showed that lower status partners accommodated their voices to higher status partners via the nonverbal signal. Student ratings of the social status of the same talk show host and guests were correlated with factor loadings, thereby providing convergent validity of the nonverbal signal as a predictor of social status perceptions and accommodation.

Dominance-Subordination↗
PubMed2004

Stress perception and social indicators for low back, shoulder and joint pains in Japan: national surveys in 1995 and 2001.

This study aims to clarify the effects of stress perception and related social indicators on three major musculoskeletal symptoms: low back, shoulder, and joint pains in a Japanese population. Twenty health-related variables (stress perception and 19 social indicators) and the three symptoms were obtained from the following Japanese national surveys: the Comprehensive Survey of Living Condition of the People on Health and Welfare, the System of Social and Demographic Statistics of Japan, and the Statistical Report on Health Administration Services. The results were compared among 46 Japanese prefectures in 1995 and 2001. By factor analysis, the 19 indicators were classified into three factors of urbanization, aging and life-regularity, and individualization. The prevalence of stress perception was significantly correlated to the 8 indicators of urbanization factor. Although simple correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship of stress perception only to shoulder pain (in both years) and low back pain (in 2001), the results of multiple regression analysis showed that stress perception and some urbanization factors were significantly associated with all the three symptoms in both years exclusive of joint pain in 1995. Taking the effects of urbanization into consideration, stress perception seems to be closely related to the complaints of musculoskeletal symptoms in Japan.

Arthralgia↗
PubMed2003

Risk: from perception to social representation.

This paper is concerned with how people make meaning of the risks they face. It explores certain assumptions of the risk perception approaches, which dominate the area. It argues that despite changes currently taking place in the field, such models still focus on static, intrapersonal processes, with many viewing human thinking as analogous to erroneous information processing. In the place of an individual 'deficit' focus, the paper proposes a more intersubjective theory of the response to risk. Social representations theory is evaluated and its validity assessed by highlighting empirical work on representations of biotechnological and health risks. The review reveals that the response to risk is a highly social, emotive and symbolic entity. Therefore a theory and methods appropriate to such qualities are proposed, to produce a valid psychology of risk.

Emotions↗
PubMed2004

Stressors and social support perceptions predict illness attitudes and care-seeking intentions: re-examining the sick role.

Parsons' (1951) sick role concept has had a profound impact on the study of sickness as a social phenomenon. The sick role might be better conceived as a set of illness attitudes and care-seeking intentions rather than a set of social norms. This investigation purports (a) to explore the relationships among illness attitudes, (b) to examine the ability of illness attitudes to predict medical care-seeking intentions, and (c) to investigate differences in the sick role as a function of stressors and social support perceptions. Participants (N = 148) completed a survey questionnaire assessing daily hassles, life events, perceived social support, dependence, self-criticism, and the sick role. Results of a factor analysis on the sick role measures revealed four attitudinal (Release, Consideration, Burden, and Deviance) and two behavioral (Denial and Consult) factors. The attitudinal factors were moderately intercorrelated, with some ability to predict care-seeking intentions. Regression analyses revealed that stressors and support perceptions did exhibit some ability to predict the sick role. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for health communication research.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Advance directive communication: nurses' and social workers' perceptions of roles.

As a facet of advance care planning for future health care, advance directive communication represents an important aspect of professional health care practice with older patients. Nurses and social workers routinely discuss advance directives in acute care settings; however, communication practices by discipline are not well understood. This qualitative study explored differences in advance directive communication practices by comparing and contrasting nurses' and social workers' perceptions of their roles. Focus group interviews were conducted with nurses (n = 6) and social workers (n = 5). Five key themes emerged from the data. Findings suggest that both professions perceive primary educational roles, though their informational practices differed in content. The professionals reported differential pathways that led to their practices with patients. Both disciplines identified advocacy roles with families and providers. The practitioners reported distinct roles with families. There was mutual recognition of interdisciplinary roles. The findings suggest that nurses and social workers engage in both parallel and complementary advance care planning practices with their patients.

Adult↗