Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “SMELL”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Trigeminal and olfactory synergism in the perception of smell.

In normal subjects olfactory evoked cortical potentials are seen with latencies of 150 m/sec and 350 m/sec. To evaluate the site of potential generators in central nervous pathways olfactory evoked cortical potentials were registered in patients with well-defined lesions of the central nervous system and the maxillary nerve. Absence of the first potential was seen in lesions of the brain-stem and the maxillary nerve. Absence of the second potential was observed in lesions of the frontal cerebral medulla and the temporal cortex. No olfactory potentials were found in circumscribed lesions of the postcentral cortex. Sites of the lesions were controlled by computed tomography. Appearance of the two potentials is correlated to normal perception of smell which is established by combined olfactory and trigeminal nerve function.

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1986

[Drug side effects on the nasal mucosa and sense of smell].

Several drugs may induce pathologic changes of the nasal mucosa, especially at a long-term treatment. The clinical appearance of an allergic or vasomotoric rhinopathy, a chronical hyperplastic or an atrophic rhinitis, hemorrhagic changes of the mucosa with the incidence of epistaxis or smelling disorders may be caused by several drugs. The ENT-specialist, therefore, should always take in consideration the various drugs, which the patient received but mostly have been prescribed by another doctor.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1981

[Evaluation of the senses of taste and smell in petroleum chemistry workers based on 3-year observations].

The authors have presented results of examinations of the smell and taste senses in 547 petrochemistry, workers, and 100 cotton industry workers composing a control group. In both groups, those aged 26 -- 35, with long duration of employment, predominated. In the primary group i.e. petroleum chemistry workers, dysgeusia has been found in 319 (58.3%) subjects with no reaction at all in 102 (18.6%) persons. Hyposmia has been found in 238 (43.5%) and anosmia in 50 (9.2%) subjects. In the control group, dysgeusia has been found in 69%, whereas anosmia in 24% of subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Sense of smell before and after endonasal surgery in chronic sinusitis with polyps].

Although olfactory dysfunction is a common clinical symptom in patients with chronic sinusitis, there are few written reports about the nature, frequency and therapeutic accessibility of the various dysosmias. We analysed pre- and postoperative olfactory function in 78 patients suffering from chronic sinusitis with nasal polyposis. Using a squeeze bottle technique we were able to detect preoperative hyposmia and/or dysfunction of olfactory discrimination in 40% and anosmia in 36%. Only 22% of these patients complained spontaneously of disabilities in smell. Endoscopic surgery improved hyposmias and anosmias in 71% and preoperative dysfunctions of olfactory discrimination in 61%. Postoperative thresholds for 2-phenylethanol and dimethyldisulfide worsened in 9% of all patients. Postoperative olfactory discrimination deteriorated in 11%. Preoperative and postoperative olfactory functions were not predictable in individual cases when nasal polyposis was limited. However, mechanical blockage of the nasal airway was just one of many other pathophysiological factors causing olfactory loss in patients with chronic sinusitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

[The sense of smell: analysis of odors and olfactory memory].

Olfactory transduction is mediated by neuroepithelial cells localized on turbinal crests in naris. Odorant molecules are uptaked by the mucosa which flows on epithelial surface and some of the molecules enter in contact with olfactory cells tentacles. Odorant molecules interact with molecular receptors bound to cell membrane and induced successive reactions leading to ion channels opening and then to receptor potential appearance. The receptor cells degenerate when molecular receptors are saturated and, further regenerate, according a genetic program and olfactory learning action potentials which appear at the basal pole of the receptor cell are propagated along the small olfactory nerves to the olfactory bulb glomerulus. Several hundred axons enter in one glomerulus among others and make synaptic contacts with one dendritic tree of a mitral cell. The selection of the numerous signals which converge in the glomerulus, the codage in intensity, duration and contrast are made at this level. One odorant molecule activates some glomeruli (rarely one); a complex odor activates a great number of glomeruli according a complex spatial distribution. Following odor stimulation, the electrical signals are analysed in the olfactory bulb which delivers to the olfactory cortex various informations about the odor components that are to be selected and compared to anterior olfactory learning. Animal experimentation and clinical data show that memory storage is made using short, medium and long term memorization. This memory is integrated in the limbic system at the interface of neural structures which regulate the main behaviors and physiological functions. This explains the modulatory role of smell in some behaviors but complicate our understanding of access to olfactory memory.

Epithelial Cells↗
PubMed1977

[The elimination of the sense of smell and its effect on the suckling behavior in young rabbits].

In the experiments described the ability to smell was eliminated in rabbits aged 1-7 days with two different methods: destruction of the nasal mucous membranes with 2% ZnSO4 solution administered in 2 doses of 100 microliter with a time interval of 12 hours between the two applications and destruction of the olfactory bulbs with high-frequency coagulation (20 V, 80 mA for 12 se.). Both treatments disturbed the suckling behavior, as the young rabbits failed to find the mammary gland. These results suggest that a releaser phenomon is secreted in the mammary gland region, which enables the rabbit to find the test and thus to initiate suckling behavior.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Disturbances of taste and smell induced by drugs.

We reviewed the current literature (1980-1990, 1991-1996) concerning drugs associated with anosmia, hyposmia, dysgeusia, parageusia, and ageusia, and the impact of these adverse effects. Case reports of patients with sudden and delayed onset of one of these disorders with evidence for implication of a drug were included. Disturbances of taste and smell among the elderly and chronically ill, including those with thermal injury, decreases interest in eating and secondarily impairs healing of wounds. Mechanisms involved with these sensory disturbances include deposition of silver sulfate in nerves after use of topical agents containing silver, altered influx of calcium and other ions, chelation or depletion of tissue-bound zinc, disturbed bradykinin catabolism and second messenger synthesis, catabolism, and altered prostaglandin systems. Other mechanisms, particularly prolonged chemosensory disorders after early drug discontinuation, remain unknown.

Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions↗
PubMed1975

A syndrome of acute zinc loss. Cerebellar dysfunction, mental changes, anorexia, and taste and smell dysfunction.

Oral administration of the amino acid histidine to six patients with progressive systemic sclerosis produced anorexia, taste ans smell dysfunction, changes in mentation, and cerebellar dysfunction in each patient; these changes were associated with significant decreases in serum zinc concentration and significant increases in urinary zinc excretion. Administration of zinc ion, even with continued histidine administration, returned each of the signs and symptoms to or toward normal within 8 to 24 hours in each patient at the same time that correction of the serum zinc concentration occurred. The signs and symptoms noted constitute a syndrome related to acute zinc loss.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Taste and smell dysfunction in patients receiving chemotherapy: a review of current knowledge.

Disorders of taste are prevalent in patients undergoing chemotherapy and often have a negative impact on quality of life and nutrition. We now present a review of the physiology of taste and smell and a discussion of the multiple causes of disturbances in these senses in patients undergoing standard- and high-dose chemotherapy. A better understanding of the complex and often multifactorial etiology of taste dysfunction should enable the clinician to institute measures to minimize the impact of these disturbing changes.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1998

Soothing effect of amniotic fluid smell in newborn infants.

Newborn young of several mammalian species are attracted to the odor of amniotic fluid (AF); these chemical cues also appear to calm neonates and help them adapt to their novel postnatal environment. AF odor likewise elicits positive (head orientation) responses by human infants. The present study systematically examined whether the odors of AF and mother's breasts influence the crying of the newborn infant, when separated from its mother. The total crying time from 31-90 min postnatal was registered on tapes in 47 healthy fullterm newborns, allocated to one of three conditions; exposure to either AF or breast odor or no exposure (controls). Babies exposed to AF smell cried significantly less (median 29 s) than babies in the two other groups (breast odor--301 s, controls--135 s). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the fetus may become familiar with chemical cues present in the intrauterine environment. Our data provide new evidence of the human baby's fine olfactory discrimination capacity, and add to the growing body of evidence indicating that naturally occurring odors play an important role in the mediation of infants' early behavior.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1999

Posttraumatic smell loss: relationship of psychophysical tests and volumes of the olfactory bulbs and tracts and the temporal lobes.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to define the primary sites of injury in patients with posttraumatic anosmia and hyposmia with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and to determine if these sites correlated with the results of psychophysical olfactory tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six patients with subjective loss in olfaction after head trauma underwent volumetric MR studies of the olfactory bulbs and tracts and temporal lobes. Pearson correlations were computed between olfactory bulb and tract and temporal lobe volumes and the patients' scores on tests of odor identification (including the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT]), detection, and memory. Analysis of variance was used to compare volumes of the control subjects and the posttraumatic patients. RESULTS: The olfactory bulbs and tracts (32 [89%] of 36 patients), the subfrontal lobes (22 [61%] of 36 patients), and the temporal lobes (11 [31%] of 36 patients) showed the highest incidence of posttraumatic encephalomalacia. Left olfactory bulb and tract volumes showed a statistically significant correlation with left and total UPSIT scores. A statistically significant difference (P < .001) was found in the right and left olfactory bulb and tract volumes between anosmic and hyposmic patients and between posttraumatic patients and control subjects. CONCLUSION: Olfactory bulb and tract damage may correlate with deficits in odor identification. Olfactory bulb and tract and frontal lobe encephalomalacia coexist in many patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Smell impairment in workers occupationally exposed to cadmium.

ENT and olfactometric examinations were carried out on 73 workers at an electrochemical plant involved in the production of cadmium-nickel batteries, where cadmium fumes were emitted into the workplace. Exposure levels exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations by about 1-2 times. The controls included 43 non-exposed, age- and cigarette-smoking-matched people. The olfactometric tests were carried out by the blast injection method, using natural coffee, aniseed, lemon and mint oils; two threshold measurements were assessed: maximum perceptible odour (MPO) and minimum identifiable odour (MIO). In addition, blood chemistries and urinalysis were carried out. The study revealed the smell lesion in 45.2% of the exposed group vs 4.6% of the controls. A statistically significant correlation between olfactory dysfunction and cadmium concentrations in the blood and urine was found; however, no correlation with the duration of employment was observed. It seems most likely that cigarette smoking, which is a considerable source of cadmium, may intensify this dysfunction, hence heavy smokers should not work in conditions of cadmium exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Affinities of nutty and green-smelling pyrazines and thiazoles to odorant-binding proteins, in relation with their lipophilicity.

Thirty-two green- and/or nutty-smelling compounds, most of them pyrazine and thiazole derivatives, were tested in ligand binding assays with purified 19 kDa bovine and 22 kDa porcine olfactive binding proteins (OBPs). Unlike the nutty ones, all the green odorants were found to be good ligands for both proteins. Lipophilicity appears as an interesting discriminating physicochemical parameter, predictive of the affinity for OBPs and of the related odour profile.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Epistatic interactions between smell-impaired loci in Drosophila melanogaster.

Odor-guided behavior is a polygenic trait determined by the concerted expression of multiple loci. Previously, P-element mutagenesis was used to identify single P[lArB] insertions, in a common isogenic background, with homozygous effects on olfactory behavior. Here, we have crossed 12 lines with these smell impaired (smi) mutations in a half-diallel design (excluding homozygous parental genotypes and reciprocal crosses) to produce all possible 66 doubly heterozygous hybrids with P[lArB] insertions at two distinct locations. The olfactory behavior of the transheterozygous progeny was measured using an assay that quantified the avoidance response to the repellent odorant benzaldehyde. There was significant variation in general combining abilities of avoidance scores among the smi mutants, indicating variation in heterozygous effects. Further, there was significant variation among specific combining abilities of each cross, indicating dependencies of heterozygous effects on the smi locus genotypes, i.e., epistasis. Significant epistatic interactions were identified for nine transheterozygote genotypes, involving 10 of the 12 smi loci. Eight of these loci form an interacting ensemble of genes that modulate expression of the behavioral phenotype. These observations illustrate the power of quantitative genetic analyses to detect subtle phenotypic effects and point to an extensive network of epistatic interactions among genes in the olfactory subgenome.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Bacillus asahii sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from soil with the ability to deodorize the bad smell generated from short-chain fatty acids.

In a screening campaign to isolate strains with the ability to remove the bad smell associated with animal faeces, strain MA001(T) was isolated from a soil sample obtained from Shizuoka prefecture, Japan. The isolate grew at pH 6-9 but not at pH 10. Cells were Gram-positive, straight rods with peritrichous flagella and produced ellipsoidal spores. The isolate was positive for catalase and oxidase tests but negative for indole production, deamination of phenylalanine and H(2)S production. The isolate did not produce acid from any carbohydrates tested and could not grow in more than 2 % NaCl. The DNA G+C content was 39.4 mol%. The cellular fatty acids profile consisted of significant amount of C(15) branched-chain fatty acids, iso-C(15 : 0) and anteiso-C(15 : 0). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain MA001(T) was closely related to Bacillus simplex and Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus. DNA-DNA hybridization revealed a low relatedness of the isolate to several phylogenetically close neighbours (less than 9 %). On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics observed, phylogenetic data based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA relatedness data, it is concluded that the isolate should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Bacillus asahii is proposed. The type strain is MA001(T) (=JCM 12112(T)=NCIMB 13969(T)).

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1965

Geosmin, an earthly-smelling substance isolated from actinomycetes.

Geosmin, an earthy-smelling substance, has been isolated from several actinomycetes. Production of 1 mg per liter of whole broth was obtained from Streptomyces griseus LP-16. After preliminary separations, pure geosmin was isolated in milligram amounts by gas chromatography. Geosmin is a neutral oil, with an approximate boiling point of 270 C, which contains carbon and hydrogen, but no nitrogen. It undergoes a reaction with acid to give odorless argosmin, a neutral oil, with an approximate boiling point of 230 C, which contains only carbon and hydrogen. Specific rotation and ultraviolet- and infrared-absorbtion spectra were determined for both.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

Effects of ageing on smell and taste.

Disorders of taste and smell commonly present diagnostic dilemmas to the medical profession. This may be secondary to the lack of knowledge and understanding of these conditions. There seems to be a low level of interest in the disorders, when compared with disruption of the other senses such as sight and hearing. Nevertheless, impairment of these senses are common and may be life threatening, especially when they involve the elderly patient. The aetiology of the conditions is widespread, and extend beyond the content of this article. This article will relate only to how the ageing process may contribute to sensory dysfunction. It will focus on how the ageing process changes the normal anatomy and physiology of the senses, how this effects the person's quality of life, and the current management of these conditions.

Aged↗