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PubMed1987

Multidimensional scaling vs. factor analysis of Wechsler's intelligence scales.

The relations between principal component and principal factor analysis, on the one hand, and metric and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, on the other, were explored by applying all four methods to the standardization data for the WAIS-R, the WISC-R, and the WPPSI. For each of the instruments, the first component/factor was a general one that had no counterpart in the two scaling dimensions. The second component/factor and the first scaling dimension differentiated the Verbal from the Performance subtests, whereas the third component/factor and the second scaling dimension appeared to represent what has been called Freedom from Distractibility. The tendency of multidimensional scaling to remove the first general component/factor may be an undesirable feature of that method for investigating structure in the area of human abilities.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed1991

Relationship between the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms: a study of their correlation and redundancy.

Because overlapping psychometric scales are used frequently in psychiatric research, examination of the relationship between scales has become increasingly important. The concept of relationship is the focus of this article. By way of illustration, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were compared for correlation and redundancy. Since these scales are frequently represented by derived summary variables (e.g., factors, total scores), it is also important to assess the effect of such representation on measures of relationship. The SANS and the BPRS were found to be highly intercorrelated. Nevertheless, the individual items and the subscale scores of the SANS contain information independent from the BPRS: the best BPRS predictor variates can explain only approximately half of the total variance of the SANS. When the SANS, however, is represented by a single variable (composite score), it becomes highly redundant with the anergia factor of the BPRS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Assessing reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the stroke scale: scale development.

BACKGROUND: The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is a systematic, 15-point evaluation tool, designed to assess neurological deficit in acute stroke patients and written in English. It is used to support important medical and nursing decisions. OBJECTIVES: To translate the NIHSS into Chinese and establish its psychometric properties using Chinese evaluators. DESIGN: Methodological research design. SETTING: One medical centre. PARTICIPANTS: Using convenience sampling, 48 subjects admitted with acute ischemic stroke were selected. METHODS: In this study, six clinicians from the Department of Neurology (3 nurses, 3 doctors) assessed the 48 patients using the C-NIHSS, the Glasgow Coma Scale and the Barthel index. RESULTS: The C-NIHSS content validity index reached 1.00, and the Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency was 0.92. Of the 15 scale items, two (facial palsy and limb ataxia) had low inter-rater values (k values below 0.39). Kappa (kappa) values were substantial (over 0.60) for all other items. The C-NIHSS has a significantly negative correlation with both Glasgow Coma Scale (r = -0.824, p < 0.01), and Barthel index (r = -0.683, p < 0.01) scores. CONCLUSIONS: The C-NIHSS is a reliable and valid scale for the clinical assessment of neurological deficit in acute stroke patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

Development and validation of a social functioning scale, the Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale.

The Social Adaptation Self-evaluation Scale (SASS) is a 21-item newly developed scale for the evaluation of patient social motivation and behaviour in depression. The scale was submitted to a validation procedure based on the data from a general population survey in 4000 individuals and from two controlled studies comparing the new selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NARI), reboxetine, with placebo and/or fluoxetine in 549 patients with major depression. The scale was shown to be valid, reliable and sensitive to change. The results of the multivariate analyses allowed the identification of three principal factors and five clusters. In view of its simplicity of use, and of its peculiar characteristic of investigating patient perspective on self and environment perception and on social motivation and behaviour, the scale represents a useful additional tool for the evaluation of social functioning in depression and will facilitate the development of new antidepressants with differential effects in this domain in depressed patients.

Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors↗
PubMed1996

The diagnostic and prognostic significance of the Whitely Index, the Illness Attitude Scales and the Somatosensory Amplification Scale.

The aim of this study was to assess the ability of the Whitely Index, Illness Attitude Scales and Somatosensory Amplification Scale to differentiate in patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms between hypochondriacal and non-hypochondriacal patients and to examine whether the scores on these questionnaires are predictive of long-term outcome in terms of recovery of presenting symptoms and number of visits to the general practitioner. The study population consisted of 183 consecutive patients, who presented with medically unexplained physical symptoms to a general medical out-patient clinic. The Health Anxiety subscale of the Illness Attitude Scales and the Whitely Index were best in discriminating between hypochondriacal and non-hypochondriacal patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the Health Anxiety subscale of the Illness Attitude Scales were 79% and 84%, and of the Whitely Index 87% and 72%. The Whitely Index was negatively associated with recovery rate at 1 year follow-up. The Illness Behaviour subscale of the Illness Attitude Scales appeared to be predictive of the number of visits to the general practitioner. These findings might have clinical implications in helping to distinguish in patients with medically unexplained symptoms those for whom there is a high chance of persistence of the symptoms and/or of high medical care utilization.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A new rating scale for the assessment of the alcohol-withdrawal syndrome (AWS scale).

A new rating scale for the quantitative assessment of the alcohol-withdrawal syndrome (AWS) was developed from the CIWA-A scale by item analysis based on the data from 132 alcoholic patients. The clinical evaluation of this AWS scale in a second sample of 256 alcoholic patients showed that it adequately assessed the course and severity of the AWS. The AWS scale provides data for a rational strategy of therapy for the AWS by rating mental and somatic symptoms on different scales. In particular, the mental subscale allows prediction of a complicated AWS. Subjects with an AWS score > or = 10 at admission have a higher risk of becoming delirious than those with a lower score (46.6% vs 2.8%; P < 0.001). In order to minimize the prescription of drugs with abuse potential, such as diazepam and clomethiazole, a structured treatment programme of in-patient alcohol detoxification based on the AWS score was also developed. The comparison revealed that, in the second sample, which was treated following this protocol, the number of cases given medication was lower and the amount of clomethiazole prescribed per patient was less.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The utility of somatic items in the assessment of depression in patients with chronic pain: a comparison of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in chronic pain and clinical and community samples.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of somatic items in the assessment of depression in chronic pain. METHODS: The Self-Rating Depression Scale was administered to 398 individuals with chronic pain, 313 psychology clinic patients with similar overall levels of depression, and a general population sample of 491. All three samples were also administered the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis of pooled Self-Rating Depression Scale and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales items revealed that Self-Rating Depression Scale items denoting diurnal variation, decreased appetite, weight loss and constipation failed to contribute to depression in all 3 samples. Items denoting tachycardia and irritability also failed to discriminate between depression and a combined anxiety/stress factor in all 3 samples. The chronic pain sample endorsed somatic items, in particular psychomotor retardation, sleep disturbance, constipation, and fatigue, more strongly than the other samples relative to their endorsement of nonsomatic depression items. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that depression measures that give emphasis to somatic symptoms provide poor measures of depression severity in any individuals and in patients with chronic pain may lead to an overestimation of the severity of depression. More recently developed instruments avoid these limitations and are also better able to discriminate depression from related states such as anxiety and tension/stress.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Remission in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): effects of sertraline as assessed by the Davidson Trauma Scale, Clinical Global Impressions and the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale.

Rates of remission were examined in two controlled 12-week studies of sertraline and placebo for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The performance of three scales was evaluated: the self-rated Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), and two interviewer scales: the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) and Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). Sertraline proved significantly superior to placebo with respect to remission on all three ratings. Rates of remission were very similar for all scales, ranging from 23.1-26.3% for sertraline and 13.9-14.9% for placebo. Traditional thresholds for the CAPS and DTS were tested relative to the CGI and to each other. The CAPS and DTS thresholds of < 20 and < 18 were found to be valid.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

A brief mental health outcome scale: relationships between scale scores and diagnostic/sociodemographic variables in the long-term mentally ill.

The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale is a quick and simple measure of overall psychological disturbance. A recent study by our group reported the reliability and validity of the scale in a population of severely mentally ill people. The current study extends the analysis of this population to consider a number of questions, i.e. what are the associations for this group between variations in GAF scores and sociodemographic variables? Are lower scores associated with particular diagnoses for the group assessed? What are the characteristics of those patients whose scores were most variable? What were the completion rates for use of the scale? No associations were observed between GAF score and the sociodemographic variables used in this study. Lower GAF scores were associated with psychotic diagnoses. Those with most varying scores were, in the main, white European non-immigrant males with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Completion rates for the study were reasonable at 73.8%. This study involved the repeated assessment of a large number of clients by a changing multidisciplinary team. Inspite of the extended nature of the study, completion rates remained reasonable, suggesting that the scale was acceptable for routine clinical use. The GAF in itself, however, appears to be unsuitable for making individual treatment decision but could be used as a first step before using more sophisticated scales.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in closed head injury: high correlation with initial glasgow coma scale score and score on modified Rankin scale at discharge.

PURPOSE: To determine whether diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings and conventional MR imaging findings correlate with initial Glasgow Coma Scale score and score on modified Rankin scale at discharge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six patients (18 male and eight female patients; mean age, 25.2 years; age range, 4-72 years) with diffuse axonal injury were examined with diffusion-weighted MR imaging and with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, T2-weighted fast spin-echo, and T2*-weighted gradient-echo sequences. All images were evaluated by two neuroradiologists in consensus. Tissue volume with trauma-related signal-intensity abnormality on images from each sequence, number of lesions for each sequence, number of lesions for all sequences, and number of lesions with reduced apparent diffusion coefficient were correlated with scores on Glasgow Coma Scale and modified Rankin scale. Involvement of brainstem, deep gray matter, and corpus callosum were also correlated with clinical scores. Spearman rank correlation coefficients (r) were calculated. RESULTS: The strongest correlation was between signal-intensity abnormality volume on diffusion-weighted images and modified Rankin score (r = 0.772, P <.001). The strength of this correlation did not improve when only volume of lesions with decreased apparent diffusion coefficient was considered. For lesion number, the strongest correlation was between lesion number on images acquired with all sequences and modified Rankin score (r = 0.662, P <.001). For lesion location, the strongest correlation was between lesion location in the corpus callosum and modified Rankin score (r = 0.513, P =.007). CONCLUSION: Volume of lesions on diffusion-weighted MR images provides the strongest correlation with a score of subacute on modified Rankin scale at discharge. Total lesion number also correlates well with modified Rankin score. In future, diffusion-weighted images may be useful in determining treatment strategies for acute head injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

The Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) scale. A general-purpose psychogeriatric rating scale.

In response to a need for an easily used general-purpose rating scale designed specifically for the evaluation of pharmacotherapy in senile dementia and related conditions, the Sandoz Clinical Assessment-Geriatric (SCAG) scale was developed. This scale has been widely used in geriatric psychopharmacologic research and has been found to be sensitive, valid, and reliable for this purpose. In order to provide investigators with guidelines for the evaluation of the 18 items and global evaluation provided on the scale, with a view to improving interrater reliability, a manual was developed for this purpose. As the existence of this manual is not widely known, it is presented so that the SCAG scale may be used in a more uniform manner from investigator to investigator.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Validity of the beck depression inventory, hospital anxiety and depression scale, SCL-90, and hamilton depression rating scale as screening instruments for depression in stroke patients.

Most instruments used to assess poststroke depression have never been specifically validated in stroke patients. This study evaluated the depression screening abilities of three questionnaires and one observer-rated scale in 202 consecutive patients 1 month after they experienced their first-ever ischemic stroke. At their respective optimum cutoff values, the sensitivity of the self-rated scales varied between 80% and 90%, while the specificity was about 60%. For the observer-rated scale (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale), sensitivity was 78.1%, and specificity was 74.6%. The instruments clearly performed better in men than in women. Despite this difference, it was concluded that all scales were acceptable screening instruments for poststroke depression.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Parent-child relationship disorders: what do the Child Vulnerability Scale and the Parent Protection Scale measure?

While scales exist to aid clinicians in the assessment of parent-child relationship disorders, there are minimal data regarding their clinical usefulness. This study examined the ability of parent responses to questions regarding the child's health, behavior, and development to predict total scores on the Child Vulnerability Scale and the Parent Protection Scale. Of 120 potential participants, 103 parents (92% mothers, 69% white, 54% married, 44% lower socioeconomic status) with children aged 2-5 years completed the Child Health and Family Functioning Questionnaire. Logistic regression yielded a correct prediction rate of 77% for perceived child vulnerability and 76% for parental overprotection. Our data provide support for the independence of parental perceptions of increased child vulnerability and parental overprotection as well as for the content validity of the Child Vulnerability Scale and the Parent Protection Scale.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1997

Analysis and revision of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire: examining scale performance as a function of scale length.

Revisions of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ; Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976) have failed to replicate the degree of orthogonality routinely observed with the original Dependency and Self-Criticism scales. Item performance on the DEQ was examined by computing correlation coefficients between factor-derived scores and unit-weighted composite scores for Dependency and Self-Criticism as a function of (a) the importance of individual items in predicting factor-derived Dependency and Self-Criticism scores and (b) scale length. Analyses identified sets of unit-weighted items that optimally preserve the psychometric properties of the original DEQ scales, including between-scale orthogonality, while reducing the number of items used to measure Dependency and Self-Criticism. Findings were replicated in college (N = 172) and clinical (N = 83) samples. Limitations of exploratory principal components and confirmatory factor analysis as tools for revising scales are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Correlations for Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence for Iranian children.

This study focused on the relationship between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC--R) and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) given to 40 6-yr.-old Iranian children. Pearson correlations between the WISC--R and the WPPSI IQs and between scaled scores on the corresponding subtests were significant. The comparison of mean IQs and scaled scores indicates that the WISC--R yielded a significantly higher Verbal IQ and higher scores on Information, Vocabulary, Comprehension, and Picture Completion than the WPPSI. The mean difference between corresponding Verbal and Full Scale IQs was not significant. These results suggest that scores on the two instruments correlated well for these 6-yr.-old Iranian children and the content on which IQs for the recently restandardized WISC--R and WPPSI are based are related.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale with the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness.

The Depression-Happiness Scale and the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness were administered to 52 Northern Irish university students. Higher scores on the Depression-Happiness Scale were significantly associated with higher scores on the Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale and the subscale scores of Positive Affect and Positive Experiences and with lower scores on Negative Affect and Negative Experiences. These data provide further support for the convergent validity of the Depression-Happiness Scale.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Measuring of preoperative anxiety by three self-reporting scales: State Trait Anxiety Inventory, Symptoms CheckList 92 and visual analogue scale].

INTRODUCTION: Preoperative anxiety is a common phenomenon. It is therefore necessary to investigate whether quantitative self-reporting anxiety scales can be helpful in the anaesthetic clinic and research. The aim of this study was to compare the state trait anxiety inventory (STAI), symptoms checklist 92 (SCL 92), the subscales anxiety and phobic anxiety, and a visual analogue scale for anxiety (VAS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-eight women consecutively referred for elective breast surgery filled in the rating scales the day before the operation. RESULTS: A statistically significant correlation was found between STAI, SCL 92, anxiety, and VAS. The patients' STAI and SCL 92 anxiety scores were markedly higher than that of the background population. DISCUSSION: In this study the STAI scale, SCL 92 anxiety, and VAS measure all essential features of the phenomenon. SCL 92 anxiety is nevertheless considered to be the most appropriate rating scale, because it has been validated in a Danish population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A comparison between "Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale" and variables concerned with depressive symptomatology in "the comprehensive psychopathological rating scale--CPRS".

In a study concerning 40 patients with depressive disorders the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale and items concerning symptomatology from the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale--CPRS were compared. The total scores scales showed a rather satisfactory correlation (rs - 0,77). When patients were divided into two groups with depressive syndromes of a psychotic and non-psychotic dimension respectively the total scores of the items from CPRS from CPRS differed significantly for the groups while the total scores for the Cronholm-Ottosson depression rating scale showed a less pronounced, statistically non-significant difference between the groups, probably reflecting a reduced validity for the latter scale.

Adult↗