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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1976

[Morphology of salivary gland diseases].

The human salivary glands represent a functional system with manifold responsibilities and interactions to the organism. The major and minor salivary glands show a common construction schedule consisting of an acinar functional system for the production of an enzyme- and mucin-containing primary saliva and a ductal functional system with manifold secretory, resorptive and regulatory responsibilities for the transport and the definitive composition of the saliva. The cyclic AMP and calcium iones localized in the glandular acini have an exceptional importance for the course of the secretory process. The neurohormonal control of the salivary secretion results by adrenergic and cholinergic transmitter substances. Moreover the secretory process shows a daily cycle combined with morphological alterations of the glandular cells (so called circadian structures). The fluid secretion of the salivary duct system (the output of sodium-, potassium- and chlorine-iones) represents an active energy-consumed transport process which will be regulated by several factors (autonomic nervous system, quantity of perfusion, hydrostatic pressure in the blood capillaries, transepithelial active transport by ATP-consumed pump systems). The striated ducts are the functional most important sector of the duct system for a rapid fluid- and electrolyte excretion. The terminal axons of the postganglionic sympathic and parasympathic neurits are characterized by spindle-shaped enlargements (varicosities) which contain neurosecretory granules. In the region of the acinar and intercalated duct cells a direct synaptic contact exists for the stimulation transmission, in the course of which the terminal axon contacts immediately with the effector cell by penetration of the basement membrane. The salivary glands form a part of the stabil tissues with reversible postmitotic cells in regard of the tissue regeneration. Under pathological conditions (inflammations, impediment of secretion fluid, radiation effects etc.) metaplasias and proliferations of the duct system arise with development of indifferent duct formations analogous to the type of an embryonal salivary gland. The terminal zone between intercalated and striated ducts represents an indifferent zone with large regeneratory potency. A special behaviour shows the myoepithelial cells which are developed as well to the outside of primitive embryonic duct buds as differentiated intercalated and striated ducts. Morphologically three types of diseases can be classified in the salivary glands: sialadenosis, sialadenitis and tumours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[The salivary glands during rheumatoid arthritis].

Salivary gland lesions were studied in 65 non-selected, confirmed rheumatoid polyarthritis patients. The investigations included a careful clinical study, the Schirmer test, sialography, sequential scintigraphy with Technetium 99, and a histological study of the sublingual glands. Tests were also made for salivary gland anti-epithelium antibodies. The frequency of sialography and scintigraphy anomalies is emphasized. In different degrees, two of of three patients presented anatomical or functional anomalies of the salivary glands. These disturbances were not related to the duration, the functional severity, or the treatment of the disease or to the presence of anti-salivary gland antibodies. On the other hand, there was a clear relation with both the presence of anti-nuclear antibodies and an increase in the serum gammaglobulin levels. The limits of the Gougerot syndrome are discussed and it is proposed that there is a need for a second nosological class grouping the minor scintigraphic and sialographic anomalies related to rheumatoid arthritis that has been suggested by several authors.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

MR imaging of salivary glands.

Diagnostic imaging of salivary glands has been revolutionized with the advent of cross-sectional imaging modalities like CT and MR imaging. In the era before CT, imaging of the salivary glands was relatively unrewarding and was used uncommonly by ear-nose-throat surgeons. Early diagnostic tests like plain films and sialography evaluated dilated parotid ducts and calculus disease within ducts or glands. Full evaluation of salivary glands, especially deep lobes of parotid gland and masses of minor salivary glands, was not possible by these methods, however. Imaging of the parotid glands has developed significantly since that time. CT and MR imaging greatly compliment physical and endoscopic examinations (and previous favorites like sialography) by direct visualization of previously blind areas of the salivary glands and extension of the disease process in surrounding tissue planes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The diagnosis and surgical management of major salivary gland pathology.

BACKGROUND: Major salivary gland pathology is an uncommon but important finding which may initially present to general dental and medical practitioners. The consequences of misdiagnosis are important, as acute obstruction and neoplasia are the main pathological lesions diagnosed. The purpose of this study was to analyze a consecutive series of major gland pathologies treated surgically to determine diagnostic and treatment problems. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all cases of the major salivary glands treated on an inpatient surgical basis over a five-year period by the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit of the Royal Adelaide Hospital was performed. Particular emphasis was placed on the referring diagnosis as compared to the final diagnosis. RESULTS: Fifty-four patients had surgical management of 62 major salivary glands over the five-year period. By gland, 18 (33.3 per cent) were parotid, 35 (51.1 per cent) submandibular and nine (16.6 per cent) were sublingual. Fifty-one (82 per cent) of all lesions were inflammatory and 11 (18 per cent) neoplastic. The most common presentations were swelling (72 per cent) and pain (33 per cent). Most patients were referred by general dentists (37 per cent), followed by general medical practitioners (32 per cent) and specialists (28 per cent). The referring diagnosis was correct for only 45 per cent of the dentists but 76 per cent for the general medical practitioners and 87 per cent for the specialists. Only two of the 11 gland neoplasms were correctly identified as neoplasms, both by specialists. The morbidity of the surgical treatment was low. CONCLUSION: The general dental practitioner is often the first health professional with the opportunity to assess salivary gland pathology, and therefore needs to be aware of the presenting signs and symptoms of major salivary gland lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Surgery of the salivary glands.

Surgery of the salivary glands evolved rapidly after a greater understanding of the anatomy and pathologic processes affecting them was achieved. This article reviews the general and neurovascular anatomy of the major salivary glands. Understanding the anatomy of the salivary glands is a cornerstone of competent salivary gland surgery. The surgical techniques, potential pitfalls of surgery, and avoidance of postsurgical complications have been highlighted. Recent advances in surgical techniques are also presented.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Pediatric salivary gland lesions.

The salivary glands comprise three main pairs of glands (ie, the parotid, the submandibular, and the sublingual) and a number of minor glands found in the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Lesions may be inflammatory or obstructive in nature or may stem from granulomatous or neoplastic disease. As such, establishing a definitive diagnosis is often quite challenging. This article reviews widely used diagnostic approaches and briefly describes various salivary gland lesions within an etiologic framework.

Actinomycosis↗
PubMed2002

Impact of gender on insulin signaling pathway in lacrimal and salivary glands of rats.

The structure and function of lacrimal and salivary glands present gender differences. Previous works have indicated a synergic action between insulin and androgens over lacrimal gland, and insulin-signaling pathways were recently described in lacrimal gland and salivary gland. Our present study investigates whether gender modulates the early steps of the insulin-signaling system in vivo. Eight-week-old male and female Wistar rats (n = 8/group) were compared to evaluate insulin serum levels and insulin tolerance tests by radioimmunoassay and glucose oxidase method, respectively. To assess insulin receptor (IR), Shc, STAT-1, ERK, and Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin in lacrimal gland and salivary gland, tissues from female and male rats (n = 5-8/group) were submitted to immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting or Western blotting protocol, and phosphorylation level was determined by densitometry. No difference was found in insulin serum levels or insulin tolerance tests comparing both groups. Nevertheless, lacrimal gland and salivary gland of female rats had a significantly lower insulin-induced IR phosphorylation compared with males. IR phosphorylation was not affected by the estrous cycle stage in either tissue. In addition, in females an apparent but not significant lower STAT and Akt phosphorylation in response to insulin was observed in the lacrimal gland, compared with males. Our findings suggest that alterations in insulin signal transduction may play a role in lacrimal gland and salivary gland gender differences.

Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing↗
PubMed1999

Are salivary glands cell lines in culture a good model for purinergic receptors in salivary glands?

A major obstacle in studying the physiological and biochemical processes of salivary secretion is the lack of a good ductal cell line model. HSY, an immortalised cell line originating from human parotid gland intercalated ducts, provides a possible model for purinergic mechanisms in ductal cells. Unlike the biphasic dose response to ATP of isolated submandibular ductal cells, the rise in [Ca2+]i in HSY cells shows single Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Ka of 0.8 microM. Pre-incubation with thapsigargin inhibited the ATP induced [Ca2+]i rise. Both ATP (10 microM) and carbachol (100 microM) increased IP3 production. Intercalated duct cells may differentiate into acinar or ductal cells in response to appropriate stimuli from extracellular matrix We therefore attempted to induce a duct-like phenotype in the striated duct-derived HSY cells by growing them on microcarrier beads coated with type I collagen. In Ca-containing medium cells grown on all substrates showed similar responses to ATP. In contrast, in Ca-free medium, [Ca2+]i rose only slightly in cells grown on beads relative to those on glass. This probably resulted from reduced IP3 production. Carbachol also induced a much smaller increase in [Ca2+]i and less IP3 production in cells grown on Cytodex-3. The HSY response to purinergic stimuli by an increase in [Ca2+]i and IP3 means that they can be used to study the metabotropic purinergic pathway. The impairment in the HSY responses grown on Cytodex-3 can be used to probe phosposinositol signal transduction in salivary cells.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

A highly sensitive method for diagnosis of secondary amyloidosis by labial salivary gland biopsy.

Both labial salivary gland and gingival biopsies were taken from 19 patients with clinical findings suggestive of secondary amyloidosis. Amyloid deposits were present in all salivary gland biopsies (19/19) while amyloid deposits in gingiva were observed only in three cases (16%). No amyloid was found in similar biopsies from 11 control patients. Periductal amyloid involvement was found along the basement membrane in all salivary gland samples; additionally, 16 cases had periacinar infiltration (84%), 13 had perivascular (68%) and 7 (37%) showed interstitial deposits. Amyloid in gingiva was seen along the epithelial basement membrane, as in salivary glands, although in isolated areas and scattered at the top of some dermal papillae and small blood vessels. In secondary amyloidosis it therefore appears that amyloid is deposited along the epithelial basement membrane before perivascular deposition occurs. This study presents a new highly sensitive and reliable method for the diagnosis of secondary amyloidosis, a method which is technically simple, free from complications and well-accepted by the patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Regulation of adenylate cyclase and cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by 5-hydroxytryptamine and calcium ions in blowfly salivary-gland homogenates.

Salivary-gland homogenates contain 5-hydroxytryptamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase. Half-maximal stimulation was obtained with 0.1 microM-5-hydroxytryptamine in the presence of added guanine nucleotides. Gramine antagonized the stimulation of cyclase caused by 5-hydroxytryptamine. In the presence of hormone, guanosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate produced a marked activation of adenylate cyclase activity. Stimulation of adenylate cyclase by forskolin or fluoride did not require the addition of guanine nucleotides or hormone. In the presence of EGTA, Ca2+ produced a biphasic activation of cyclase activity. Ca2+ at 1-100 microM increased activity, whereas 2000 microM-Ca2+ inhibited cyclase activity. The neuroleptic drugs trifluoperazine and chlorpromazine non-specifically inhibited adenylate cyclase activity even in the absence of Ca2+. The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase activity in homogenates was not affected by Ca2+ or exogenous calmodulin. This enzyme was also inhibited by trifluoperazine in the absence of Ca2+. These results indicate that Ca2+ elevates adenylate cyclase activity, but had no effect on cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase of salivary-gland homogenates.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1984

Study of the ductal epithelial cell component of human labial salivary glands in vitro.

Salivary gland cultures were propagated from primary explant cultures of 55 human labial gland biopsies. Cultures were maintained for at least 7 days in 199 medium plus 20% newborn calf serum and growth measured at this time both by cell counting and planimetry of the area. Ductal cell population identification was undertaken on the basis of an intra-cellular function, the latter being the histochemical detection of the enzyme 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Epithelioid cell lines were derived by enzymatic and mechanical means. Non-invasive quantitation of the proportion of ductal epithelial cells present in primary explant cultures, and derived cell lines, was attempted using a radioimmunoassay to detect conversion in the media of cortisol to cortisone. The cell lines were terminated after undergoing 18 passages over 20 weeks. By this time the epithelioid morphology of cells could no longer be equated to a differentiated epithelial cell origin since conversion of cortisol to cortisone in the growth media no longer occurred.

11-beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases↗