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PubMed1991

[Efficiency of use of resources in intensive care units in an urban area].

2710 patients were admitted during 1988 in 14 ICU of a crowded urban area. We determined OMEGA score at the end of the ICU stay. OMEGA scores the intensity of the treatment and depicts the utilisation of resources giving rise to the variable costs. 2085 patients intensively treated resulted in a higher mean OMEGA score than 625 patients only monitored, the length of ICU stay over 8th day increases the allocation of resources. This was conditioned also by the diagnosis in both groups of patients being liver transplant (OLTX) and chronic obstructive lung diseases (COLD), the most resources-consuming intensive patients and cardiovascular (CARD), and drug intoxication (TS), the least ones. The efficiency of the use of resources (i.e. use in survivors) in ICU treatment was 100% in monitored patients and ranges from 47.3% to 90.9% in intensively treated ones: medical unspecified (Mm), COLD, strokes, surgical unscheduled, cardiac arrest, OLTX, pneumonia and ARDS, pulmonary embolism, surgical scheduled, trauma, neurological diseases, TS. Intensive patients could be divided in a group with a good utilization (26.5%) of employed resources: TS, PE, CARD, SS, TR, PNM, NRL, OLTX) in a group with a mean utilisation (50-65%: CCA, strokes, SU) and finally in a group with a weak utilisation of resources (Mm and COLD). We computed also the mean loss of resources for each diagnosis that ranges from COLD (76.1 OMEGA points) to OLTX, strokes, Mm, SU, PNM, CCA, NRL, TR, CARD, SS, PE, and TS (10.2 points). The implications of these results and the possibilities of improving the utilisation of resources in ICU are discussed.

Health Resources↗
PubMed1990

The relation between resource use and in-hospital mortality for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.

A central issue in health policy with regard to the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is whether quality of care and patient outcomes are affected by resource constraints. In an earlier study of 15 California hospitals between October 1986 and October 1987, we observed a markedly lower in-hospital mortality rate for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the group of patients treated in hospitals that had a high level of experience with AIDS relative to the group treated in hospitals with low experience. We present the patterns of resource use at hospitals with high and low AIDS familiarity. Average charges and resource use did not differ between the two groups of hospitalized patients; however, there were marked variations in how the resources were used. Among survivors, patients who received care at hospitals with high AIDS familiarity stayed in the hospital longer, underwent a bronchoscopy more often, stayed in an intensive care unit longer, and accrued higher average total charges than patients at hospitals with low AIDS familiarity. Conversely, among nonsurvivors, a greater intensity of care was received at the hospitals with low AIDS familiarity. These results suggest that, in these 15 hospitals, the markedly higher rate of in-hospital death at hospitals with low AIDS familiarity was not related to the quantity of resources that were used; rather it was related to differences in how the resources were used. Our results show that additional resources significantly improved the chances of in-hospital survival for patients at hospitals with high AIDS familiarity, but did not affect the chances of survival in hospitals with low AIDS familiarity. Our findings suggest that physicians in those hospitals in which the care of patients with AIDS is relatively infrequent might improve the chances of in-hospital survival of patients with AIDS by more timely and efficient use of resources.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

The use of visual information by house flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: muscidae), foraging in resource patches.

House flies, Musca domestica, respond to visual contrasts on the substrate if a resource is associated with the contrasting patterns. Visible resource patch boundaries serve as a signal to flies that they are about to leave a rewarding patch. Searching flies respond to such visual information by walking along the resource patch boundary and turning back into the patch at its edge. This edge detection and response serve as a mechanism for flies with visual cues to stay in a rewarding patch and locate more resources within it. The intensity of their response correlates with the quality of the resource. In the absence of visual cues, patch shape affects foraging success; flies find more resources in circular than in linear resource distributions. The effects of visual cues, however, render patch shape unimportant. Various substrate contrasts are effective as resource information for flies: dark (e.g., green) figures on bright (e.g., white) backgrounds or bright figures on dark backgrounds. Responses to substrate contrasts measured in this study indicate that, over the short term, house flies can learn a visual cue associated with a food source.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Altered parasite assemblages in raccoons in response to manipulated resource availability.

The role that host aggregation plays in structuring parasite assemblages was examined by experimentally increasing the contact rates of raccoons, Procyon lotor. Two populations of raccoons in southern New York were monitored for 2 years to determine baseline levels of host interaction and to identify the parasite assemblage. In the third year of the study, one population was provisioned with the addition of clumped food resources, while the other was provisioned with equal quantities of dispersed food resources. Remote photography showed that raccoons aggregated at clumped resources but not at dispersed resources, and therefore contact rates between individuals were higher in the site with clumped resources. There were no differences in parasitism between the sites prior to resource augmentation. Among ectoparasites, there were no significant changes in the prevalence or abundance of any species in response to the perturbation. In contrast, across the endoparasite assemblage within and across hosts, the prevalence of infection increased as a result of increased host contact. Strong increases in the prevalence of a few directly transmitted species and slight increases among most species lead to increased evenness in parasite prevalence, suggesting that parasites in this system are transmission limited. In addition, the number of parasite species per host (the parasite infracommunity) was higher in the clumped-resource population. These endoparasite results suggest that intraspecific variation in the species richness of parasite communities of individual hosts, and the prevalence of parasitic species in host populations as assessed across entire parasitic assemblages, is robustly influenced by intraspecific variation in the degree of host contact. Further, these results suggest that anthropogenic changes which alter resource availability may have important consequences for disease transmission in wildlife.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Influence of learning resources on study time and achievement scores in a problem-based curriculum.

Many aspects of the problem-based learning cycle aim at stimulating students to elaborate on their knowledge. This elaborative process is considered to be one of the most effective study aids for learning and applying information. One of the opportunities to stimulate this elaboration process is by offering students more, and more diverse, learning resources. Under laboratory conditions, increasing the richness and diversity of the learning materials has often been shown to support students in learning, remembering and applying information. In this study, a curricular perspective was adopted on the question whether students would benefit from more learning resources. Mean study times and achievement scores for 28 problem-based courses were calculated and included in the analyses. Independent variables in both analyses were the number of primary learning resources (i.e., resources students were recommended to study) and the number of supplementary resources (i.e., related, but non-essential resources). Results showed a significant increase in achievement scores for courses with more primary learning resources, but the effect of supplementary resources was limited.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMed1993

Differential resource use, growth, and the ontogeny of social relationships in the green iguana.

Growth rates, resource use, and ontogeny of behavior patterns were examined in captive groups of juvenile green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Four groups were housed in large arenas where supplemental heat and perch sites were limited, whereas two control groups were housed in similar arenas without limited resources. Growth, frequency and types of displays, behavioral interactions, and the use of resources were monitored. By 35-70 days of age, male hatchlings in arenas with limited resources could be classified into two groups: rapid growing dominant individuals and slow growing subordinate individuals. Growth and dominance were not correlated with size of individuals at hatching. Digestive efficiency of males was related to dominance and access to limited resources, but all lizards exhibited a similar digestive efficiency when maintained at a constant ambient temperature. Dominant males used the resources, especially supplemental heat sources, twice as often as subordinate males. The dominant/subordinate relationships and accompanying skew in body size were not evident in the control groups, or in females of any group. At 105 days, control groups were introduced to conditions with limited resources, resulting in increased aggressive interactions and divergence in growth rates. Onset of adult behavioral patterns was related to body size, and the species-specific signature display was observed in dominant males up to several months before subordinate males. These results indicate that male green iguanas establish a dominance hierarchy immediately posthatching when resources are limited, and as a consequence, both physiological and behavioral maturation are delayed in subordinate individuals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2003

Ideal free distributions when resources undergo population dynamics.

This study examines the influence of optimal patch choice by consumers on resource population dynamics and on consumer distribution in a two patch environment. The evolutionarily stable strategy which describes animal distributions across habitat patches is called the ideal free distribution (IFD) strategy. Two mechanisms that lead to the IFD are: (1) direct consumer competition such as interference, and (2) exploitative competition for resources. This article focuses on the second mechanism by assuming that resources undergo population dynamics while consumer abundance is fixed. Two models of resource growth are considered in detail: the exponential and the logistic. The corresponding consumer IFD is derived for each of these two models, assuming that consumers behave adaptively by moving to the patch which provides them with the highest fitness. This derivation does not require that resources are at an equilibrium, and it provides, for each resource density, the corresponding distribution of consumers. The article suggests that adaptive patch choice by consumers decreases between patch heterogeneity in resource levels and weakens the apparent competition between resources. The results for a single consumer population are extended for two competing consumer populations. The corresponding IFD is computed as a function of the two consumer densities. This allows for the analytical description of isolegs which are the boundary lines, in the two consumer density phase space, separating regions where qualitatively different habitat preferences are predicted.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Resource allocation and the attentional demands of letter encoding.

The idea that familiar events can be encoded automatically has gained general acceptance in cognitive psychology since Posner and Boies (1971) first reported that reaction times to a secondary probe were not interfered with by letter encoding. More recently, Ogden, Martin, and Paap (1981) used a more valid control for estimating baseline probe performance and found secondary task interference, suggesting that letter encoding does require attentional resources. The present series of experiments began with the aim of evaluating Ogden et al's evidence against automaticity when the first letter was not terminated after a brief exposure, as was done in their study. In the first set of experiments we found evidence of encoding interference when the interval between the two letters was varied (50 to 1,000 msec), but this interference disappeared when there was a constant 1,000-msec interval between the letters. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that changes in the primary task (e.g., the exposure duration of the first letter or the interval between the two letters) may influence the momentary allocation of resources between the primary and secondary tasks. More specifically, we hypothesized that any momentary reduction in the resources demanded by the primary tasks results in a reallocation of resources to the secondary task, which in turn reduces the sensitivity of the secondary task to the demands of the primary task, that is, probe performance is moved into the data-limited region of processing (Norman & Bobrow, 1975). This idea was tested by reducing resource allocation to the probe task at the time of encoding by reducing the expectancy (i.e., the probability) of probes in the temporal proximity of the first letter. The results showed that this manipulation produced a large and significant increase in encoding interference. Moreover, when the intensity of the tone (probe) was decreased from 70 to 60 dB, the magnitude of encoding interference was further increased. In regard to the specific issue of automaticity, the findings suggest that encoding familiar events does require resources, which will result in secondary task interference given that the secondary task is in the resource-limited region of processing. More important, the findings suggest that the magnitude of secondary task interference is dependent on within-trial changes in resource allocation between the primary and secondary tasks. This possibility has general implications for dual-task methodology and the measurement of attentional demands.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Stressors, resources, and strain at work: a longitudinal test of the triple-match principle.

Two longitudinal studies investigated the issue of match between job stressors and job resources in the prediction of job-related strain. On the basis of the triple-match principle (TMP), it was hypothesized that resources are most likely to moderate the relation between stressors and strains if resources, stressors, and strains all match. Resources are less likely to moderate the relation between stressors and strains if (a) only resources and stressors match, (b) only resources and strains match, or (c) only stressors and strains match. Resources are least likely to moderate the relation between stressors and strains if there is no match among stressors, resources, and strains. The TMP was tested among 280 and 267 health care workers in 2 longitudinal surveys. The likelihood of finding moderating effects was linearly related to the degree of match, with 33.3% of all tested interactions becoming significant when there was a triple match, 16.7% when there was a double match, and 0.0% when there was no match. Findings were most consistent if there was an emotional match or a physical match.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Resources and life-management strategies as determinants of successful aging: on the protective effect of selection, optimization, and compensation.

In this research, the authors investigated the specific and shared impact of personal resources and selection, optimization, and compensation (SOC) life-management strategies (A. M. Freund & P. B. Baltes, 2002) on subjective well-being. Life-management strategies were expected to be most relevant when resources were constrained, particularly in very old age. In Study 1 (N=156, 71-91 years), age-differential predictive patterns supported this assumption: Young-old individuals' well-being was predicted independently by resources and SOC, whereas SOC buffered the effect of restricted resources in old-old individuals. Study 2 replicated the findings longitudinally with resource-poor and resource-rich older individuals (N=42). In both studies, specific SOC strategies were differentially adaptive. Results confirm that resources are important determinants of well-being but that life-management strategies have a considerable protective effect with limited resources.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

The development of a more equitable approach to resource allocation and manpower planning for undergraduate teaching in a UK medical school.

CONTEXT: Resource allocation and manpower planning in the clinical faculty of a UK medical school. PURPOSE: To design a model, which is perceived to be fair, to determine indicative undergraduate teaching budgets to departments within the school from university resources and to specialty care groups of the main university hospital from service increment for teaching (SIFT) resources, and to aid manpower planning. METHOD: The student load for each department is measured in full-time-equivalent student numbers (FTEs) for each specialty and compared with the total load for the whole curriculum to derive each department's percentage share of available undergraduate teaching resources. Data on staff numbers available for teaching, both from the school and NHS, are also included. Student load and teaching capacity are then compared. RESULT: Undergraduate teaching resources relate to student load in the resource allocation process, and changes to the course are automatically reflected. Staff data, when compared with student load, facilitate rational planning of establishment levels to meet the teaching needs of the undergraduate curriculum. Of the respondents to a survey of heads of departments and the faculty's management board, 88% agreed that it was a better approach to resource allocation than the previous historical basis. PRESENT LIMITATIONS AND SCOPE FOR DEVELOPMENT: Data are currently entered manually but will be transmitted electronically in the future via the Web. Further consideration will be given to the possible inclusion in the model of weighting factors for different types of teaching and to how appropriate measures of quality may be incorporated into the resource allocation process. CONCLUSION: The model, despite some limitations, is a cost-effective and pragmatic management tool.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2002

HealthCyberMap: a semantic visual browser of medical Internet resources based on clinical codes and the human body metaphor.

OBJECTIVES: HealthCyberMap (HCM-http://healthcybermap.semanticweb.org) is a web-based service for healthcare professionals and librarians, patients and the public in general that aims at mapping parts of the health information resources in cyberspace in novel ways to improve their retrieval and navigation. METHODS AND SERVICE DESCRIPTION: HCM adopts a clinical metadata framework built upon a clinical coding ontology for the semantic indexing, classification and browsing of Internet health information resources. A resource metadata base holds information about selected resources. HCM then uses GIS (Geographic Information Systems) spatialization methods to generate interactive navigational cybermaps from the metadata base. These visual cybermaps are based on familiar medical metaphors. CONCLUSIONS: HCM cybermaps can be considered as semantically spatialized, ontology-based browsing views of the underlying resource metadata base. Using a clinical coding scheme as a metric for spatialization ('semantic distance') is unique to HCM and is very much suited for the semantic categorization and navigation of Internet health information resources. Clinical codes ensure reliable and unambiguous topical indexing of these resources. HCM also introduces a useful form of cyberspatial analysis for the detection of topical coverage gaps in the resource metadata base using choropleth (shaded) maps of human body systems.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2000

Grazers and Diggers: Exploitation Competition and Coexistence among Foragers with Different Feeding Strategies on a Single Resource.

A mathematical model is presented that describes a system where two consumer species compete exploitatively for a single renewable resource. The resource is distributed in a patchy but homogeneous environment; that is, all patches are intrinsically identical. The two consumer species are referred to as diggers and grazers, where diggers deplete the resource within a patch to lower densities than grazers. We show that the two distinct feeding strategies can produce a heterogeneous resource distribution that enables their coexistence. Coexistence requires that grazers must either move faster than diggers between patches or convert the resources to population growth much more efficiently than diggers. The model shows that the functional form of resource renewal within a patch is also important for coexistence. These results contrast with theory that considers exploitation competition for a single resource when the resource is assumed to be well mixed throughout the system.

coexistence↗
PubMed2026

Usage and impact of global biodata resources.

MOTIVATION: Biodata resources constitute a critical, large-scale, and globally distributed infrastructure underpinning life science research, yet their organic growth has hindered efforts to quantify key indicators needed to justify sustainable support, including usage, impact, and interdependencies. Here, we present an updated Global Biodata Coalition inventory alongside a Total Resource Usage (TRU) dataset that integrates this inventory with two complementary literature-derived sources: data citations and informal resource name mentions extracted from full-text articles using a fine-tuned machine learning model. A unified database schema enables cross-resource comparisons, dependency network analyses, and evaluation of resource name distinctiveness. RESULTS: The combined dataset captures 11.5 million formal and informal references, revealing that most resources are acknowledged informally within article text. Network analysis indicates a densely interconnected ecosystem in which Global Core Biodata Resources function as key providers and integrators, underscoring their foundational role. While full resource names are generally distinctive, widespread use of acronyms limits detectability through text mining. Together, these findings provide robust empirical evidence of a highly utilized and interconnected biodata infrastructure, highlight limitations of single-metric assessments, and underscore the need for multi-dimensional evaluation frameworks and more consistent data citation practices to support informed decision-making and long-term sustainability. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION: The database and analytical code described here are available on https://github.com/globalbiodata.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Smoking cessation in New Zealand: education and resources for use by midwives for women who smoke during pregnancy.

This study describes the development and evaluation of education programmes and associated resource materials to support smoking cessation and reduction, and breastfeeding promotion strategies for pregnant women who smoke, during usual primary maternity care by midwives. Education programmes and resource materials were developed by midwives and researchers as part of a cluster randomized trial of Midwifery Education for Women who Smoke (the MEWS study). Development included a cohort study, advice from lactation consultants and smoking cessation counsellors (including Ma-ori professionals), and early consultation with midwives who would be delivering the programmes. Resources developed included videotapes, charts and laminated information cards. Resources were pre-tested with pregnant women and opinion leaders. Consultation with the midwives allocated to each of the intervention groups in the trial raised a number of issues. These were addressed, and solutions incorporated into each of the programmes, to enable effective delivery within usual care. Following delivery of the programmes, women and their midwives were surveyed and a sample interviewed to ascertain attitudes to the programmes and resources. Women and their midwives responded positively to the smoking cessation education programme, the breastfeeding promotion programme and the resources used. Those women who did not stop smoking completely often succeeded in significantly reducing their tobacco consumption. Women identified their midwife as a valuable resource and appreciated her ongoing encouragement. Involvement of health professionals who are to deliver health promotion interventions is essential for successful integration of programmes into usual care. Midwives were able to effectively deliver programmes that were developed and targeted to their needs as health educators. The pregnancy-specific resources developed for women who smoke played an important part in helping midwives deliver their health promotion messages more effectively.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

How does resource supply affect evolutionary diversification?

The availability of different resources in the environment can affect the outcomes of evolutionary diversification. A unimodal distribution of diversity with resource supply has been widely observed and explained previously in the context of selection acting in a spatially heterogeneous environment. Here, we propose an alternative mechanism to explain the relationship between resource supply and diversification that is based on selection for exploitation of different resources. To test this mechanism, we conducted a selection experiment using the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens in spatially homogeneous environments over a wide range of resource supply rates. Our results show that niche diversification peaks at intermediate levels of resource availability. We suggest that this unimodal relationship is due to evolutionary diversification that is driven by competition for resources but constrained by the ecological opportunity represented by different resource types. These processes may underlie some general patterns of diversity, including latitudinal gradients in species richness and the effects of anthropogenic enrichment of the environment.

Adaptation, Biological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Breast cancer in limited-resource countries: diagnosis and pathology.

In 2002 the Breast Health Global Initiative (BHGI) convened a panel of breast cancer experts and patient advocates to develop consensus recommendations for diagnosing breast cancer in countries with limited resources. The panel agreed on the need for a pathologic diagnosis, based on microscopic evaluation of tissue specimens, before initiating breast cancer treatment. The panel discussed options for pathologic diagnosis (fine-needle aspiration biopsy, core needle biopsy, and surgical biopsy) and concluded that the choice among these methods should be based on available tools and expertise. Correlation of pathology, clinical, and imaging findings was emphasized. A 2005 BHGI panel reaffirmed these recommendations and additionally stratified diagnostic and pathology methods into four levels--basic, limited, enhanced, and maximal--from lowest to highest resources. The minimal requirements (basic level) include a history, clinical breast examination, tissue diagnosis, and medical record keeping. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was recognized as the least expensive reliable method of tissue sampling, and the need for comparing its clinical usefulness with that of core needle biopsy in the limited-resource setting was emphasized. Increasing resources (limited level) may enable diagnostic breast imaging (ultrasound +/- mammography), use of tests to evaluate for metastases, limited image-guided sampling, and hormone receptor testing. With more resources (enhanced level), diagnostic mammography, bone scanning, and an onsite cytologist may be possible. Mass screening mammography is introduced at the maximal-resource level. At all levels, increasing breast cancer awareness, diagnosing breast cancer at an early stage, training individuals to perform and interpret breast biopsies, and collecting statistics about breast cancer, resources, and competing priorities may improve breast cancer outcomes in countries with limited resources. Expertise in pathology was reaffirmed to be a key requirement for ensuring reliable diagnostic findings. Several approaches were again proposed for improving breast pathology, including training pathologists, establishing pathology services in centralized facilities, and organizing international pathology services.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1996

A learning resources centre: its utilization by medical students.

Innovations in medical education have led to the increasing use of problem-based learning techniques, a committee system organization, and more time for independent study in many undergraduate programmes. There has been an increase in availability of alternative methods for presentation of information. To encourage self-directed learning, resources such as computers, videos and models, among others, should be readily available to students. The University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine has provided various resources contained in one area, called the Bacs Learning Resource Centre (BLRC). Since the maintenance and further development of such a centre requires significant resources, it is important to determine student utilization of the various components used in their learning. For those who are about to set up such a learning resource centre this information gives guidance on which materials are most useful. The utilization of the centre by 69 first year medical students was studied using questionnaires. The utilization during a specific course was determined by analysing the entries in the individual log books given to the students at the beginning of the Integrative Course. With the exception of one student, all those who responded to the questionnaire used the Centre, with 20% or less of their total study time being spent there. The BLRC was most used for the Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular and Reticulo-Endothelial courses. All categories of resources were found to be useful, with the tape/slides least utilized. Utilization was most influenced by the quality of resources available and recommendations by peers. The development of a centre such as the BLRC, with a variety of resources concentrated in one area, suitable for individual or group study and accessible 24 hours a day, should be considered by all medical schools to enhance self-directed learning in medical students.

Alberta↗