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PubMed1998

A comparison of the physical imaging properties of Fuji ST-V, ST-VA, and ST-VN computed radiography image plates.

The physical imaging performance of ST-V, ST-VA, and ST-VN computed radiography image plates, read with a Philips AC3 acquisition system, was investigated at 70 kVp with 0.5 mm of copper beam filtration for four different entrance air kerma values: 0.5, 2.6, 26, and 260 micro Gy. Measurements included characteristic response, presampling-modulation transfer function, and Wiener spectrum analysis for (18 x 24) cm2 image plates, sampled at 10 pixels/mm. These results were used to calculate DQE spectral descriptions of system performance. ST-VN image plates exhibited a slightly superior DQE performance for the two lower entrance air kerma values investigated.

Quantum Theory↗
PubMed2001

Fenfluramines, idiopathic pulmonary primary hypertension and cardiac valve disorders: facts and artifacts.

The fenfluramines saga began in 1963 and ended in 1997. Fenfluramines are anorexigenic agents recommended, in April 1996, for the long-term treatment of obesity in USA, before being suddenly withdrawn from the market in September 1997. Over 34 years, about 60 million people were exposed to these drugs worldwide, mainly in Europe. The aim of this critical review is not to attempt to rehabilitate these appetite suppressants but to launch a plea for a more rational and rigorous approach to what might be called objective medical knowledge. Idiopathic primary pulmonary hypertension and cardiac valve disorders which have been both associated with fenfluramines have in common many puzzling features. The metamorphosis of facts into artifacts is only a hypothesis, but seems conceivable from a scientific point of view. Medicine is not only an art, it is also a science, which, like the others, implies adhesion to certain fundamental rules, such as refutation or verification of all experimental results by rigorous and standardized methods, before considering them as established facts. Firstly, a single study, moreover a case-control study like the International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study, is not sufficient to establish a causal relationship between exposure to appetite-suppressants and idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, because of the numerous biases which characterize even the best analytical research. Secondly, Doppler-echocardiography cannot be considered as a laboratory test, because of the poor interoperator reproducibility observed in obese patients. The use of this technique in pharmaco-epidemiology implies standardized procedures concerning not only reading data, but also their acquisition, because of possible uncontrolled interactions between sonographers, patients and sophisticated machines. In the case of the fenfluramines saga, numerous methodological artifacts concerning acquisition, processing and interpretation of epidemiologic and echocardiographic data might have contributed to distortion of reality. Let us recall how Webster's dictionary defines artifact: "a spurious observation or result arising from preparatory or investigative procedures or any feature that is not naturally present but is a product of an extrinsic agent, method, or the like".

Appetite Depressants↗
PubMed2006

Word acquisition, retention, and transfer: findings from contextual and isolated word training.

Successful reading instruction entails not only acquiring new words but also remembering them after training has finished and accessing their word-specific representations when they are encountered in new text. We report two studies demonstrating that acquisition, retention, and transfer of unfamiliar words were affected differentially by isolated word and context training. Materials were individualized to include only those words that average readers in second grade were unable to name in context. Different words were trained in each condition; context training presented words in stories, and isolated word training presented words on flashcards. Together, the studies show that context training promotes word acquisition beyond that experienced from reading words in isolation. Contrary to the prevailing opinion, memory performance for words trained in context and in isolation did not differ; children demonstrated excellent retention over an 8-day interval in both conditions. Finally, transfer was maximized when the congruency between training and testing was high. Therefore, when reading trained words in novel circumstances, the best method of training was mediated by the transfer task employed at test.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1991

Normal acquisition of novel verbal information in amnesia.

Amnesic patients (n = 9) and normal subjects (n = 12) read lists of unique words, repeated words, unique nonwords, and repeated nonwords as quickly as possible. In the first experiment both groups of subjects read the lists of repeated items faster than the lists of unique items and improved at the same rate within each list. In the second experiment, subjects read four new lists of items and then reread the same four lists after a 10-min delay. The results replicated the findings from the first experiment and demonstrated in addition that the facilitated reading speed persisted across the delay. These results show that the acquisition of novel verbal information can be supported by nondeclarative (implicit) memory. It is suggested that facilitated reading speed for words and nonwords reflects changes in early-stage perceptual systems and that these changes occur independently of the brain structures damaged in amnesia.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Working memory in children with reading disabilities.

This study investigated associations between working memory (measured by complex memory tasks) and both reading and mathematics abilities, as well as the possible mediating factors of fluid intelligence, verbal abilities, short-term memory (STM), and phonological awareness, in a sample of 46 6- to 11-year-olds with reading disabilities. As a whole, the sample was characterized by deficits in complex memory and visuospatial STM and by low IQ scores; language, phonological STM, and phonological awareness abilities fell in the low average range. Severity of reading difficulties within the sample was significantly associated with complex memory, language, and phonological awareness abilities, whereas poor mathematics abilities were linked with complex memory, phonological STM, and phonological awareness scores. These findings suggest that working memory skills indexed by complex memory tasks represent an important constraint on the acquisition of skill and knowledge in reading and mathematics. Possible mechanisms for the contribution of working memory to learning, and the implications for educational practice, are considered.

Aptitude↗
PubMed2001

Re-evaluating age-of-acquisition effects: are they simply cumulative-frequency effects?

The time it takes to read or produce a word is influenced by the word's age of acquisition (AoA) and its frequency (e.g. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 12 (1973) 85). Lewis (Cognition 71 (1999) B23) suggested that a parsimonious explanation would be that it is the total number of times a word has been encountered that predicts reaction times. Such a cumulative-frequency hypothesis, however, has always been rejected because the statistical effects of AoA and frequency are additive. Here, it is demonstrated mathematically that the cumulative-frequency hypothesis actually predicts such results when applied to curvilinear learning. Further, the data from four influential studies (two of which claim support for independent effects of AoA and frequency) are re-analyzed to reveal that, in fact, they are consistent with a cumulative-frequency hypothesis. The conclusion drawn is that there is no evidence with which to refute the most parsimonious of explanations, i.e. cumulative frequency can account for both frequency and AoA effects.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Development and application of rotationally compensated RARE.

In this paper we describe a new extension to the RARE rapid imaging technique--ROTACOR--which compensates for constant sample rotational motion by rotating the direction of the gradient coordinate system (read and phase directions) between each refocusing RF pulse and therefore between each acquisition of a line of k-space in the read direction. In the laboratory frame this corresponds to an irregularly sampled k-space raster; for a sample rotating at the predefined rotation rate this will correspond to the sampling of a rectilinear k-space raster. This technique is applied to two rotating systems. First, to demonstrate the technique, a rotating mixing paddle in water is imaged using conventional RARE and then using the ROTACOR sequence, demonstrating the improvement of image quality produced by ROTACOR. Second, ROTACOR is used to image the deformation of water droplets in silicone oil, being sheared in a wide-gap Couette cell. Accurate imaging of the droplet shape as a function of shear rate, permits determination of the interfacial tension between the two fluids concerned; the results compare favourably with reported literature values.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Reading, syntactic, orthographic, and working memory skills of bilingual Arabic-English speaking Canadian children.

This study assessed the reading, language, and memory skills of 56 bilingual Arab-Canadian children age's 9-14. English was their main instructional language, and Arabic was the language spoken at home. All children attended a Heritage Language Program in Toronto where they were taught to read and write Arabic. The children were administered word and pseudo-word reading, language, and working memory tests in English and Arabic. The majority of the children showed at least adequate proficiency in both languages. There was a significant relationship between the acquisition of word and pseudo-word reading working memory, and syntactic awareness skills in the two languages. The poor readers in Arabic had lower scores on all linguistic tasks, except the visual task. There were no significant differences between bilingual English Arabic children and monolingual English-speaking children on the reading, language, and memory tasks. However, bilingual English Arabic children who had reading problems in English had higher scores on English pseudo-word reading and spelling tasks than monolingual English-speaking children with reading disabilities, probably because of positive transfer from the regular nature of Arabic orthography. In this case, bilingualism does not appear to have negative consequences for the development of language reading skills in both languages--Arabic and English--despite the different nature of the two orthographies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1965

LEARNING TO READ.

Reading begins with the child's acquisition of spoken language. Later he learns to differentiate the graphic symbols from one another and to decode these to familiar speech sounds. As he learns the code, he must progressively utilize the structural constraints which are built into it in order to attain the skilled performance which is characterized by processing of higher-order units-the spelling and morphological patterns of the language.

Child↗
PubMed1990

Intact text-specific reading skill in amnesia.

Amnesic patients were studied to determine whether the acquisition and retention of item-specific skills can be supported by nondeclarative (implicit) memory. In Experiment 1, subjects read 2 different passages 3 times in succession. Reading speed improved at a similar rate in both amnesic patients and normal subjects and was specific to the text that was read. In Experiment 2, amnesic patients and normal subjects read a passage 3 successive times and then reread the same passage after a 0-s, 10-min, 2-hr, or 1-day delay. In both groups, facilitation persisted for at least 10 min and disappeared within 2 hr. It is suggested that facilitated reading speed depends importantly on both semantic and perceptual information and that such information can be supported by nondeclarative memory.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Perception of matching and conflicting audiovisual speech in dyslexic and fluent readers: an fMRI study at 3 T.

We presented phonetically matching and conflicting audiovisual vowels to 10 dyslexic and 10 fluent-reading young adults during "clustered volume acquisition" functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T. We further assessed co-variation between the dyslexic readers' phonological processing abilities, as indexed by neuropsychological test scores, and BOLD signal change within the visual cortex, auditory cortex, and Broca's area. Both dyslexic and fluent readers showed increased activation during observation of phonetically conflicting compared to matching vowels within the classical motor speech regions (Broca's area and the left premotor cortex), this activation difference being more extensive and bilateral in the dyslexic group. The between-group activation difference in conflicting > matching contrast reached significance in the motor speech regions and in the left inferior parietal lobule, with dyslexic readers exhibiting stronger activation than fluent readers. The dyslexic readers' BOLD signal change co-varied with their phonological processing abilities within the visual cortex and Broca's area, and to a lesser extent within the auditory cortex. We suggest these findings as reflecting dyslexic readers' greater use of motor-articulatory and visual strategies during phonetic processing of audiovisual speech, possibly to compensate for their difficulties in auditory speech perception.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1991

Assessing the acquisition of incidental information by secondary-age students with mental retardation: comparison of response prompting strategies.

The effectiveness and efficiency of four response prompting conditions (progressive time delay, progressive time delay with a descriptive consequent event, system of least prompts, and system of least prompts with a descriptive consequent event) were compared. Students with moderate to severe mental retardation were taught to read functional recipe words. Maintenance and students' acquisition of incidental information were assessed when it was (a) embedded in the prompts of the system of least prompts procedure, (b) included in the descriptive praise statements following correct performance with the progressive time delay and system of least prompts procedures, and (c) not presented. A multiple probe design across behaviors, replicated across subjects, was used. Results indicated that (a) each of the procedures produced criterion level responding: (b) efficiency data on traditional measures were roughly equal; (c) maintenance checks showed no differential effects related to the instructional condition; and (d) incidental information was acquired, although it was not directly targeted for instruction.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

A new method of intrathecal PO2, PCO2, and pH measurements for continuous monitoring of spinal cord ischemia during thoracic aortic clamping in pigs.

BACKGROUND: Impaired spinal cord circulation during thoracic aortic clamping may result in paraplegia. Reliable and fast responding methods for intraoperative monitoring are needed to facilitate the evaluation of protective measures and efficiency of revascularization. METHODS: In 11 pigs, a multiparameter PO2, PCO2, and pH sensor (Paratrend 7, Biomedical Sensors Ltd, United Kingdom) was introduced into the intrathecal space for continuous monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oxygenation during thoracic aortic cross-clamping (AXC) distal to the left subclavian artery. A laser-Doppler probe was inserted into the epidural space for simultaneous measurements of spinal cord flux. Registrations were made before and 30 minutes after clamping and 30 and 60 minutes after declamping. The same measuring points were used for systemic hemodynamic and metabolic data acquisition. RESULTS: The mean CSF PO2 readings of 41 mm Hg (5.5 kPa) at baseline decreased within 3 minutes to 5 mm Hg (0.7 kPa) during AXC (P < .01). Spinal cord flux measurement responded immediately in the same way to AXC. Both methods indicated normalization of circulation during declamping. Significant (P < .01) changes were also observed in the CSF metabolic parameters PCO2 and pH. CONCLUSIONS: In this experimental model of spinal ischemia by AXC, online monitoring of intrathecal PO2, PCO2, and pH showed significant changes and correlated well with epidural laser-Doppler flowmetry (P < .01).

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The potential impact of high-quality MRI of the biliary tree on ERCP workload.

BACKGROUND: Magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) is a non-invasive method of imaging the biliary tree with virtually no morbidity. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has a significant morbidity, mortality and failed imaging rate. Unlike MRC, ERCP is highly dependent on the clinical team for high-quality results and minimal morbidity. MRC requires high-quality image acquisition and appropriate reconstructions, with skilled reading of the images. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact on ERCP workload of using MRC as the initial imaging modality for the biliary tree in selected patient groups, and to assess procedure-related morbidity and mortality. METHODS: An analysis of 1078 consecutive ERCP examinations performed at our institution over the six years to 1996 has been undertaken. Complications, imaging failure rates and ERCP findings have been analysed in the different referral categories to assess the potential impact of MRC on future ERCP workload and patient outcomes. RESULTS: At our institution, if MRC had been used as the first imaging investigation in patients with abdominal pain (n = 336, with or without abnormal liver function tests but without clinical jaundice) and those with present or past acute pancreatitis (n = 101), we estimate that 83 (19%) would have needed to go on to ERCP, but 354 (81%) would not have required further invasive investigation. In these categories, this would have resulted in five patients with stones missed at MRC, but 14 extra patients with stones would have been identified whose stones would have been missed at ERCP (failed examinations). There would be an overall 33% reduction in ERCP workload and 20 serious complications related to ERCP would have been avoided. Overall 7% of patients would be subjected to both investigations. CONCLUSIONS: In the interests of efficient use of resources, minimization of patient complications and accurate identification of those requiring therapeutic ERCP, MRC should be the preferred initial investigation in selected groups of patients presently being subjected to ERCP.

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2002

Guiding visual attention during acquisition of matching-to-sample.

Matching-to-sample skills are involved in language acquisition and the development of basic reading and counting abilities. The rapid, even errorless, induction of matching performances in young children and individuals with mental retardation was demonstrated here through the structuring of a visual array so as to promote detection of the relevant stimulus. Implications for theory and application are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Learning artificial orthographies: further evidence of a nonanalytic acquisition procedure.

Previous research (Byrne, 1984) showed that adults who learned to read an orthography representing phonetic features (voicing, place of articulation) did not readily obtain usable knowledge of the mapping of phonetic features onto orthographic elements, as evidenced by failure to generalize to partially new stimuli. The present Experiment 1 used a different method of detecting learning savings during acquisition. Subjects learned a set of complex symbols standing for phones, with the elements representing voicing and place. In a second acquisition set, the signs for voicing were reversed. Learning speed was not affected, which was consistent with the claim that feature-element links went unnoticed in initial acquisition. In Experiment 2, some subjects were instructed to "find the rule" embodied in the orthography. None did, and acquisition rates were no different from those of uninstructed subjects. In Experiment 3, subjects had 4 h of training on the orthography, with consistent feature-symbol mapping for half of the subjects and arbitrary pairings for the remainder. No reaction time advantage emerged in the consistent condition, which is further evidence of nonanalytic acquisition. The results are related to data from children learning to read.

Cues↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of serum antibodies to synthetic peptides to HPV16 epitopes among Indian women with cervical neoplasia.

Serum samples from 38 Indian women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer along with 20 control women were analysed for IgG antibodies against a panel of four synthetic peptides derived from early and late gene open reading frames of HPV16. The cervical tissue samples from these patients were also subjected to PCR in order to detect the presence of human papilloma viruses (HPVs) type 6, 11 and 16 DNA, using a set of primers for the E6 open reading frames in order to establish the acquisition of HPV infection. E2, E6 and L1 peptides of HPV16 were found to be highly reactive with the patients' sera, and a significant prevalence of antibodies to E6, E2 and L1 (P < 0.01) was observed among women with CIN, while antibodies to E6 peptide were only significantly elevated (P < 0.01) among women with cervical invasive carcinoma. Furthermore, there was good agreement between the development of the E6 antibody response and the presence of HPV16 E6 DNA among women with CIN and cervical invasive carcinoma as shown by high values of the kappa coefficient (0.7-1.0). The study clearly revealed a strong agreement between two assay methods defining unambiguous immunogenic B-cell epitopes on synthetic peptides to early and late gene open reading frames of HPV16 which could be used in HPV peptide serology. As such, single or combination of peptides in HPV peptide serology can be used as a screening tool to identify HPV-associated cervical lesions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Using computer based data acquisition and analysis system for nasal potential difference measurement in cystic fibrosis.

Nasal potential difference (PD) measurement has been used as a diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis (CF). It has been shown that large differences in reproducibility of nasal PD measurement can exist between different study sites. These differences reduce the validity of studies. In our study we tried to measure nasal PD values for a group of Turkish CF patients by using a computer based data acquisition system, which could eliminate the bias due to using different voltmeters. The CF group (n=40, mean age 9.3 years) value was -39.21+/-1.74 mV, and the control group (n=36, mean age 17.08 years) value was -18.24+/-1.48 mV (mean+/-SEM). Using the electronic data acquisition and analysis systems gave reliable results with high specificity (92%), sensitivity (79%), positive predictive value (95%) and negative predictive value (72%). Computer based data acquisition and analysis system provides suitable monitoring and continuous recording during measurements and facilitates repeat readings at the same distances along the nasal floor. Using electronic data acquisition may help to minimize the subjectivity in voltmeter measurements and hand analysis.

Adolescent↗