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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

An in vitro assay for prediction of broiler intestinal viscosity and growth when fed rye-based diets in the presence of exogenous enzymes.

A two-stage in vitro assay procedure was developed for predicting the efficacy of microbial enzyme sources in rye-based diets for broiler chicks. The procedure uses the complete diet as substrate to predict the in vivo intestinal viscosity and final weight of birds fed such diets. The optimum conditions for maximizing in vitro viscosity of a rye-based diet consisted of digesting .6 g of diet (ground through a 1-mm screen) in .9 mL of .1 N HCl containing 2,000 U pepsin/mL for 45 min at 40 C. At the end of this incubation phase, .3 mL 1 M NaHCO3 containing 8 mg pancreatin/mL (8 x USP) was added and the tube sealed and incubated for 2 h with intermittent vortexing. The digesta was then centrifuged (12,700 x g) and the supernatant collected for viscosity analysis using a digital viscometer. This assay was used for a rye-based diet containing either 0, .1, .2, .4, .8, or 1.6% of a xylanase source (experimental Trichoderma longibrachiatum product). The results were compared to weight and intestinal viscosity proximal and distal to Meckel's diverticulum of broilers (19 days of age) that had been fed these diets. The in vitro assay accurately predicted the in vivo intestinal viscosity (proximal r2 = .758, P < .0001, distal r2 = .667, P < .0001) and final weight of these birds (r2 = .660, P < .0001). The data suggest that the in vitro assay is a reliable assay for assessing the growth-promoting ability of an enzyme preparation in chicks fed rye-based diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

[Genetic determination of stem-rust resistance in rye].

The harmful effect of stem rust on the crops of short-stem diploid winter rye was studied. If stem rust affected the plants by 70-100%, this decreased the mass of 1000 grains by about 35.8%. The genes that control the stemrust resistance of rye might originate from the following cultivars and forms: Ilmen, Orlovskii Gibrid, Kharkovskaya 55, Kharkovskaya 60, Kustovka, Kombaininyai, Kazanskaya, Krupnozernaya, Novozybkovskaya 4, Alfa, Derzhavinskaya 29, Chulpan, and Rossul, as well as wild populations of the perennial rye Secale montanum. This study was first to demonstrate that the resistance of the Kharkovskaya 55 and Rossul rye cultivars to the population of stem rust was controlled by a single dominant gene, which was designated Sr1.

Fungi↗
PubMed2000

Intestinal metabolism of rye lignans in pigs.

To study the intestinal metabolism of lignans, the concentrations of plant and mammalian lignans in intestinal digesta sampled along the intestinal tract of pigs were determined by isotope dilution GC-MS. The pigs were fed rye-bread diets made from either whole rye-grains or rye-grain milling fractions enriched in pericarp-testa, aleurone or endosperm cells. The content and characteristics of dietary fibre varied between diets and had been shown to induce different colon fermentation patterns. As the metabolism of lignans depends on the action of the intestinal flora, we tested whether the rye-bread diets influence the metabolism of lignans. In the ileum, the lignans were mainly present as conjugated plant lignans, which were determined only when the analytical procedure included a hydrolysis step. High recovery of dietary lignans in the ileum may indicate that the lignans enter the enterohepatic circulation. In addition, two to three times the intake of lignans were recovered in the faeces when the diets had a high content of dietary fibre suggesting underestimation of plant lignans in the diet. Most of the plant lignans disappeared from the intestinal tract between the terminal ileum and the caecum. The intestinal concentrations and the disappearance of lignans correlated with the content of lignans in the diet, being highest on the pericarp-testa diet and lowest on the endosperm diet. No effect of fermentation pattern on the intestinal metabolism of lignans was observed. The lignans were liberated from the pericarp-testa diet although the plant cell walls remained largely undegraded.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Introgression of rye chromatin on chromosome 2D in the Portuguese wheat landrace 'Barbela.'.

The old Portuguese wheat landrace aggregate known as 'Barbela' shows good productivity under the low-fertility conditions often associated with acid soils. The use of genomic rye DNA, in combination with 45S rDNA and the repetitive sequences dpTal and pScl 19.2 as probes, in two sequential in situ hybridization steps enabled the identification of all chromosomes in the 'Barbela' wheat lines and the detection of the introgression of rye-origin chromatin onto wheat chromosome arm 2DL in two of the lines. Amplification of microsatellite loci using published primer pairs showed that the distal segment of wheat chromosome 2DL, which was involved in the rye translocation, was deleted. The identification and characterization of small recombinant chromosome segments in wheat-rye lines may allow their use in plant breeding programmes. Their presence in farmer-maintained material demonstrates the importance of maintaining, characterizing, and collecting landrace material before valuable genetic combinations are lost as uniform commercial crops are introduced.

Chromatin↗
PubMed2003

[The effect of genotypes of parental rye lines on the development of quantitative traits in primary octoploid Triticale: spike fertility].

The number of seeds and seed setting in the main spike were studied in primary octoploid triticale obtained from crosses between the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring and 66 inbred rye lines. In some rye lines, the mutations of self-fertility were identified in the S, Z, or T incompatibility loci. The number of seeds was determined under controlled self-pollination of the main spike. In the set of triticale examined, each trait exhibited high variation. Hence, the rye lines were suggested to carry gene alleles both increasing and decreasing these traits in triticale. All the traits studied were significantly influenced by environmental conditions. Ten triticale lines were identified, which had the largest seed setting under self-pollination. Seven out of ten samples with the high number of seeds carried mutations in the T locus and in the three samples, the unidentified self-fertility mutations were present. The triticale lines with mutations in the S and Z loci displayed much lower self-fertility on average. The ways and means of identifying and mapping the rye gene responsible for distinctions between the triticale quantitative traits are discussed.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed2004

[Linkage of genes, controlling morphological signs with isozyme markers of rye chromosomes].

Data on linkage of 12 rye genes controlling morphological traits (el, Vs, ln, w, np, ct2, Hs, Ddw, cb, mn, vil, mp) with one or several isozyme markers of individual rye chromosomes (2R-7R) are presented. Linkage of the following gene pairs was established: chromosome 2R: Est3/5-el, el-beta-Glu, Sod2-el, Sod2-Vs; chromosome 3R: ln-Got4; chromosome 4R: w-Got1, np-Got1; chromosome 5R: Est4-ct2, Est6/9-ct2, ct2-Est2, ct2-Aco2, Est2-Hs, Aco2-Hs, Est2-Ddw, Aco2-Ddw; chromosome 6R: Lap2-cb, cb-Aco1, Est10-mn; chromosome 7R: Acph2/3-vi1, Got2-vi1, mp-Acph2/3. The reasons for mapping a very small number of genes in rye in spite of high intraspecific variability of this species are discussed. An approach is suggested to improve this situation by simultaneous identification and mapping of all diverse spontaneous mutations maintained in heterozygous state in various rye cultivars.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2004

Enhancing the resistance of triticale by using genes from wheat and rye.

At present two separate nomenclature systems exist for wheat and rye. This paper provides a proposed common catalogue of wheat, rye and triticale resistance gene symbols. More than 130 postulated wheat resistance genes are listed. Over 39 rye and 6 triticale resistance (R) genes have been identified and named. Genes responsible for reaction to powdery mildew and to leaf, stem and yellow rusts are the best-represented group of resistance genes. From the common catalogue it can be concluded that there exists a potential for further transfer of rye resistance genes to wheat and triticale. Many molecular markers can be applied for marker-assisted gene transfer, but the expression of the R genes in the new genetic background of triticale remains to be investigated.

Edible Grain↗
PubMed1998

Inhibitory effects of soy and rye diets on the development of Dunning R3327 prostate adenocarcinoma in rats.

METHODS: Dunning R3327 PAP prostate tumors were transplanted in 125 rats, the rats were divided into five groups, and tumor development was examined for 24 weeks during treatment with diets containing 33% of soy flour (SD), rye bran (RB), heat-treated rye bran (HRB), or rye endosperm (RE). RESULTS: In the SD, RB, and HRB groups, significantly fewer palpable tumors and lower tumor volume were detected 14 and 16 weeks after transplantation when compared with the control, fiber-free dietary (FF) group. The body weight was lower 16 weeks after tumor transplantation in the RB and HRB groups when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Rats in the RB and the HRB groups had a significant lower energy intake than the FF group during the first metabolic observation period, 3-6 weeks after tumor transplantation (P < 0.05), whereas the energy intake was the same in all groups during the second metabolic observation period, 13-16 weeks after tumor transplantation. However, when the tumor volume was adjusted for the body weight of the animals, there were still significant lower tumor volumes in the SD, RB, and HRB groups compared with the FF group (P < 0.05). A significant increase in daily urinary excretion of the isoflavonoids, daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, and Genistein, was observed in the rats fed SD, and of the ligands enterolactone and enterodiol in the rats fed RB and HRB during both metabolic periods. There were no differences in testosterone levels between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that SD inhibits implanted prostate cancer growth. Although RB and HRB had a protective effect, further studies are needed to exclude the possibility that a low energy intake played a role in this respect. The results suggest that phytoestrogens (isoflavonoids and ligands), may be responsible for the delayed prostate tumor growth.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2002

Comparison of ethanol-soluble proteins from different rye (Secale cereale) varieties by two-dimensional electrophoresis.

The major storage proteins from six rye varieties, grown under the same conditions in 1997 and 1998 in Rønhave, Denmark, were analyzed by two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins were extracted from ground rye kernels with 70% ethanol and separated by 2-D electrophoresis. The gels were scanned, compared using ImageMaster software and the data sets were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) using THE UNSCRAMBLER software. Afterwards MATLAB was used to make a cluster analysis of the varieties based on PCA. The analysis of the gels showed, that the protein patterns (number of different proteins and their isoelectric points and molecular weights) from the six rye varieties were different. Based on the presence of unique cultivar-specific spots it was possible to differentiate between all six varieties if the two harvest years were investigated separately. When the results were combined from the two years five varieties could be differentiated. The results from the PCA confirmed the finding of the unique spots and cluster analysis was made in order to illustrate the results. The combination of the results from 2-D electrophoresis and other grain characteristics showed that one protein spot was located close to the parameters bread volume and bread height.

Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional↗
PubMed1995

Reprogramming of rye rDNA in triticale during microsporogenesis.

To test the hypothesis that interspecific genomic and chromosome interactions leading to nucleolar dominance could be reprogrammed in meiosis, we compared the expression of distinct nucleolar organizing region (NOR) loci in hexaploid triticale root tip meristematic cells, pollen mother cells and young pollen grains. Interphase and metaphase cells were silver stained to quantify nucleoli and active NOR loci respectively. A marked difference in the ribosomal RNA gene activity of each locus was observed when different types of cells were compared: in somatic and pollen mother cells, rRNA gene activity was mainly restricted to major wheat NORs (1B and 6B) with only a small contribution from rye NORs (1R). In contrast, in young pollen grains, all NORs present, including the 1R NORs, were consistently active. The expression of all NORs just after meiosis is considered to be a consequence of meiotic reprogramming of rye origin rDNA. Gene reprogramming mediated by the resetting of methylation patterns established early in embryogenesis is suggested to be responsible for the differential expression of the NORs of rye origin in distinct developmental stages of triticale.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed1988

Variation of the amino acid scores and of the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors in barley grain as a function of nitrogen content as compared with wheat and rye.

Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions of N with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from its N for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions of N which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores against N, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species for N less than 2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latter N values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs for N less than 1.9 and drastically poorer for N greater than 1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp for N greater than 1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function of N and also compared with those of wheat and rye.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1990

Cellular localization of water soluble, allergenic proteins in rye-grass (Lolium perenne) pollen using monoclonal and specific IgE antibodies with immunogold probes.

A postembedding method has been developed for localizing water soluble allergens in rye-grass pollen. This uses dry fixation in glutaraldehyde vapour, followed by 2,2-dimethoxypropane, prior to a 100% ethanol series leading into embedment in LR Gold. This has allowed the attachment of specific monoclonal antibodies to the allergen, which are themselves probed with specific immunogold labels to the antibodies. Wall and cytoplasmic sites have been identified, representing an improvement of fixation and localization of allergens over previous studies employing polyclonal, broad spectrum antibodies. Rye-grass allergens are labelled in mature pollen grains in the exine (tectum, nexine and central chamber), and in the electron opaque areas of the cytoplasm, especially mitochondria. The allergens are absent from the intine, polysaccharide (P) particles, amyloplasts, Golgi bodies and endoplasmic reticulum. IgE antibodies derived from humans allergic to rye-grass pollen, bind to similar sites in the cytoplasm but only to the outer surface of the pollen grain wall. This method now provides a valuable tool for further developmental studies on the pollen grains, in order to establish the site/s of synthesis of the allergens.

Allergens↗
PubMed1977

[On lipoxygenase and enzymes which decompose linoleic acid hydroperoxides in rye (author's transl)].

An enzyme fraction from rye containing lipoxygenase activity was investigated. The molecular weight of lipoxygenase was found to be about 102000. Two bands groups with isoelectric points between 5.1-5.5 and 5.8-6.4 were obtained by isoelectric focusing. Three isoenzymes could be separated by ion exchange chromatography. Lipoxygenase has optimum activity at pH 7.3-7.5 and predominantly forms 13-hydroperoxy-9-cis, 11-trans-octadecadienoic acid (13-LHPO). In rye the 13-LHPO is converted to alpha-ketols by a high molecular protein fraction. This isomerase converts the LHPO formed by rye lipoxygenase predominantly to 12,13-ketohydroxy acids. The Michaelis Constant of isomerase is 3-5 X 10(-5), using LHPO as substrate. At low protein concentrations the reaction velocity of LHPO-conversion increases linearly with protein concentration.

Kinetics↗
PubMed1997

The influence of 5-azacytidine on the condensation of the short arm of rye chromosome 1R in Triticum aestivum L. root tip meristematic nuclei.

This paper describes the effects of 5-azacytidine on the condensation state of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromatin introduced into the wheat genome (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Beaver). The wheat cultivar Beaver carries a translocation between the short arm of rye chromosome 1R (1RS) and the long arm of wheat chromosome 1B (1BL/1RS). 1RS can be detected using genomic in situ hybridisation and carries a ribosomal DNA (rDNA) locus that can be simultaneously detected using multiple labelling strategies. The rDNA locus divides 1RS into a distal region that is gene rich and a proximal region that is gene poor and highly methylated. 1RS also carries a large block of subtelomeric heterochromatin. The drug, which acts to inhibit DNA methylation in plants, has three pronounced effects on interphase nuclei. (1) It induces aberrant condensation of the rye subtelomeric heterochromatin and in many cases induces sister chromatid separation in the subtelomeric heterochromatin of G2 nuclei. (2) Nuclei trisomic for 1RS are observed at low frequency in treated material and are probably a consequence of aberrant sister chromatid separation or condensation. (3) The drug alters normal condensation of 1RS euchromatin. However, contrary to expectation the effect is not simply to induce decondensation. The proximal region of the arm actually condenses at low levels of drug administration while the distal region remains unaltered or increases its decondensation state. Increasing the concentration of 5-azacytidine induces a biphasic response and at the highest concentration used all regions of the arm show signs of decondensation. Thus the influence of the drug on chromatin condensation depends on the genomic structure.

Azacitidine↗
PubMed2003

Genetic mapping of Dn7, a rye gene conferring resistance to the Russian wheat aphid in wheat.

The Russian wheat aphid is a significant pest problem in wheat and barley in North America. Genetic resistance in wheat is the most effective and economical means to control the damage caused by the aphid. Dn7 is a rye gene located on chromosome 1RS that confers resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. The gene was previously transferred from rye into a wheat background via a 1RS/1BL translocation. This study was conducted to genetically map Dn7 and to characterize the type of resistance the gene confers. The resistant line '94M370' was crossed with a susceptible wheat cultivar that also contains a pair of 1RS/1BL translocation chromosomes. The F(2) progeny from this cross segregated for resistance in a ratio of 3 resistant: 1 susceptible, indicating a single dominant gene. One-hundred and eleven RFLP markers previously mapped on wheat chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, barley chromosome 1H and rye chromosome 1R, were used to screen the parents for polymorphism. A genetic map containing six markers linked to Dn7, encompassing 28.2 cM, was constructed. The markers flanking Dn7 were Xbcd1434 and XksuD14, which mapped 1.4 cM and 7.4 cM from Dn7, respectively. Dn7 confers antixenosis, and provides a higher level of resistance than that provided by Dn4. The applications of Dn7 and the linked markers in wheat breeding are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Genetic and physical mapping of sequence-specific amplified polymorphic (SSAP) markers on the 1RS chromosome arm of rye in a wheat background.

Three rye-specific repeated sequences, pSc10C, pSc20H and R173-1, were used to design sequence-specific anchored primers. These primers and 16 restriction site-specific adaptor primers were used in all possible combinations to establish sequence-specific amplified polymorphic (SSAP) markers for the 1RS chromosome arm of rye in a wheat background. Thirty 1RS-specific SSAP markers were detected in 19 primer combinations. Along with six markers localised previously on 1RS, 26 of the SSAP markers were mapped genetically in wheat genotypes carrying recombinant 1BL.1RS translocations. A clear decrease in recombination frequency from distal to proximal regions was observed. Wheat-rye addition lines for the 1R chromosome with different-sized deletions of the short arm were used to physically localise these markers. Physical mapping suggested an even distribution of the SSAP markers along the total length of the 1RS chromosome arm.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed2005

Characterisation of selenium compounds in rye seedling biomass using 75Se-labelling/SDS-PAGE separation/gamma-scintillation counting, and HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of a range of enzymatic digests.

In the present study, selenium-enriched plant biomass was investigated to evaluate the ability of rye seedlings to take up, and assimilate, inorganic selenium. Two different analytical approaches were used. Electrophoretic separation (SDS-PAGE) of proteins extracted from 75Se-labelled biomass was used to investigate the biotransformation of selenite into organic forms of the element. Ion-pair chromatography coupled with ICP-MS detection was chosen for the analysis of selenium species, enzymatically extracted from the plant biomass. The results of three enzymatic hydrolysis procedures and three sequential enzymatic extractions procedures are compared. The most effective single extraction was proteolysis (using protease type XIV), giving an overall extraction efficiency of 48%. However, for combinations of enzymes, the most effective was cellulase (Trichoderma viride) followed by sequential extraction of the solid pellet using protease type XIV, giving an extraction efficiency of 70%. The complementary data from the electrophoretic fractionation of proteins, and the HPLC separation of Se-species in the proteolytic digests, reveal the existence of large number of selenium-containing compounds in the rye seedling plant biomass. The results showed the complete biotransformation of inorganic selenium into organic forms during germination of the rye seedlings. HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of extracts from the plant biomass did not show the presence of selenate or selenite. At the time of this study, the lack of suitable organic-MS facilities meant that it was not possible to characterise them fully. However, the data does show that a combination of different enzymes, rather than just the commonly-used protease, should be considered when developing an extraction strategy for selenium in different food types to those already reported in the literature.

Biomass↗
PubMed2003

Somatic embryogenesis and fertile green plant regeneration from suspension cell-derived protoplasts of rye ( Secale cereale L.).

A method for somatic embryogenesis and fertile green plant regeneration from suspension cell-derived protoplasts of rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Auvinen) was developed. Fast-growing and friable embryogenic calli with a high regeneration capacity were induced from immature rye inflorescences using modified MS medium. These friable embryogenic calli were used for suspension culture initiation in liquid AA medium. A high yield of protoplasts was obtained from suspension cell clumps after 3-5 days of subculture. Isolated protoplasts were cultured in KM8p medium. The frequency of protoplast cell divisions and colony formations in liquid culture medium were similar to those on agarose-solidified medium. Compact embryogenic calli were developed from protoplast-derived microcalli in growth medium mMS. Approximately 7% of the transferred embryogenic calli produced green shoots on N6 regeneration medium. Of 33 green plants, 28 were fertile with normal flowering and seed set. The ratio of green and albino plantlets was 1:4. Rye protoplast-derived green plants showed normal diploid characters as determined by flow cytometer analysis and chromosome counting.

Cell Division↗