Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “RAPE”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Oilseed rape and bronchial reactivity.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate atopy and changes in symptoms, peak flow rate, and bronchial reactivity in people complaining of symptoms during the oilseed rape flowering season. METHODS: 37 people who had given positive answers to questions about the presence of symptoms in relation to the flowering season of oilseed rape and 24 controls with no such symptoms were studied, although not all took part in all parts of the study. All had been previously identified in a cross sectional survey of a random sample of a rural population. Atopy was assessed by means of skin prick tests, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), and radioallergosorbent test (RAST) assays. Bronchial reactivity (PC20) was measured by histamine challenge. Total IgE and bronchial reactivity were measured both before and during the oilseed rape flowering season. Day to day changes were monitored by subjects who kept a record of their symptoms and peak flow morning and evening, starting before the flowering season and continuing during it and into the grass pollen season. RESULTS: Only two cases, of 23 tested, showed evidence of allergy to oilseed rape and only 10 of 23 tested, including these two, were atopic. Eye, nasal, and headache symptoms increased in the season in cases, which validated the questionnaire used in the previous cross sectional survey. 12 of 16 cases tested and seven of 15 controls showed a seasonal fall in PC20; the fall in the cases was significantly greater than in the controls. Peak flow charts showed no evidence of fall or of increased variability during the season. CONCLUSIONS: People who complained of symptoms in relation to the flowering of oilseed rape were rarely allergic to the plant and fewer than half were atopic. Nevertheless, they usually showed increased bronchial reactivity during the season, which may have been due in some cases to other allergens but in others to non-specific irritant effects of the air. Whether these are due to chemicals released by the crop, to rising summer ozone levels, or to other factors remains unclear.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Cognitive-behavior therapy for PTSD in rape survivors.

In recent years, new data have appeared, further suggesting the utility of cognitive-behavioral interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subsequent to sexual assault. In this article, we present a model of cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for PTSD in rape survivors. Emotional-processing theory, which proposes mechanisms that underlie the development of disturbances following rape, is reviewed. A CBT-based therapy (Prolonged Exposure) is presented that entails education about common reactions to trauma, relaxation training, imaginal reliving of the rape memory, exposure to trauma reminders, and cognitive restructuring. Current research regarding the use of prolonged exposure is discussed. The case example of a young female rape survivor is described in detail, and her prior substance dependence and intense shame are highlighted. The therapy was successful in reducing the client's symptoms of PTSD, as well as her depressive symptoms, and these gains were maintained at a one-year follow-up assessment.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Nurses' attributions about rape victims.

In an evaluation experiment, 80 registered nurses (64% of whom had cared for at least one rape victim) read an account of a rape involving a woman who drove to a drugstore on her way home from work. By random assignment, the nurses read one of four versions of the rape which varied in terms of whether or not the victim locked her car door (carelessness manipulation) and time of attack (5:00 p.m. or midnight). Subjects evaluated the victim on a series of 0 to 9 bipolar adjective scales. MANOVA showed a significant main effect for the locked/unlocked conditions: Nurses who read the unlocked version, as compared to those reading the locked version, showed differences in terms of more negative ratings of the victim on such variables as less liking for her, less identification with her, and assigning greater responsibility for the rape to her (p less than or equal to .005). Time of attack and the interaction were not significant.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Potential risk factors for rape in three ethnic groups.

This article describes the frequency of possible risk factors that emerged during a cross-cultural study of psychosocial response to sexual assault among African-American, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic white women presenting for treatment at a major urban rape treatment center. Of 881 victims screened, 51% had no observable risk factors while 49% fell into categories of variables that previous research has associated with increased vulnerability. Included were mental disability (psychiatric or developmental), a prior history of rape or incest, tourist or visitor status (site unfamiliarity), and homelessness. Ethnic groups differed significantly in these categories, suggesting socioeconomic and cultural variables that may affect rape statistics and that should be taken into account in rape prevention programs in the community.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Caring for rape victims: its impact on providers.

Students in the health professions are working with a variety of anxiety-provoking patients, such as victims of child abuse or sexual assault, suicidal and terminally ill patients. Faculty have a responsibility to assist these students in maximizing the growth potential of the experience. This study, involving 22 female and three male students at the University of New Mexico Colleges of Nursing and Medicine, examines the effects of such an experience. Each participant worked on a Sexual Assault Response Team at the Bernalillo County Medical Center for an average of 8.6 months; each saw an average of 16 rape victims for whom they provided counseling services and assisted in medical care and gathering evidence. All of the students reported heightened awareness of their own vulnerability. They began to develop cognitive and behavioral strategies to cope with the possibility of being raped. Approximately one third of the subjects developed symptoms similar to those experienced by rape victims. Those who did not develop symptoms attributed it to being able to work through their feelings at team meetings. Students became more aware of their attitudes toward rape victims, both positive and negative. Moreover, the most significant change they experienced was in their own perception of themselves as care givers; they felt more confident and competent, both in medical and counseling areas. Faculty are encouraged to meet weekly with students involved in such experiences.

Attitude↗
PubMed1994

Penile responses of rapists and nonrapists to rape stimuli involving physical violence or humiliation.

The sexual arousal profile of a subgroup of rapists with a history of low-level physical violence during their offenses was assessed. Twenty subjects participated: 10 rapists and 10 nonrapists. Stimuli consisted of audiotapes with the following five thematic contents: mutually consenting sexual activities; rape involving physical violence; rape involving humiliation; physical aggression without sexual activities; neutral. Penile responses were recorded during stimuli presentation using a mercury-in-rubber strain gauge. Data showed no differences between both groups for the rape stimuli involving physical violence. For the rape stimuli involving humiliation, however, the penile responses of the two groups differed. With those stimuli the average penile response of the rapists was higher than that of the nonrapists. Therefore, for this subgroup of rapists the association between sexual activities and humiliation presents a higher erotic value than the association between sexual activities and physical violence. Implication of these results as to the discriminant validity and classificatory accuracy of phallometry in rapists is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

False rape allegations.

With the cooperation of the police agency of a small metropolitan community, 45 consecutive, disposed, false rape allegations covering a 9 year period were studied. These false rape allegations constitute 41% the total forcible rape cases (n = 109) reported during this period. These false allegations appear to serve three major functions for the complainants: providing an alibi, seeking revenge, and obtaining sympathy and attention. False rape allegations are not the consequence of a gender-linked aberration, as frequently claimed, but reflect impulsive and desperate efforts to cope with personal and social stress situations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Rape fantasies as a function of exposure to violent sexual stimuli.

Twenty-nine male students, classified on the basis of questionnaire responses as sexually force oriented or non-force oriented, were randomly assigned to exposure to rape or mutually-consenting versions of a slide-audio show. All subjects were then exposed to the same audio description of a rape read by a female. They were later asked to create their own fantasies. Penile tumescence and self-reports of arousal indicated that relatively high levels of sexual arousal were generated by all of the experimental stimuli. No differences in arousal during the exposure phase were found as a function of the manipulation in the content of the slide-audio show. Sexual arousal during the fantasy period, assessed by means of self-reports, indicated that those who had been classified as force oriented created more arousing fantasies after having been exposed to the rape version of the show, whereas those classified as non-force oriented created more arousing fantasies following the mutually-consenting version. Most significantly, those exposed to the rape version, irrespective of their sexual classification, created more violent sexual fantasies than those exposed to the mutually-consenting version. The possible role of such media-elicited fantasies in the development of antisocial attitudes and behavior is considered. Also discussed are ethical issues arising from implementing or failing to implement research in this area.

Arousal↗
PubMed1985

Beliefs about rape and women's social roles.

The hypothesis tested was that beliefs about rape that place women at a disadvantage are positively related to beliefs that restrict the rights and roles of women in our society. Two scales, the R scale and the W scale, based on a survey of beliefs about rape (Feild, 1978) and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale (Spence and Helmreich, 1972), were administered as a single instrument. Subjects included 432 female undergraduates, 140 male undergraduates, 114 employed women, and 76 employed men. The latter two groups were predominantly from managerial, technical, and professional occupations. Product moment correlations between responses on the R scale and responses on the W scale were calculated for total scores as well as for three factors: women's responsibility and causal role in rape; role of consent in rape; and rapist's role and motivation. Correlations consistently supported the hypothesis for all four groups.

Attitude↗
PubMed1994

"I felt like a slut": the cultural context and women's response to being raped.

This paper examines how cultural beliefs (cultural constructions) about women influence how women survivors of rape make sense of their traumatic experience. A thematic content analysis of interviews with female survivors of rape was undertaken to provide a systematic description of the phenomenology of the experience. This paper reports on one major finding which highlighted the ways in which cultural beliefs about women, sexuality, and rape become salient to women, and are accessed by them as they struggle to bring meaning to the experience of being raped. The nature of these beliefs and their implications for response and recovery are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Sexual behavior of assailants during reported rapes.

The present study reports on the forced sexual, excretory, and sadistic acts that occur during rape. The main sample consisted of 115 adult, adolescent, and child rape victims that were admitted during a 1-year period to the emergency wards of a large municipal hospital. Forced vaginal intercourse was the most frequent act reported, but many other acts also occurred, ranging from fellatio and cunnilingus to urinating on the victim. It is argued that various social-psychological meanings are attached to forced sexual acts, most notably power, anger, and male camaraderie. Pair/group rape differs from single-assailant rape in the emphasis placed on watching and taking turns. Analyzing the social meanings attached to forced sex makes a contribution to our knowledge about the use of sex to express nonsexual issues.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Being silenced: the impact of negative social reactions on the disclosure of rape.

Rape survivors who speak out about their assault experiences are often punished for doing so when they are subjected to negative reactions from support providers. These negative reactions may thereby serve a silencing function, leading some rape survivors to stop talking about their experiences to anyone at all. The current study sought to examine this worst case scenario. Focusing on the qualitative narratives of eight rape survivors who initially disclosed the assault but then stopped disclosing for a significant period of time, this study sought to provide an in-depth description of how negative reactions silenced these survivors. Three routes to silence were identified: 1) negative reactions from professionals led survivors to question whether future disclosures would be effective; 2) negative reactions from friends and family reinforced feelings of self-blame; and 3) negative reactions from either source reinforced uncertainty about whether their experiences qualified as rape. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Seizure behaviour in a patient with post-traumatic stress disorder following rape. Notes on the aetiology of 'pseudoseizures'.

A patient is described who began to have paroxysmal convulsive behaviour, followed by a post-ictal aggression, which was initially diagnosed and treated as epilepsy. The behaviour began after the patient was raped. She had many of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. It is suggested that the paroxysmal behaviour was an 'acting out' of intrusive and vivid memories of the rape, so called 'flashbacks'. Because the rape had occurred comparatively recently and the events that occurred during the rape were known, it was easy, in this particular patient, to understand the relationship between the previous trauma and the paroxysmal behaviour. The case throws some light on the relationship between similar paroxysmal behaviour in the victims of child sexual abuse and the trauma they had suffered and explains why they behave in the way that they do.

Acting Out↗
PubMed2005

Multidisciplinary forensic approach--investigation of a neonaticide and alleged concomitant rape.

In the case presented, a young woman claimed to have spontaneously aborted a 30-weeks old fetus conceived after being raped by her cousin. The police investigation was centred on a probable neonaticide, mitigated by a possible rape. In Israel, the crime of rape carries a heavy punishment similar to that of first degree murder. Thus the implementation of the most recent scientific forensic techniques is of paramount importance in charging or clearing a suspected rapist. The skeletonized fetal remains were found four months after the reputed abortion. The alleged neonaticide was supported by the results of the forensic clinical and anthropological examinations, while the rape accusation was dismissed by the results of the molecular biology identification of the skeletonized fetal remains. The aim of this report is to encourage the forensic community to apply a multi-disciplinary approach, thus maximizing the decision making competence of the courts of law.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The effects of suppressing trauma-related thoughts on women with rape-related posttraumatic stress disorder.

A hallmark symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the presence of intrusive thoughts that come to mind against an individual's will and are frequently accompanied by considerable distress. This investigation examined the effects of deliberate suppression of rape-related thoughts on female sexual assault survivors, in order to explore this facet of PTSD. Seventeen women with chronic PTSD following a sexual assault were contrasted with nineteen survivors without PTSD, using a thought suppression paradigm (e.g. [Wegner, Schneider, Carter, & White (1987) Paradoxical effects of thought suppression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 5-13]). Results indicated that PTSD participants experienced a rebound in the frequency of rape-related thoughts following deliberate suppression, whereas non-PTSD participants did not experience a rebound. Reported level of perceived controllability over rape-related thoughts for the PTSD participants was significantly lower during the suppression phase (as compared with the expression phase) relative to the non-PTSD participants. PTSD participants were significantly more anxious, depressed and distressed throughout the procedure relative to non-PTSD participants, although mood changes did not parallel the rebound effect found with rape-related thoughts in the PTSD group. Results are discussed in light of the role that intrusive thoughts may play in the maintenance of PTSD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The community response to rape: victims' experiences with the legal, medical, and mental health systems.

This research examined how the legal, medical, and mental health systems respond to the needs of rape victims. A national random sample of rape victim advocates (N = 168) participated in a phone interview that assessed the resources available to victims in their communities, as well as the specific experiences of the most recent rape victim with which they had completed work. Results from hierarchical and iterative cluster analysis revealed three patterns in victims' experiences with the legal, medical, and mental health systems. One group of victims had relatively positive experiences with all three systems, a second group had beneficial outcomes with only the medical systems, and the final group had difficult encounters with all three systems. Multinominal logistic regression was then used to evaluate an ecological model predicting cluster membership. Community-level factors as well as features of the assault and characteristics of the victims predicted unique variance in victims' outcomes with the legal, medical, and mental health systems. These findings provide empirical support for a basic tenet of ecological theory: environmental structures and practices influence individual outcomes. Implications for ecological theory and interventions to improve the community response to rape victims' needs are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Similarities and differences between incestuous and nonincestuous rape in a French follow-up study.

Clinicians are familiar with the life and psychological difficulties of incest victims, but their observations often are refuted as being retrospective and unsystematic. We aimed to ascertain similarities and differences between incestuous rape and nonincestuous rape. One hundred and two victims consulting a French forensic center were interviewed in a systematic follow-up study over 6 months using structured interview schedules. Stepwise logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, and characteristics of the trauma showed that posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociative disorders, agoraphobia, and low self-esteem were overrepresented in the incest-rape group compared to the nonincest-rape group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A synthesized (biosocial) theory of rape.

Features of contemporary theories of rape are integrated with information on neurohormonal variables to formulate a synthesized theory of rape. It consists of four propositions: (a) Rape is motivated by two largely unlearned drives (a sex drive and a drive to possess and control). (b) Natural selection has favored men who more readily learn forced copulatory tactics than women and women who are more inclined than men to resist forced copulations. (c) The tendency to use forced copulatory tactics is largely a function of the strength of an individual's sex drive plus estimates of the probability of success minus the probability of being punished, divided by sensitivity to aversive stimuli. (d) Genes that have evolved primarily on the Y chromosome affect neurohormonal functioning in ways that alter the strength of the sex drive and sensitivity to aversive stimuli and thereby affect individual probabilities of committing rape.

Aggression↗