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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

The reconstruction and dose-rate calculation of radium needle implants.

A comprehensive computer program has been developed for carrying out the various tasks associated with radium needle implants. Data input for the program are obtained by digitizing an orthogonal pair of radiographs with an analogue tracing system. Corresponding needles in the two radiographs are automatically located, and the implant may be rotated to any desired position in three dimensional space, at the same time presenting a view of the rotation on a storage oscilloscope. Automatic determination of the mean plane of a planar implant is possible, and the dose-rate distribution may be calculated in any specified plane. A Paterson--Parker exposure rate calculation may be performed with a biological dose and treatment time correction incorporated. The program is written in Fortran and runs on a small interactive computer system.

Computers↗
PubMed1989

Discriminant analysis on the treatment results of interstitial radium tongue implants.

Discriminant analysis was carried out for 48 tongue cancer patients who were treated with radium single-plane implantation. The 48 patients were grouped into 32 successfully cured without complications, five successfully cured with complications, six successfully cured but requiring additional boost therapy and five with local recurrence. To evaluate the relation between the dose distribution and the local treatment results, the analysis was based on a volume-dose relationship. The functions introduced by this discriminant analysis were linear, and the parameters used were modal dose, average dose and shape factors of histograms. Each group of treatment results had a correction rate of greater than 80%, except for the successfully cured group with ulcers. The discriminant functions were useful as an index to obtain a final clinical treatment result at the early time of implantation, and these functions could be used as a criterion for the optimal treatment of tongue carcinoma. We were also able to recognize the limitation of the actual arrangement of sources in the single-plane implant.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed1993

Radium-226-contaminated drinking water: hypothesis on an exposure pathway in a population with elevated childhood leukemia.

A recent epidemiological survey on childhood malignant disease in the region of Ellweiler, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany, revealed a significantly increased incidence of childhood leukemia, but observed incidences of lymphoma and solid tumors were normal. Established risk factors such as individual exposure to chemicals as well as hereditary genetic disorders were ruled out in interviews with the patients or their families. The general population in the region, however, is subjected to considerable doses of ionizing radiation due to high levels of external gamma radiation and high activities of indoor radon. Radiation-specific chromosome aberrations were found in one of two healthy siblings and one father of leukemia patients as well as in any of three probands living in houses with high indoor radon activities. Radon and natural gamma radiation, however, cannot explain the geographical pattern of the cases. Four out of seven cases were observed in two particular villages near a uranium processing plant. The drinking water of these villages partly came from a small river that was contaminated with radium-226 washed out from the dumps of the uranium plant. Only sparse measurements of 226Ra are available, but derived red bone marrow doses for children in the two villages obtained from a simple radio-ecological model show the significance of the drinking water pathway. Prenatal 226Ra exposure of fetuses due to placental transfer and accumulation may have led to significant doses and may explain the excess cases of childhood leukemia in the region even in quantitative terms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Induction of malignant bone tumors in radium-224 patients: risk estimates based on the improved dosimetry.

Mainly between 1945 and 1955, several thousand German patients with ankylosing spondylitis, tuberculosis, or--in a few cases--other diseases received multiple injections of the short-lived alpha-particle emitter radium-224. In the early 1950s, the follow-up of 899 patients was initiated, and the study has continued since then. It includes most of the high-dose patients and nearly all of those treated as children or juveniles, i.e. under the age of 21. In the study cohort, 56 malignant bone tumors occurred in a temporal wave that peaked 8 years after exposure, whereas less than one case would have been expected during the follow-up. Most of the malignant bone tumors were osteosarcomas and fibrous-histiocytic sarcomas. A new analysis has now been performed, primarily because an improved dosimetry resulted in modified bone surface doses, especially for those treated at younger ages. A significant increase in bone tumor risk with decreasing age at exposure is now demonstrated. The earlier finding of an inverse protraction factor is confirmed. In the new formulation, the dependence on dose rate or duration applies only at higher doses; i.e., the initial slope of the dose dependence is unrelated to dose rate or exposure duration, which is in contrast to earlier analyses but is in agreement with microdosimetric considerations and general radiobiological experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Radium-bearing pipe scale deposits: implications for national waterborne radon sampling methods.

A point-of-use waterborne radon-222 (222Rn) survey of a small Iowa town was performed to determine the cause of unnaturally high waterborne 222Rn concentrations in the municipality. The source of the elevated 222Rn concentrations was a newly discovered reservoir of waterborne 222Rn originating from distribution-system radium-226 (226Ra) adsorbed internal pipe scale deposits. Because the proposed national drinking water regulations for 222Rn require sampling at the origin of the distribution system rather than at the point of use, the proposed scheme for collection of water samples may not represent actual consumer waterborne 222Rn exposure in all cases.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1990

Radium treatment for hemangioma in early childhood. Reconstruction and dosimetry of treatments, 1920-1959.

Between 1920 and 1959, a total of 14,647 children younger than 18 months were treated at Radiumhemmet with ionizing radiation for skin hemangioma. Seventy-two percent of the children were treated with radium needles or tubes, which were put into glass capsules and then applied to the hemangioma. The absorbed doses to different organs have been measured in a tissue equivalent phantom, representing a 6-month-old child. For a standard treatment of 8 Gy to the hemangioma the mean absorbed doses to the brain, eye lens, parotid gland, thyroid, breast anlage and gonads from 28 different treatment areas were 0.03-0.2 Gy. The mean absorbed dose to the organs in younger (less than 2 months) and older (14-18 months) children were up to 50% higher (0.04-0.1 Gy) and 33% lower (0.02-0.06 Gy) respectively, than for a 6-month-old child. The uncertainty in organ absorbed doses for each patient depended mostly on the estimation of the distance between the applicator and the site.

Hemangioma↗
PubMed1979

[Bowen carcinoma following many years' use of a "radium cushion" (author's transl)].

A case is reported of a 73-year old female patient in whom precancerous symptoms appeared in the mid-abdominal area of application which for a long time were mistaken for chronic eczema, until after 7 years the development of a skin carcinoma was clinically and histologically confirmed. The case provides a reason to draw attention to the "Radium Cushion" and to restate publicly that they should be delivered to the health authorities. Suspected cases must be thoroughly investigated medically.

Aged↗
PubMed1975

[Therapy of penile plastic duration using radium moulages].

During the last 42 years, 1524 patients with I.p.p. were treated in our department. In 69% of the cases (173 out of 248) an improvement was observed within 13 months, following therapy with radium moulages. Through improved radiation protection this therapy can be performed without undue exposure of the testes. A 15 year old patient ist the youngest case on record. Trend-calculations show a progressive tendency of this disease in later years.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Approach-related dosage calculation in the surroundings of enclosed radium preparations and its combination with dosage calculation].

This study contains discussions about different possibilities of dose calculation with an electronic computer in the environment of radium applicators. First of all, it is demonstrated that no time can be saved in the exact calculation, even if varying mathematical methods are chosen. Therefore, possibilities are discussed in order to save calculation time by approximation procedures; methods are quoted - one less and one more complicated - for realising such a procedure. Furthermore, the reasons are mentioned that are contrary to an immediate inclusion of this calculation into the physical irradiation planning. Possibilities to overcome these difficulties are cited.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1992

Survey and risk assessment of radium contamination in a historic desk.

For many years the Physics Department of The University of Adelaide has owned a fine cedar desk which dates from before 1900. It was used by professors, including Sir Kerr Grant, for many years and probably Sir William Bragg. In April 1991, approximately 80 kBq of radium contamination was found in parts of the desk. Because of concern for the health of those who had used the desk, a thorough study was made of the nature and extent of the contamination and the risks to health from radon and from ingesting some of the radioactive material from contact with articles such as pencils, stamps and envelopes kept in the drawer. The risks have been shown to be small compared to other acceptable risks in modern society. The desk has been decontaminated and restored.

Australia↗
PubMed1977

Cytochemical studies of respiratory enzymes in carcinoma of the cervix uteri after irradiation by radium and cobalt 60.

Enzymological studies of succinic dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase were made on human squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix uteri before, during and after radiation therapy by radium and 60CO. The enzymatic activities of the two enzymes were higher in cells of stage III than in the corresponding cells of stage II. In addition, after treatment, no enzymatic activity could be detected. These changes may be explained on the basis of mitochondrial damage as a result of radiation effect.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1990

Cancer mortality following radium treatment for uterine bleeding.

Cancer mortality in relation to radiation dose was evaluated among 4153 women treated with intrauterine radium (226Ra) capsules for benign gynecologic bleeding disorders between 1925 and 1965. Average follow up was 26.5 years (maximum = 59.9 years). Overall, 2763 deaths were observed versus 2687 expected based on U.S. mortality rates [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 1.03]. Deaths due to cancer, however, were increased (SMR = 1.30), especially cancers of organs close to the radiation source. For organs receiving greater than 5 Gy, excess mortality of 100 to 110% was noted for cancers of the uterus and bladder 10 or more years following irradiation, while a deficit was seen for cancer of the cervix, one of the few malignancies not previously shown to be caused by ionizing radiation. Part of the excess of uterine cancer, however, may have been due to the underlying gynecologic disorders being treated. Among cancers of organs receiving average or local doses of 1 to 4 Gy, excesses of 30 to 100% were found for leukemia and cancers of the colon and genital organs other than uterus; no excess was seen for rectal or bone cancer. Among organs typically receiving 0.1 to 0.3 Gy, a deficit was recorded for cancers of the liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts combined, death due to stomach cancer occurred at close to the expected rate, a 30% excess was noted for kidney cancer (based on eight deaths), and there was a 60% excess of pancreatic cancer among 10-year survivors, but little evidence of dose-response. Estimates of the excess relative risk per Gray were 0.006 for uterus, 0.4 for other genital organs, 0.5 for colon, 0.2 for bladder, and 1.9 for leukemia. Contrary to findings for other populations treated by pelvic irradiation, a deficit of breast cancer was not observed (SMR = 1.0). Dose to the ovaries (median, 2.3 Gy) may have been insufficient to protect against breast cancer. For organs receiving greater than 1 Gy, cancer mortality remained elevated for more than 30 years, supporting the notion that radiation damage persists for many years after exposure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

The reverse protraction factor in the induction of bone sarcomas in radium-224 patients.

More than 50 bone sarcomas have occurred among a collective of about 800 patients who had been injected in Germany after World War II with large activities of radium-224 for the intended treatment of bone tuberculosis and ankylosing spondylitis. In an earlier analysis [H. Spiess and C. W. Mays, in Radiation Carcinogenesis. (C. L. Sanders et al., Eds.) pp. 437-450. USAEC Symposium Series 29, CONF-720505, 1973] it was concluded that, at equal mean absorbed doses in the skeleton, patients with longer exposure time had a higher incidence of bone sarcomas. The previous analysis was based on approximations; in particular, it did not account for the varying times at risk of the individual patients. In view of the implications of a reverse protraction factor for basic considerations in radiation protection, the need was therefore felt to reevaluate the data from the continued follow-up by more rigorous statistical methods. A first step of the analysis demonstrates the existence of the reverse dose-rate effect in terms of a suitably constructed rank-order test. In a second step of the analysis it is concluded that the data are consistent with a linear no-threshold dose dependence under the condition of constant exposure time, while there is a steeper than linear dependence on dose when the exposure times increase proportionally to dose. A maximum likelihood fit of the data is then performed in terms of a proportional hazards model that includes the individual parameters, dose, treatment duration, and age at treatment. The fit indicates proportionality of the tumor rates to mean skeletal dose with an added factor (1 + 0.18.tau), where tau is the treatment time in months. This indicates that a protraction of the injections over 15 months instead of 5 months doubles the risk of bone sarcoma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Lung cancer mortality (1950-80) in relation to radon daughter exposure in a cohort of workers at the Eldorado Port Radium uranium mine: possible modification of risk by exposure rate.

A cohort study of 2,103 workers employed between 1942 and 1960 at a uranium mine in the Northwest Territories, Canada, was conducted. A total of 57 lung cancer deaths was observed (expected = 24.73, P less than .0001). There was a highly significant linear relationship between exposure and increased risk of lung cancer, giving estimates for the relative and attributable risk coefficients of 0.27 per working level month (WLM) and 3.10 per WLM per 10(6) person-years. These risk coefficients were substantially less than those estimated from the experience of miners in the Beaverlodge mine, which have previously been reported. Any biases in the present estimates are likely to have been upward, and therefore they probably represent an upper limit. The major difference between the two mine cohorts is in the exposure rate, since the Port Radium miners were exposed to much greater concentrations of radon daughters than the Beaverlodge miners. It is postulated that risk of lung cancer from radon daughter exposure may be modified by exposure rate, for which hypothesis there is some support from other epidemiologic data.

Humans↗
PubMed1987

[The dose of radiotherapy in esophageal cancer combined with external beams and intracavitary radium brachytherapy].

Between 1974 and 1982, 78 primary esophageal squamous cell carcinomas were treated by external irradiation combined with additional intracavitary radium therapy. 50 to 60 Gy were given by external irradiation, and 5 to 20 Gy were delivered on the surface of the esophageal mucosa. The combined dose ranged from TDF 110 to 140 on the esophageal mucosa and TDF 95 to 120 at a depth of 5 mm from the esophageal mucosa. The 5-year survival rate was 19.3% by this combined radiotherapy alone. We conclude that the optimal dose of the combined therapy for esophageal cancer ranges from TDF 95 to 120 at a depth of 5 mm from the esophageal mucosa.

Aged↗
PubMed1979

Hysteroscopic removal of a Heyman radium capsule.

This case report demonstrates the use of the hysteroscope for the localization and removal of a missing Heyman radium capsule in a patient with endometrial carcinoma. There has been much recent interest in the use of the hysteroscope for therapeutic purposes in clinical gynecology. This case report emphasizes the value of this instrument in patient care.

Adenocarcinoma↗