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PubMed1999

HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among clients of female and male prostitutes.

OBJECTIVES: To document the HIV and STD infection rates among clients of female (CFP) and clients of male prostitutes (CMP) and to identify the risk factors for HIV among CFP and CMP. METHODS: Structured interviews were conducted with 82 CMP and 69 CFP in 1990 and 1991 in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. Blood samples were tested for HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. RESULTS: The HIV-positive rate was 36.6% among CMP and 2.9% among CFP. Syphilis seromarkers were found in 15.9% of CMP and 10.1% of CFP; hepatitis B seromarkers were identified in 58.0% of CMP and 24.6% of CFP. Key risk factors for HIV among CMP included serologic history of syphilis, serologic history of hepatitis B, receptive anal sex with a male prostitute, ever injecting drugs, ever using crack cocaine, and little education. CFP had no significant risk factors for HIV in the logistic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Several studies have focused on risk factors for HIV among female and male prostitutes; however, research on their clients has been limited. Although HIV infection rates among CFP are relatively low, their infection rate for syphilis and hepatitis warrants serious health education efforts. Even more critical are harm-reduction programs targeting CMP. Generic health and HIV risk reduction messages on heterosexual transmission might be insufficient.

Crack Cocaine↗
PubMed1991

Estimating hidden populations: a new method of calculating the prevalence of drug-injecting and non-injecting female street prostitution.

This paper outlines a new method we have developed for estimating the prevalence of streetworking prostitution and the proportions of female street-working prostitutes who are injecting drug users. This method is based on the capture/recapture approach and involves distinguishing new fieldwork contacts from repeat field work contacts. The size of the overall population can be modelled from records of the increasing ratio of repeat to new fieldwork contacts. The method may have a relevance beyond a concern with prostitution and drug injecting, and may be of value in estimating other hidden populations.

Female↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vaginal yeast colonization and promiscuity. A study of 197 prostitutes.

In order to study the role of promiscuity in yeast colonization of the vagina we examined vaginal smears of 197 prostitutes. Forty-two (21%) showed yeast infection on culture, and Candida albicans was isolated in 93% of these cases. This rate is comparable to the rates in reports of large series of non-promiscuous women in the literature and does not suggest that promiscuity alone is a predisposing factor for vaginal yeast carriage. The rate of Candida infections was approximately the same in prostitutes taking oral contraceptives as in those not taking the pill (22 and 21%, respectively; P > 0.05). The prevalence of vaginal yeast colonization, however, was significantly higher in prostitutes under the age of 31 (30%) as compared with those over 30 (10%; P < 0.002), thus suggesting that women in the third decade of life are more prone to vaginal Candida infections than older age groups.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Hepatitis D virus infection among prostitutes in Taiwan.

Two hundred and sixty-three adult licensed, 233 adult and 157 teenage unlicensed prostitutes from Taiwan were studied for prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection. The hepatitis B carrier rate among the three groups was 21, 15 and 20%, respectively, not significantly different from that of the general population in this area. However, the prevalence of HDV infection among carrier prostitutes was 55, 36 and 16%, respectively, much higher than that in general hepatitis B carriers. Univariate analysis revealed that the history of conducting paid sex for more than 12 months (P < 0.03), ear-piercing (P < 0.02), tattooing (P < 0.02), and gonorrhoea or syphilis (P < 0.005) were significant factors associated with HDV infection among these subjects. Multivariate analysis revealed that the history of ear-piercing and venereal diseases (P < 0.001) were still significant. In summary, genital ulcers caused by venereal diseases due to frequent sexual contact with multiple partners, and use of unsterilized needles in ear-piercing or tattooing play important roles in the high prevalence of HDV infection in prostitutes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Chlamydial genital infection in prostitutes in Iran.

The prevalence of chlamydial genital infection was studied in 177 prostitutes in Iran; 100 in Teheran and 77 in the port of Bandar Abbas. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated in eight (6.9%) of 116 patients with valid cultures. Type-specific antibodies were found against C trachomatis serotypes D to K (genital serotypes) in 94.2% and against serotypes A to C (trachoma serotypes) in 2% of the prostitutes. Type-specific IgM at a titre of greater than or equal to 8, indicating current infection, was found in 29.2%, whereas type-specific IgG at a titre greater than or equal to 64, suggesting a current or recent infection, was present in 71.5%. The lower chlamydial isolation rate in these women may have been due to previous treatment with antichlamydial drugs and because of immune responses resulting from repeated reinfection with chlamydiae. The results indicate that in Iran prostitutes are commonly infected with C trachomatis and are probably a major reservoir of chlamydial genital infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Hepatitis B antigen and antibody in the blood of prostitutes visiting an outpatient venereology department in Rotterdam.

We took blood samples from 128 prostitutes visiting the outpatient venereology department of the University Hospital, Rotterdam-Dijkzigt to test for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). The prevalence of anti-HBs was found to be significantly higher in the group of prostitutes than in "normal populations", and we concluded that more of the former had been in contact with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). We recommend that the advice on vaccination of the hepatitis B committee of the Health Council of The Netherlands should be followed by screening prostitutes for the presence of HBsAg and anti-HBs in the blood, and vaccinating those who have no anti-HBs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence, incidence, and risk of acquiring urogenital gonococcal or chlamydial infection in prostitutes working in brothels.

At two week intervals specimens were taken from 24 prostitutes working in two brothels and cultured for urogenital infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. C trachomatis was found initially in four and N gonorrhoeae in two of the 20 women at risk of infection. During the study period three new chlamydial and gonococcal infections were diagnosed, resulting from 949 unprotected contacts. Eight women (33%) had developed salpingitis, in contrast to 15% in the general female population. An attempt was made to estimate the infectivity of C trachomatis for the prostitutes. The epidemiological importance of the chlamydial and gonococcal reservoir in the prostitutes was also considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

HIV and chlamydia infections among prostitutes in Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Eleven selected prostitute leaders were recruited who subsequently recruited 157 of their peers, bringing the total to 168. Sera was collected and tested for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 using a commercial enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA); positive cases were confirmed by Western Blot (Dupont). A direct immunofluorescent method was performed on smears from the endocervical junction. Twelve of 168 (7.1%) of the women tested were found to be HIV-1 positive; none were found positive for HIV-2. Sixty six of 168 (38.3%) were found to be Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) positive; three cases (1.8%) were found to be positive for both HIV-1 and CT. Prostitutes are a high risk group in Yaoundé for HIV and chlamydia infections. The results in this study may not reflect the seriousness of the situation given the selected population used. Similar studies still need to be carried out. Prostitutes need to be educated about AIDS, other STDs and the use of condoms to protect their clients and themselves.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Early sexual experience and prostitution.

The authors compared several aspects of early sexual experience found in two earlier studies of prostitutes with results of research on "normal" women. The prostitutes had in common many negative experiences not found or found less often in other populations of young women. These include incestuous and/or coerced sex, lack parental guidance, intercouse at a young age, and few or no meaningful relationships with males. These women had discovered that sex could lead to a kind of status, even though that status is negatively labeled by the wider culture. In a society that values women on the basis of their sexuality, a woman who views herself as "debased" may see prostitution as a viable alternative--perhaps the only alternative.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The psychodynamics of male prostitution.

In a seventeen-month field study thirty-three male were interviewed and tentatively classified into four categories: call-boys, street prostitutes, bar hustlers, and kept boys. These classifications, though flexible, were deemed useful in exploring the homosexual psychodynamics involved. In addition, twenty frequenter of prostitutes (scores) were interviewed and the prostitute-customer relationship was analyzed and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Setting up a support service for male prostitutes in London.

Estimating the number of male prostitutes working at any given time is fraught with difficulties. We suggest that perhaps around 600-700 men were selling sex in London in 1989. We report some preliminary observations gained during the setting up of a specific service for male prostitutes. Of 32 male prostitutes seen, 26 worked as rent-boys, 4 worked through agencies and 2 worked independently from home. Forty-one per cent had evidence of at least one sexually transmissible disease and 3 of 16 men tested (19%) were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Some psychological characteristics of prostitutes.

Ninety-five prostitutes, differentiated into five intra-occupational categories based on their method of operation, and an equal number of nonprostitute demographically matched controls, were interviewed and administered the WAIS Vocuabulary subtest, the MMPI, and the Rorschach. The data reveal that prostitutes on the upper end of the intra-occupational scale, such as call girls and those working in-house, are not significantly different from the nonprostitute controls. At the other end of the intra-occupational scale, street-walkers appear to be less mature and more dependent than their controls. Part-time prostitutes, such as housewives and drug dependent subjects, yield major indices of psychopathology.

Dependency, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

The prevalence of serological markers for syphilis amongst a sample of Spanish prostitutes.

The results of a multicentre study of 1668 Spanish prostitutes are described with regard to syphilis infection. For those women who permitted serological tests (n = 1095), 30.59% (confidence interval (CI): 30.55%-30.63%) were positive for markers indicating current or prior infection. After adjustment was made for other variables, a significant association with syphilis infection was observed for periods of exposure (i.e. age and years working as a prostitute). No significant associations were detected for either intravenous drug use, or educational attainment. The results of this study are similar to those of some other investigations into the prevalence of syphilis amongst prostitutes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Health risk profile of prostitutes in Dublin.

This study examined the health risk profile of prostitutes in Dublin. Clinical records of all 150 new prostitutes who attended a drop-in clinic for prostitutes in Dublin city during the period 1991-1997 were reviewed. Variables examined included: age, use of injectable drugs, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, hepatitis B and C status, presence of sexually transmitted disease (STD), cervical cytology. Results showed the mean age of the women was 32 years. Among those tested, 2.5% were HIV positive, 5% were hepatitis B positive, 8% were hepatitis C positive and 25% had an STD. Almost 8% were injecting drug users (IDU) with higher prevalences of HIV, hepatitis B and C compared with non-IDU (P < 0.001). The clinic has been successful in providing a health-care facility for the specific health needs of this patient cohort.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The development of male prostitution activity among gay and bisexual adolescents.

The current research literature regarding male-juvenile prostitution activity is reviewed. An attempt is made to develop some theoretical understanding of the development of this activity among gay and bisexual adolescents. A predisposition, resulting from faulty psychosexual and psychosocial development, appears to make these boys vulnerable to the situational variables that they encounter. More severe disruptions in psychosexual and psychosocial development seem to result in more destructive and non-ego-enhancing prostitution activities. A clinical case study is presented which illustrates the development of this activity. Recommendations are made to help reduce the amount of self-destructive prostitution activity among male adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Physicians, prostitution, and venereal disease in Colombia (1886-1951)].

The article examines the Colombian medical field's fight against so-called venereal diseases between 1886 and 1951, a period when the country was undergoing processes of urbanization, population growth, and the emergence both of industry as well as of a middle class and an urban proletariat. Physicians found a close connection between the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea and the rise of prostitution in cities. At the close of the 19th century, doctors and public health bodies assumed prostitution was inevitable. In 1907 they managed to have it legalized and they opened clinics to dispense mercury therapy and treatment with arsenic compounds. Starting in the 1930s amd 1940s, treatment of venereal diseases was viewed as the State's duty, necessary to protect "la raza" and safeguard progress and civilization. As of 1950, the efficient use of penicillin once again caused the question of prostitution to be posed in more moral and aesthetic terms and brought an end to the regulations groverning its practice, at least in Bogota.

Colombia↗
PubMed1993

Risk factors associated with HIV infection among male prostitutes.

OBJECTIVES: This study documents the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted disease seroprevalence rate for male prostitutes, identifies the risk factors for HIV, and provides baseline information for the development and implementation of appropriate prevention and intervention strategies. METHODS: Structured interviews were conducted with and blood samples were collected from 235 actively working male prostitutes in Atlanta, Georgia, from July 1988 through July 1991. RESULTS: The HIV seroprevalence was 29.4%; 25.1% of the sample had seromarker for syphilis and 58.3% for hepatitis B. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the following significant HIV risk factors: history of receptive anal sex with nonpaying partners, serologic history of hepatitis B or syphilis, and history of childhood physical abuse. CONCLUSIONS: The reported seroprevalence rates among these male prostitutes indicate they are a high-risk group. The striking difference in HIV seroprevalence by sexual orientation may warrant special attention. Considering the public health consequences, there is a clear need for innovative HIV prevention and intervention among these men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Modalities of drug consumption among male prostitutes].

This article deals with the modalities of licit and illicit drug consumption among male prostitutes and the meanings attributed to them. It is an account of a research carried out with a questionnaire, among 252 prostitutes (124 transvestites and 128 hustlers), of which 30 (15 of each category) agreed to an in depth interview. According to the quantitative data, 79% regularly consumed alcohol, 75% tobacco, and 56% cannabis. During the 30 days preceding the research, 14 declared to have used sleeping pills, 13% poppers, 8% cocaine, and 7% ecstasy. However, the interviews showed that not all of them shared the same views on the different substances and that many different consumption logics could be detected, pointing to different perceptions according to the context in which consumption occurred and their position in regard to prostitution.

Adult↗