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PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous determination of promethazine, chlorpromazine, and perphenazine by multivariate calibration methods and derivative spectrophotometry.

Partial least-squares (PLS) regression, singular value decomposition-based PLS, and an artificial neural network (ANN) were tested as calibration procedures for the simultaneous determination of promethazine, chlorpromazine, and perphenazine by both conventional and derivative spectrophotometry. Comparison of the results revealed that the application of the ANN to the derivative spectra is superior to the application of the 2 PLS methods used. Different binary and ternary synthetic mixtures of the phenothiazine drugs in pure form and in tablets were analyzed by the proposed method, and acceptable results were obtained.

Calibration↗
PubMed1999

[Determination of epinephrine, chlorpromazine and promethazine by capillary electrophoresis with scanning voltammetric detector].

With a self-constructed electrochemical detection system, the determination of epinephrine, chlorpromazine and promethazine has been studied by using capillary electrophoresis with scanning voltammetric detector. Scanning potential generation and data acquisition were carried out with D/A and A/D converter board that mounted on a 486DX66 computer. A complex software, which was written by authors in BORLAND C++, was serve to data acquisition, abstraction of three-dimension data, display and print of the electrophorograms. Using a 25 microns x 70 cm fused-silica capillary, the optimum conditions for separation and detection of titled drugs are 10 mmol/L K2HPO4 + H3PO4 (pH 3.0) running electrolyte, 20 kV separation voltage, hydrodynamic injection 10 s at 20 cm height, scanning potential from +0.4 to +1.0 V vs. SCE. With the optimizing condition, the separation of titled drugs is satisfactory, and good reproducibility and low limit are obtained. In this study, all experiments are carried out under air-conditioning (18 degrees C) and constant humidity (relative humidity 50%). In comparison to amperometric detection, scanning voltammetric detection has the advantages of minimizing fouling of the working electrode surface, and direct identification of unknown chemicals by voltammetric curves.

Chlorpromazine↗
PubMed1991

[Free fatty acids as an indicator of preoperative stress and effects of premedication with flunitrazepam, morphine and promethazine on blood fatty acid level].

We investigated the influence of different oral premedication given to 50 male and 50 female patients on the plasmaconcentration of free fatty acids (FFA) as an indicator of preoperative stress and compared them with patients given no premedication at all. FFA are measured with a gaschromatographic method. FFA were measured four times: Time 1 (t1): the first day in hospital, t2: After the anesthesiologist's visit, t3: In the morning of the operation, t4: Before starting anesthesia. The groups are: I. 20 male and 20 female patients without any premedication; II. every 10 patients of both sexes given 2 mg Flunitrazepam (p.o.) on the preoperative night; III. every 10 patients given Morphium (0.15 mg i.m.) and Promethazin (50 mg i.m.) and, last, IV. every 10 patients getting the same premedication as group II and IV. 98 patients had a significant decrease of FFA from t1 to t2. The FFA of all increased from t2 to t3. Moreover, there was an increase from t3 to t4. We conclude from this that no premedication we had investigated is able to lower the physiological and biochemical stress-response as far as shown by FFA. Apart from myristic-acid, there was no difference in the groups. However, with no statistic significance, both 'Flunitrazepam-groups' showed the lowest increase. Further, in 28 from 32 cases, females had a higher FFA-level than males (in 16 cases with statistical significance).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Drug interaction of promethazine & other non-conventional antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents.

The antihistamine compound promethazine (Pz) showed significant antibacterial action when tested against 124 strains of aerobic and 13 strains of anaerobic bacteria belonging to both Gram positive and Gram negative genera. The range of MIC (micrograms/ml) of Pz varied between 50 and 200 micrograms/ml among most of the test organisms. Six Pz-sensitive strains were found to be simultaneously sensitive to similar non-conventional antimicrobics, e.g., methdilazine, bromodiphenhydramine, diphenhydramine, methyl-DOPA, promazine and the antibiotic augmentin. A high degree of synergism was observed in vitro when Pz was used in combination with methdilazine and bromodiphenhydramine.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cardiopulmonary parameters during meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine sedation for pediatric dentistry.

Twenty pediatric patients were sedated with a meperidine, Promethazine and chlorpromazine drug combination prior to dental rehabilitation. Heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were recorded throughout the procedures, as well as level of patient cooperation. There were no statistically significant changes in either heart rate or blood pressure. Forty-seven percent of subjects treated experienced a decline in oxygen hemoglobin saturation. Fifty percent of the patients were well sedated and cooperative, with another forty-five precent exhibiting moderate sedation but an increased incidence of behavioral management difficulties. All procedures were completed on 95% of patients. One case (5%) was aborted because of uncontrollable patient behavior following initiation of dental procedures.

Child↗
PubMed1979

Pharmacological immunosuppression in clinical organ grafting. Observations on four agents: cyclosporin A, Asta 5122 (cytimun), lambda carrageenan and promethazine hydrochloride.

In this article I have attempted to summarize experiments on four agents investigated for immunosuppressive activity in experimental and clinical organ grafting. The difficulty of finding a suitable laboratory model relevant to man has been demonstrated in this experience. A cyclophosphamide-derivative, Asta-5122 (cytimun), has only a marginally superior immunosuppressive activity in a dog with a renal allograft compared with cyclophosphamide and is much inferior to azathioprine. This agent, however, appears to be valuable in clinical practice in patients with liver grafts. A combination of lambda carrageenan, promethazine hydrochloride and imuran has profound immunosuppressive activity in the same canine model, but proved to be both ineffective and potentially toxic in a limited trial in man. The fungal cyclic peptide, cyclosporin A, has been shown to be an extremely powerful immunosuppressive agent and remarkably non-toxic in dogs with renal allografts and pigs with orthotopic heart grafts. This agent is currently being investigated as an immunosuppressant in patients with organ grafts.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Inhibition of the adhesion of E. coli on cultured human epithelial cells in the presence of promethazine or imipramine.

The adhesion and multiplication of E. coli strain K12 with a derepressed synthesis of sex pili and of a nephropathogenic E. coli strain isolated from the urine of a patient with pyelonephritis, were demonstrated on the surface of cultured HEp-2 cells. The adhesion of the two E. coli strans was inhibited in the presence of 0.5-5.0 micrograms/ml promethazine or imipramine, but the multiplication of the bacteria on the monolayers was not decreased significantly in the presence of the two drugs. A scanning electronmicroscopic technique was developed to study bacterial adhesion and colony formation on epithelial cells.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed1981

The treatment of erythroblastosis with promethazine hydrochloride.

Seventy-two patients with Rh erythroblastosis were treated with promethazine hydrochloride (P-HCl) during a seven-year period. Compared to the pregnancy outcome of the immediately preceding pregnancies, we have found a significant decrease in perinatal mortality and exchange transfusions. No significant toxicity from P-HCl treatment has been noted, and none of these patients developed preeclampsia.

Amniotic Fluid↗
PubMed1980

[EEG-effects of pethidine-promethazine. Study on 16 patients (author's transl)].

Changes of EEG and CEEG have been studied in two groups of patients premedicated with pethidine-promethazine (dosage: 50 mg/25 mg). The study group A consisted of patients whose age ranged from 20 to 50 years; in study group B the patients age was above 70 years. Continous EEG and CEEG observation ranged from 15 minutes to several hours in a few patients. Changes in clinical behaviour were recorded. Blood pressure - pulserate - measurements were taken at regular intervals. The base line electroencephalogram of thirteen patients was normal. One dialysis-patient of group A and two old patients of group B showed deviations from normal. Characteristic changes in the electroencephalogram after the tested premedication were a decline of alpha amplitude or in primarily abnormal electroencephalographic recordings a narrowing of the frequency band in higher parts, and additionally and increase of delta/theta-activity. These changes lasted several hours. In good correlation to these findings were the clinical effects of sedation and sleep. Side effects were not seen. Remarkable changes of blood pressure and pulserate were not observed.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Reducing of unwanted side effects of modified fluid gelatin by promethazine: controlled clinical trial with orthopaedic patints (author's transl)].

In order to determine the undesirable side effects of standard commercially available plasma substitutes, 450 stationary patients covering 5 age groups were randomly allocated to various methods of pre-medication and 3 batches of modified fluid gelatin (Neo-Plasmagel). The incidence of allergoid and anaphylactoid reactions depended on the pre-medication (p less than 0.025). Atosil proved to be an strong histamine blocker: the incidence of reactions between the control and the promethazine group was p less than 0.005. Seen as a whole reactions among females were greater than with males (p less than 0.025). No relationship could be determined statistically between the different batches and the incidence of side-effects. -The prophylactic use of Neo-Plasmagel in orthopaedic patients is therefore dependent on a sufficient blockade of histamine receptors.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Promethazine toxicity in a seven-month-old Doberman pinscher.

A 7-mo-old female Doberman Pinscher undergoing antibiotic treatment for tonsillitis was presented in near collapse with markedly low blood pressure, tachycardia, dilatation of pupils (non-responsive to light), and gastrointestinal distress. Since the owner could provide no history of significant toxin exposure, general supportive and non-specific toxicologic treatment protocols were initiated. Within 4 h marked improvement was observed. The owner's wife revealed that promethazine suppositories had been administered at a toxic level to control the vomition accompanying the tonsillitis.

Administration, Rectal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An assessment of the success of meperidine and promethazine sedation in medically compromised children.

A retrospective study evaluated the success of orally administered meperidine (1.0 mg/lb) and promethazine (0.5 mg/lb) combined with N20:02, and determined predictors of success in a medically, physically and/or mentally compromised population. Behavior of 143 uncooperative patients (mean age 6.4 years) was evaluated during 282 sedations. A simplified Success Index rated outcome: 1-failure, 2-moderately successful; 3-highly successful. Variables were examined for effect on outcome of sedation: physical and/or neurologic component of medical diagnosis; previous hospital experience; medication category. Children taking medications with CNS actions were significantly less likely to have either moderately successful (p = .008) or highly successful appointments (p = .002). Children with a neurologic component to their medical diagnosis were significantly less likely to have a highly successful appointment (p = .001). Oral sedation was effective for this population (77 percent were successful) and certain characteristics of the patient's condition can predict success.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Sublethal effects of hexavalent chromium on the body growth rate and liver function enzymes of phenobarbitone-pretreated and promethazine-pretreated rabbits.

Hepatotoxic effects of chromium have been studied on the liver function enzymes of male New Zealand white rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, with and without pretreatment with phenobarbitone (PB) and promethazine (PM). The total body weight was decreased under all experimental conditions. After PB administration (5 mg/kg body wt/day for 5 days), the serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activities decreased 21%, 65%, 25%, and 37%, respectively, whereas the alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity increased 70%. After PM treatment (5 mg/kg body wt/day for 5 days) the serum GPT was inhibited 73%, whereas LDH activity was increased 37%. The hepatic GPT and AP activities decreased after PB (52% and 31%, respectively), and PM (48% and 44%, respectively) treatments, whereas the activities of LDH and ICDH increased (after PB: 817% and 109%, respectively, and after PM: 136% and 44%, respectively). Potassium dichromate, administered at a dose of 8 mg/kg body wt/day for 5 days, decreased serum GOT (44%), GPT (61%), LDH (63%), and AP (44%) activities. The hepatic GOT, GPT and AP activities were likewise decreased (86%, 51%, and 46%, respectively), whereas hepatic LDH and ICDH activities increased 667% and 193%, respectively. When administered to PB-pretreated animals, the serum GOT and AP activities were decreased (50% and 68%), whereas ICDH was increased (29%). The hepatic GOT, LDH, and ICDH activities increased 79%, 221%, and 130%, respectively. In the PM-pretreated animals, the chromium treatment inhibited the activities of serum GOT (48%), GPT (44%), and LDH (43%). The hepatic GPT, LDH, and ICDH activities increased 90%, 133%, and 52%, respectively.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1997

[Effect of promethazine hydrochloride (pipolphen) on the stability of R plasmid resistance in Escherichia coli].

The influence of promethazin hydrochloride (pipolphen) on stability of R plasmid inheritance in Escherichia coli strains of various serogroups was studied. The strains were isolated from patients with acute intestinal infection and from healthy persons. It was shown that in subbacteriostatic concentrations (100 to 450 micrograms/ml) pipolphen promoted elimination of the R plasmids. Decreased stability of the R plasmid inheritance was not associated with the pipolphen concentration. No influence of the drug on the biochemical characteristics, antigenic properties and nutritional requirements of the plasmid-free derivatives was detected. The eliminating action of pipolphen and ethidium bromide in some strans of Escherichia coli was shown to be different.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed2006

Equilibrium and kinetics for the sorption of promethazine hydrochloride onto K10 montmorillonite.

This study presents the adsorption of cationic drug, promethazine hydrochloride from aqueous solution onto K10 montmorillonite. The effects of pH and temperature on adsorption process were investigated. Maximum adsorption pH was obtained to be about 7.5. Thermodynamic parameters found in this study depict the exothermic nature of adsorption. The process was favorable and spontaneous. From kinetic studies, it was found that adsorption process obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms and the isotherm constants were determined. The fit of the Langmuir and DR models appeared to be good. Physisorption mainly controls the whole adsorption process but chemisorption also shows a particular contribution.

Journal Article↗