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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1988

A morphological evidence for monosynaptic projections from the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta (TPC) to nigrostriatal projection neurons.

Electrolytic lesion was placed in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta (TPC) in cats, which were injected simultaneously with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) into the caudate nucleus (Cd). After a survival period of 4 days, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) was examined electron microscopically. Degenerating axon terminals were found to make asymmetric synaptic contacts on dendrites of SNC neurons which were retrogradely labeled with HRP. Thus, TPC neurons were indicated to project monosynaptically to SNC neurons which sent their axons to the Cd.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Projections from the globus pallidus to the thalamic areas projecting to the dorsal area 6 of the macaque monkey: a multiple tracing study.

In the brains of 3 Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), a combined injection of the tract-tracers Fast Blue (FB), Diamidino Yellow (DY), and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA-HRP) was performed: the retrograde tracers, FB and DY, were injected into a rostral and a caudal sectors of the dorsal part in area 6, and the anterograde tracer, WGA-HRP, was injected into the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). In the thalamus, FB- and DY-labeled neurons were distributed in a segregated manner. A substantial number of the FB-labeled and DY-labeled thalamic neurons were located within the thalamic areas containing fine axons labeled with WGA-HRP. The results suggest that the GPi may project to both the rostral and caudal sectors of the dorsal part of area 6 through the thalamus.

Amidines↗
PubMed1991

Divergent projections of projecting neurons of the inferior colliculus to the medial geniculate body and the contralateral inferior colliculus in the rat.

The present paper shows, by means of the combination of two fluorescent tracers, that a significant number of neurons of the three divisions of the inferior colliculus in the rat project to the contralateral inferior colliculus and the ipsilateral medial geniculate body. The topographic distribution of double-labeled cells depends on the location of injections in each case. According to the soma size and the dendritic stem, different neuron types may be distinguished. Our results suggest that the inputs that converge in individual neurons of the inferior colliculus can diverge again.

Amidines↗
PubMed2004

Intracellularly labeled pyramidal neurons in the cortical areas projecting to the spinal cord. II. Intra- and juxta-columnar projection of pyramidal neurons to corticospinal neurons.

Intra- or juxta-columnar connections of pyramidal neurons to corticospinal neurons in rat motorsensory cortices were examined with brain slices by combining intracellular staining with Golgi-like retrograde labeling of corticospinal neurons. Of 108 intracellularly labeled pyramidal neurons, 27 neurons were selected for morphological analysis by successful staining of their axonal arborizations and sufficient retrograde labeling of corticospinal neurons. Many varicosities of local axon collaterals of each pyramidal neuron were closely apposed to the dendrites of corticospinal neurons, suggesting the convergent projections of layer II-VI pyramidal neurons to corticospinal neurons. Particularly, the varicosities of a layer IV star-pyramidal neuron made two- to three-fold more appositions to the dendrites of corticospinal neurons than those of a pyramidal neuron in the other layers. Fifteen appositions were examined electron-microscopically and 60% of them made asymmetric axospinous synapses. The present results together with those of the preceding report suggest that thalamic inputs are conveyed to corticospinal neurons preferentially via layer IV star-pyramidal neurons with phasic response properties, and thereby might contribute to the initiation or switching of movement. In contrast, inputs with tonic response properties from the other layers seem to be integrated in corticospinal neurons, and might be useful in maintaining the activity of corticospinal neurons.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2000

Plant stanol ester margarine lowers serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations of healthy children: the STRIP project. Special Turku Coronary Risk Factors Intervention Project.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cholesterol-lowering efficacy and safety of plant stanol ester margarine in healthy 6-year-old children already consuming a low-saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-one intervention children from the STRIP project, a randomized prospective trial aimed at reducing exposure of young children to the known environmental atherosclerosis risk factors, were recruited to this double-blind crossover study at 6 years of age. In randomized order the families were advised to replace daily 20 g of the child's dietary fat intake with plant stanol ester margarine or control margarine for 3 months. The washout period lasted 6 weeks. Statistical analysis was performed according to intention-to-treat principle with analysis of variance for crossover design. RESULTS: The mean daily plant stanol ester margarine consumption was 18.2 g (1.5 g plant stanol). The well-tolerated plant stanol ester margarine reduced serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations by 5.4% and 7.5%, respectively (P =.0001 for both). The serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and alpha-tocopherol to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio remained unchanged. The serum beta-carotene to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio decreased by 19% (P =.003). CONCLUSION: Plant stanol ester margarine significantly diminishes serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration without adverse clinical effects in healthy children who already consume a low-saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet but decreases the serum beta-carotene to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Fatty acid composition of serum cholesterol esters as a reflector of low-saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet in young children: the STRIP project. The Special Turku coronary Risk factor Intervention Project.

STRIP (the Special Turku coronary Risk factor Intervention Project) is an ongoing intervention trial which aims at a permanent reduction in the intake of saturated fat and cholesterol starting in childhood. A total of 75 intervention and 63 control children was studied consecutively at the ages of 7 and 13 mo, and 2, 3 and 5 y to evaluate the influence of such intervention on serum cholesterol ester (CE) fatty acid composition, a widely used biomarker of fatty acid intake. Analysis of 4-d food records showed that total intake of fat and of saturated fat increased with age in both groups of children but was constantly lower in intervention than in control children, e.g. at the age of 5 y the mean intakes of total fat and of saturated fatty acids were 31.1 E% and 33.9 E% and 12.1 E% and 14.6 E% in intervention and control children, respectively (p = 0.009 and 0.0001, respectively). Serum CE fatty acid compositions did not differ between the 2 groups at any age; the mean proportion of CE linoleic acid was 52.4% and 52.0% in 5-y-old intervention and control children, respectively. Correlation analysis showed, however, that the percentage of linoleic acid and of polyunsaturated fatty acids in CE reflected well the respective dietary intakes (r = 0.36; p = 0.0001 for both coefficients). In conclusion, CE fatty acid composition did not differ between the intervention and control groups, whereas CE linoleic and total polyunsaturated fatty acids reflected well the differences in their intakes at the individual level.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Sodium intake of 1 to 5-year-old children: the STRIP project. The Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project.

The aim of this study is to examine sodium intake and dietary sodium sources of 1-5-y-old children in a prospective, randomized long-term coronary heart disease prevention trial, focused on dietary fat modification. Counselling included no advice about reducing salt in the children's diets. Food consumption of 100 intervention children and 100 control children was recorded for 3 consecutive days at the age of 13 mo and for 4 consecutive days at the ages of 3 and 5 y. Sodium intakes were calculated using the Micro Nutrica program. Children's mean daily sodium (NaCl) consumption (intervention and control children combined) was 1600+/-527 mg (4.0+/-1.3 g), 1900+/-504 mg (4.8+/-1.3 g) and 2200+/-531 mg (5.5+/-1.3 g) at the ages of 13 mo and 3 and 5 y, respectively. The intervention children consumed as much or slightly more sodium than the control children at all ages studied. Half the sodium consumption was derived from added salt in commercially prepared or homemade foods. Milk, meat products, bread and cereals were other important sodium sources. In conclusion, nutrition counselling in the Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project (STRIP) trial, with its main focus on the quality of fat in child nutrition, has had minimal influence on children's sodium intake. To avoid excessive sodium intake in children, dietary counselling should include information about salt use, and food manufacturers should be encouraged to provide more low-sodium products.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Descending projections arising from the parafascicular nucleus in rats: trajectory of fibers, projection pattern and mapping of terminations.

The organization of the descending projections from the intralaminar parafascicular nucleus was studied using biocytin as an anterograde tracer in rats. After biocytin injection into the lateral parafascicular nucleus, three bundles of fibers descending throughout the brainstem were seen. Terminal fields were found in several structures, for example the lateral geniculate nucleus, nucleus reticularis thalami, subthalamus, zona incerta, substantia nigra, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray, superior colliculus, reticular formation, raphe nuclei, pontine nuclei, trigeminal complex, and ventral horn of the spinal cord. Different types of labeled terminals (small terminal boutons, en passant varicosities, large claw-like terminals) were observed, particularly in the substantia nigra and reticular formation where the density of terminals was highest. The organization of these extensive descending connections to both motor and sensory structures does not allow functions to be conclusively attributed to the parafascicular nucleus neurons. Further investigations are required to resolve this question.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Surveillance of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in United States hospitals: project ICARE phase 2. Project Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (ICARE) hospitals.

The search for the means to understand and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a public health priority. Project ICARE (Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology) has established laboratory-based surveillance for antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use at a subset of hospitals participating in the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system. These data illustrate that for most antimicrobial-resistant organisms studied, rates of resistance were highest in the intensive care unit (ICU) areas and lowest in the outpatient areas. A notable exception was ciprofloxacin- or ofloxacin-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, for which resistance rates were highest in the outpatient areas. For most of the antimicrobial agents associated with this resistance, the rate of use was highest in the ICU areas, in parallel to the pattern seen for resistance. These comparative data on use and resistance among similar areas (i.e., ICU or other inpatient areas) can be used as a benchmark by participating hospitals to focus their efforts at addressing antimicrobial resistance.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1999

The European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) project: the European collaborative study on the prevalence of obesity in children.

During the European Congress on Obesity held in Barcelona in 1996, the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) proposed a study designed to estimate the prevalence of obesity by country. An overview of existing systems revealed that most countries have no suitable structure in place for the determination of obesity in children and that the most practical sources of samples would be the school systems. A protocol was drawn up for these countries, whereas for those countries already collecting data, guidelines were defined to clarify the criteria allowing inclusion in the common analysis. The target population is 7-9-y-old children. The study design consists of separate cross-sectional population studies by country with a cluster probability sample of 2000 children attending primary school. The minimum common data will be age, weight, height, and hip, thigh, and waist circumferences. The participating countries will be encouraged to collect harmonized data on social indicators, lifestyle, diet, physical activity, and anthropometric measures of the parents. Children will be measured either by centrally based traveling examiners or, in countries with limited resources, by local staff. Each country will computerize its own data and send a copy to a center responsible for the common analysis. The main analysis will be of body mass index distribution in children from the different populations and determination of the proportion of children with a BMI above the 90th percentile of a common reference population. Members of the ECOG in 14 European countries have confirmed their interest in the project.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

An overview of the CCP4 project in protein crystallography: an example of a collaborative project.

The Collaborative Computational Project Number 4 (CCP4) was established in 1979 to promote collaboration between UK groups writing software for protein crystallography. CCP4 now distributes a large software suite and is active in developing new software. Equally importantly, CCP4 provides a focus for the whole protein crystallography community via meetings, workshops, email lists and various publications. In this Article, an overview is given of CCP4 activities and their administration. The emphasis is on generic features of the collaboration rather than details specific to protein crystallography. The CCP4 model has inspired similar developments in NMR, and it is hoped that the biological XAS community may pursue similar collaboration.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗
PubMed2006

Process evaluation of the Senegal-Community Nutrition Project: an adequacy assessment of a large scale urban project.

OBJECTIVE: Although essential for understanding the reasons for success or failure of large scale nutritional interventions, process evaluation results are rarely reported. Our objective was to assess whether the process output objectives of the Community Nutrition Project (CNP) in Senegal, West Africa, were adequately met. METHODS: An adequacy assessment study based on monitoring data for individuals collected during the CNP was used to assess 'fidelity', 'extent' and 'reach' of participants recruitment and of the services provided. The CNP provided underweight or nutritionally at risk 6- to 35-month-old children in poor districts with monthly growth monitoring and promotion and a weekly food supplementation for 6 month periods, provided that mothers attended weekly nutrition education sessions. An exhaustive sample of the participating children (n = 4084) in Diourbel was used for evaluation over the first 2 years. RESULTS: At recruitment, only 66% of children were underweight (vs. 90% expected) varying with the CNP center and cohort, and the child's sex and age. Attendance at growth monitoring reached expected levels (93%vs. 90%) whereas numbers of food supplements distributed and education sessions attended were lower than expected (45%vs. 90% and 62%vs. 80%, respectively). At the end of follow-up, 61% of underweight children recovered vs. 80% expected. CONCLUSIONS: Because of CNP design for underweight diagnosis and bias in the targeting process, respect for selection criteria was low and consequently under coverage and leakage occurred. Besides a globally satisfactory process, wide discrepancies were observed between CNP centres concerning the utilization and effectiveness of services. This formative evaluation helped diagnose weaknesses; ongoing feedback enabled the CNP to improve targeting and supply of supplements. It also informed a larger impact evaluation. Some generalizable lessons for similar programmes have been highlighted.

Child Development↗
PubMed1994

Peer participation in Project Northland: a community-wide alcohol use prevention project.

This paper describes the rationale, conceptual framework, and program components of a peer participation program for prevention of alcohol use among young adolescents. The peer participation program was one component of Project Northland, a community-wide program that seeks to prevent or delay onset of alcohol use among a cohort of young adolescents. The peer participation program, implemented in 20 northeastern Minnesota schools when students were in seventh grade, consisted of student groups who planned supervised, alcohol-free activities for themselves and their classmates. Program goals included 1) providing peer leadership and social support for non-use of alcohol, 2) creating opportunities for alternative behaviors to alcohol use, thereby 3) creating a norm of non-use among young adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Projected and receptive fields: a comparison of projected areas of sensations evoked by intraneural stimulation of mechanoreceptive units, and their innervation territories.

Microneurography and intraneural microstimulation were employed in awake human subjects to study the characteristics of cutaneous mechanoreceptive units and the sensations mediated by them. 172 units innervating the hand and forearm were identified as either PC, RA (FA in hairy skin), SA I or SA II. Analysis of action potential waveforms in a sample of units suggests that most recordings were from within the myelin sheath. Receptive fields of RA and SA I units were significantly smaller than those of PC and SA II units and showed a proximodistal size gradient, which the latter two did not. The quality of sensations evoked by intraneural stimulation was determined by the type of unit activated, except in the case of SA II units, and their magnitude could be influenced by mechanical coactivation of other sensory units. As a rule projected fields of evoked sensations were larger the further away they were from the limb tip. This grading indicates that inputs from single mechanoreceptive units are processed differently according to their source and sensory submodality, possibly as a result of unequal "resolving powers" of the corresponding cortical neurons.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2006

Lifetime cost of ischemic stroke in Germany: results and national projections from a population-based stroke registry: the Erlangen Stroke Project.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The number of stroke patients and the healthcare costs of strokes are expected to rise. The objective of this study was to determine the direct costs of first ischemic stroke and to estimate the expected increase in costs in Germany. METHODS: An incidence-based, bottom-up, direct-cost-of-ischemic-stroke study from the third-party payer's perspective was performed, incorporating 10-year survival data and 5-year resource use data from the Erlangen Stroke Registry. Discounted lifetime year 2004 costs per case were obtained and applied to the expected age and sex evolution of the German resident population in the period 2006 to 2025. RESULTS: The overall cost per first-year survivor of first-ever ischemic stroke was estimated to be 18,517 euros (EUR). Rehabilitation accounted for 37% of this cost, whereas in subsequent years outpatient care was the major cost driver. Discounted lifetime cost per case was 43,129 EUR overall and was higher in men (45,549 EUR) than in women (41,304 EUR). National projections for the period 2006 to 2025 showed 1.5 million and 1.9 million new cases of ischemic stroke in men and women, respectively, at a present value of 51.5 and 57.1 billion EUR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The number of stroke patients and the healthcare costs of strokes in Germany will rise continuously until the year 2025. Therefore, stroke prevention and reduction of stroke-related disability should be made priorities in health planning policies.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Project Universal Preschool Vision Screening: a demonstration project.

OBJECTIVES: Visual disorders among preschool-aged children are common, yet screening is infrequent. The purpose of this project was to implement the vision screening recommendations proposed by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau and National Eye Institute Vision Screening in the Preschool Child Task Force: monocular visual acuity and stereopsis testing. METHODS: Four sites fully participated in the implementation of the task force recommendations with 3- and 4-year-old children. Two of the sites worked with primary care practices (testing performed by staff); 2 worked with community-based programs (testing performed by lay volunteers). Each site tracked number of children screened by age, as well as proportion testable, referred, and with documented follow-up evaluation. RESULTS: Variations in implementation of the recommendations were observed. Successful screening among 3-year-olds ranged from 70% to 93%; referral rates were 1% to 41%, and follow-up rates were 29% to 100%. Successful screening among 4-year-olds ranged from 88% to 98%; referral rates were 2% to 40%, and follow-up rates were 41% to 100%. The proportion of 3-year-olds who were treated was significantly different between the community-based sites (n = 20) and the primary care sites (n = 2). Similarly, the proportion of 4-year-olds who were treated was significantly different between the community-based sites (n = 36) and the primary care sites (n = 11). CONCLUSION: . The variability across pilot sites in numbers successfully screened and numbers referred suggests that all aspects of preschool vision screening need thorough review before the goal of universal preschool vision screening can be realized.

Child Health Services↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A community-based hypertension register as a part of a systematic hypertension control project: experiences from the North Karelia project.

A community control program for hypertension was instituted during 1972 and 1977 as a major subprogramme of the North Karelia project. The aim was to reduce the high blood-pressure levels prevalent among the whole population of the county of North Karelia. A community-based hypertension register, established according to the recommendations of the WHO, served as a central information system and ensured the continuous follow-up of the hypertensive patients. During the period May 1972 to April 1977 17 014 hypertensive subjects were registered (9.7% of the total population). The registered subjects were followed-up annually. The build-up of the registration system took two to three years, the system proved to be feasible, the percentage of non-participants during the follow-up was between 14 and 16% and the amount of missing data was insignificant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Developmental disabilities: request for public comments on proposed developmental disabilities funding priorities for Projects of National Significance for Fiscal Year 1998--Administration on Developmental Disabilities, HHS. Notice of request for public comments on developmental disabilities tentative funding priority for Projects of National Significance for Fiscal Year 1998.

The Administration on Developmental Disabilities (ADD) announced that public comments are being requested on tentative funding priorities for Fiscal Year 1998 Projects of National Significance prior to being announced in its final form. We welcome comments and suggestions on this proposed announcement and funding priority which will assist in bringing about the increased independence, productivity, integration, and inclusion into the community of individuals with developmental disabilities.

Adolescent↗