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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

Biologic blood markers reflecting thyroid hormone effect at peripheral tissue level in patients receiving levothyroxine replacement for hypothyroidism.

Plasma fibronectin, serum procollagen-III-peptide and sex-hormone-binding globulin as non-specific markers of thyroid hormone effect at peripheral tissue level were determined and their values were related with serum levels of TSH, free-thyroxine and triiodothyronine during levothyroxine sodium replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. Low levels of biologic markers characteristic of hypothyroidism were normalized in consequence of hormone replacement and a negative correlation between their serum levels, and TSH concentration was demonstrated in most subjects. However, in some patients a discrepancy in the response to levothyroxine between the pituitary and other target organs was revealed. Additional evidence was disclosed that the pituitary thyrotroph sensitizes a minor decrease in serum thyroxine level, which would not be recognized by other target organs. Furthermore, it was revealed that during L-T4 replacement therapy in a large fraction of patients with subnormal serum TSH concentration blood levels of the measured markers often exceeded the upper limit of the normal range indicating a possibility of "tissue" thyrotoxicosis, besides the pituitary, in other target organs, too. According to the present study, which takes into consideration markers reflecting end-organ responsiveness to thyroid hormones, it is recommended to adjust the dose of levothyroxine to maintain serum TSH in the normal range. For patients with subnormal TSH concentration a close follow-up is obligatory and in case of concomitantly raised free-thyroxine level the reduction of the levothyroxine dosage is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A pharmacological comparison of [3H]-granisetron binding sites in brain and peripheral tissues of the mouse.

The affinities of a range of structurally diverse 5-HT3 receptor agonists and antagonists for [3H]-granisetron binding sites have been measured in membrane homogenates prepared from central and peripheral tissues of the mouse. By comparing the affinities of compounds across these tissues, the question of whether intra-species 5-HT3 receptor subtypes exist in the mouse has been addressed. In entorhinal cortex and brainstem, [3H]-granisetron bound to a single high affinity saturable binding site (Kd 0.47 +/- 0.14 and 0.60 +/- 0.05 nM; Bmax 20 +/- 6 and 7 +/- 2 fmol (mg protein)-1 respectively; mean +/- SEM; n = 3). In distal and proximal colon, the specific binding of [3H]-granisetron was best fitted to a 2-site model. Kd values obtained for the high affinity site were similar to those obtained in brain tissue (distal colon: 0.47 +/- 0.09 nM, n = 4; proximal colon: 0.39 +/- 0.09 nM, n = 4). In salivary gland, 2-sites were evident in 2 out of 4 experiments. The Kd value (calculated from the high affinity site in the 2-site model) was approximately 10-fold less than in brain or colon (3.3 +/- 1.1 nM, n = 4). Bmax values were 7 +/- 2, 4 +/- 1 and 71 +/- 16 fmol (mg protein)-1 for distal colon, proximal colon and salivary gland respectively. For all tissues the estimated affinity of the low affinity site was variable, and Bmax values could not be reliably calculated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of ketanserin on monoamines and neuropeptide Y in brain and peripheral tissues of normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats.

The effect of one intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of ketanserin (K) (20mg/kg) on the levels of monoamines and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in some central and peripheral tissues was examined in normotensive (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. In WKY rats, K induced a depletion of norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus, the medulla, the atria and the caudal artery together with a decrease in dopamine level (DA) in the hypothalamus and in serotonin level (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in the medulla. The reduction reached 25% to 35%. In SHR, NE and DA levels in the hypothalamus, and NPY levels in the caudal artery were lower than in WKY, while NE was higher in the adrenals. After treatment with K, NE, 5-HT, 5-HIAA (5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid) and NPY in the medulla were increased by about 30% to 50% while NE in the caudal artery was reduced by about the same value as in WKY. These results indicate that K-induced release of monoamines is not linked to NPY release. Moreover, monoamine and NPY sensitivity to K differ in SHR and WKY rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Dissociated thyromimetic effects of 3, 5, 3'-triiodothyroacetic acid (TRIAC) at the pituitary and peripheral tissue levels.

Although TRIAC is bound at least twice as avidly to nuclear receptor as T3, its thyromimetic potency is relatively low and its effect at the pituitary level on thyrotropin (TSH) secretion seems to be dissociated from that at the peripheral tissue level. In order to gain further insight into the complex effects of this thyroid hormone analog, we studied the effects of long-term TRIAC administration (2.8 mg/day for 2 months) on TSH secretion, circulating free thyroid hormone (FT4 and FT3) levels and some parameters able to evaluate the peripheral thyroid hormone action, in 5 mild obese subjects on low caloric diet (1200 kcal/day). The results were compared to those obtained in 5 mild obese subjects matched for age, sex and weight on low caloric diet alone. TRIAC administration completely inhibited the secretion of both basal and TRH-stimulated TSH in few days, and consequently serum FT4 and FT3 concentrations progressively dropped to very low levels, while no significant changes in both TSH and free thyroid hormone levels were recorded in the control group. The body weight significantly fell in both groups, without any difference between TRIAC treated and untreated patients. The heart rate was constant throughout the course of the study in both groups of patients. Serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and total lipid concentrations significantly decreased in both groups, and the decrement recorded in TRIAC treated patients was not significantly different from that found in patients on diet alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

In vitro and in vivo antimuscarinic effects of (-)cis 2,3-dihydro-3-(4-methylpiperazinylmethyl)-2-phenyl-1,5 benzothiazepin-4-(5H)one HCl (BTM-1086) in guinea pig peripheral tissues.

The potency and selectivity of (-)cis-2,3-dihydro-3-(4-methylpiperazinylmethyl)-2-phenyl-1,5 benzothiazepin-4-(5H)one HCl (BTM-1086) for muscarinic receptor subtypes was compared in functional assay systems, in guinea pig peripheral tissues, to known reference drugs: atropine (nonselective), pirenzepine (M1), AF-DX 116 (M2) and HHSiD (M3). Like atropine, BTM-1086 was a potent, nonselective, competitive muscarinic antagonist with no detectable antispasmodic activity in urinary bladder or ileal muscle. In vivo, in the guinea pig cystometrogram, BTM-1086 depressed intravesical bladder pressure (PvesP) with the same efficacy and potency as oxybutynin, a drug used clinically for the treatment of urinary incontinence. The pharmacological profile of BTM-1086, however, suggests that it may not be suitable for development for bladder dysfunction disorders.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Ontogeny of amino-acid metabolism-enzymes in peripheral tissues of developing rats.

The activities of alanine, aspartate and tyrosine transaminase, adenylate deaminase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase have been measured in hind leg striated muscle, lumbar adipose tissue and lumbar skin of developing rats from late foetal to weaning stage. In a general way, despite minor differences and different physiological rôles, the three peripheral tissues studied showed a concordant enzyme activity pattern with the rôles found for these enzymes in the adult. Muscle had a more constant pattern throughout development, with wider changes in skin and widest in adipose tissue. The results found agree with a marked "synthetic" mode in the tissues studied throughout all development studied. The patterns observed agree with a strict amino-acid conservation scheme during foetal life and lactation that progressively changes with weaning towards a frank degrading mode.

AMP Deaminase↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of buccalin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica.

The neuropeptide buccalin A was originally purified and sequenced from a nerve-muscle system used in feeding-related behaviors of Aplysia californica in which it has been proposed that it acts as a modulatory cotransmitter. The distribution of buccalin-like immunoreactivity in the central ganglia and in peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica was examined by whole mount immunohistochemical techniques. Immunoreactive material was located in specific cell bodies and clusters of neurons in each of the ganglia. Immunoreactive fibers were present in each of the connectives between ganglia, in tracts coursing through the ganglia, and in the majority of the peripheral nerves. Most fibers were smooth in contour, but some had regularly spaced swellings. Varicosities containing immunoreactive material were located on specific neuronal somata and on certain tissues associated with the feeding, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive systems. The specific and widespread distribution of buccalin-like immunoreactivity supports the hypothesis that members of the buccalin peptide family act as neuromodulators or neurotransmitters in a variety of central and peripheral circuits in Aplysia.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Metabolism in peripheral tissues in cancer patients.

Cancer patients have increased insulin resistance in skeletal muscles and probably also in the liver. The insulin production in response to a glucose challenge is decreased. This is associated with decreased glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and increased gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactate, and glycerol. The correlation between the insulin response to a glucose challenge and the activities of glycolytic and oxidative rate-limiting enzymes in muscle tissue suggests a common denominator for these metabolic alterations. The most prominent feature in alteration of lipid metabolism is a reduction of body fat, probably dependent on increased lipolysis. The released fatty acids are oxidized outside the tumor mass. Species characteristics may be important for the degree of hyperlipidemia. Wasting of the skeletal muscle mass is caused by decreased protein synthesis and probably increased degradation. Anorexia can induce but not entirely explain this altered protein metabolism. Decreased physical activity may be another important factor for the depressed protein synthesis. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) improves the muscle protein synthesis. The mechanism behind increased fractional degradation of muscle proteins in vitro is not clear, but it may be coupled to increased cathepsin D activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Local regulation of blood flow in peripheral tissue.

Patients suffering from proximal occlusive arterial disease with rest pain in the foot get relief from their pain when the foot is lowered. The rest pain suggests ischemia of the foot. Lassen & Westling (1969) proposed that during lowering blood flow increases in ischemic areas and decreases in nonischemic areas. The relief of rest pain during lowering is in all probability due to this increase blood flow in ischemic areas. That flow really increases in the critical tissue areas was shown by Henriksen in 1974. The flow decrease in non-threatened areas was also demonstrated in this study. Since then, postural blood flow regulation in peripheral tissue has been studied in much detail and a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying this favourable redistribution of flow observed in such patients has emerged. A review of these studies is presented.

Arterial Occlusive Diseases↗
PubMed1996

L5-67 and LUQ-1 peptide precursors of Aplysia californica: distribution and localization of immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues.

Two genes (L5-67 and LUQ-1) that encode neuropeptide precursors have recently been shown to be expressed in a distinct and non-overlapping manner in the five left upper quadrant (LUQ) cells of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia (Landry et al. [1992]. J. Neurobiol 23:89-101). By using wholemount immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay (RIA), the pattern of expression of these two genes was assessed at the protein level throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and in peripheral tissues of Aplysia californica. The distribution of LUQ-1 precursor-like immunoreactivity was fairly limited, occurring in the ventral LUQ cell (L5) and in a total of approximately 20 additional neurons in the abdominal and cerebral ganglia. L5-67 precursor-like immunoreactive material was more prevalent, appearing in a total of approximately 100 neurons distributed among each of the central ganglia. Identified L5-67-immunoreactive neurons included the four dorsal LUQ cells (L2-4 and L6) and two giant neurons (R2 and LPI1). In one group of cells, the H cluster of the cerebral ganglion, L5-67 immunofluorescence was substantially more intense in larger versus smaller animals, suggesting that this peptide precursor is subject to developmental regulation in certain neurons. Immunoelectron microscopic examination of the subcellular localization of L5-67 immunoreactivity in LUQ cell somata and axons revealed its association with dense-core vesicles (approximately 114 nm in diameter). In the periphery, L5-67-immunoreactive fibers were detected in specific regions of the circulatory system (auricle, ventricle, cristae aorta, anterior aorta) and the reproductive system (genital ganglion, large hermaphroditie duct, small hermaphroditie duct, ovotestis). The kidney and the intestine, two tissues in which considerable secretion and absorption occur, contained material immunoreactive to both L5-67 and LUQ-1 antisera. The localization of the two peptide precursors in these tissues differed substantially, with L5-67 occurring in widely ramifying varicose fibers, whereas LUQ-1 was found in restricted foci of fibers and in small spherical cells that appeared to lack processes. These results support previous findings concerning the heterogeneity of neurotransmitter phenotypes in the LUQ cells. Furthermore, they are indicative of a fairly broad role for the L5-67-derived neuropeptides, and a more limited role for the LUQ-1-derived neuropeptides, in the regulation of the visceral organ systems of Aplysia.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Disorders in sugar utilization by peripheral tissues in lung cancer].

In 140 patients with lung cancer the rate of sugar utilization by antebrachial tissues was determined by the method of arteriovenous difference, in 20 of them the pancreatic functional activity was investigated, using the double sugar stress. In most patients (70%) an impaired peripheral tissue metabolism was observed, that was manifested in a marked reduction of the arterio-venous difference in sugar in some patients and its release by tissues into blood in others. In the latter a reduced activity of the pancreatic insular apparatus was noted.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed2005

[Aging and circadian clock gene expression in peripheral tissues in rats].

Aging is associated with alterations of the circadian rhythms (shortened amplitude and phase-advance). We studied by quantitative RT-PCR the influence of aging on the expression of circadian clock genes (Clock, Bmal1, Cry1,2, Per1-3) in peripheral tissues (liver and heart) of middle-aged (13 months) and old (27 months) rats of the Wag/Rij strain exposed to a 12 hours light/12 hours dark cycle. Rats were killed at the light-dark transition (8 am and 8 pm). In the liver, Per, Cry et Bmal1 genes showed a morning/evening difference of expression; in addition, old rats exhibited a significant decrease of Per gene expression in the evening vs middle-aged rats. The heart showed similar profiles with only a tendency toward a decrease of Per expression and an increased Bmal1 expression in the evening in old rats. These results show that aging is associated with circadian gene expression changes.

Aging↗
PubMed1975

Hemodynamic and metabolic alterations in peripheral tissue during hemorrhagic shock.

In dogs subjected to hypovolemic shock (modified Wiggers model) severe enough to decrease the arterial flow in an isolated hind limb by two-thirds, a marked hyperglycemia (three times control) and an increase in blood glucose AV difference (ten times control) occur. Despite the decreased arterial flow, glucose uptake by peripheral tissues increased by a factor of three within one-half hour of hemorrhage and remained elevated for several hours. Presumably, the increased glucose uptake reflects the need for more energy substrate during the hypoxic conditions of the decreased peripheral blood flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Opioid peptides in pituitary gland, brain regions and peripheral tissues of spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats.

The concentrations of beta-endorphin (beta-END), dynorphin (DYN) and methionine-enkephalin (MEK) in pituitary, brain regions, heart, kidney and adrenal of 8 week old male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) normotensive rats were determined by radioimmunoassay and compared. The brain regions examined were hypothalamus, striatum, pons + medulla, midbrain and cortex. The concentration of beta-END in pituitary of SHR rats was 49% higher than those of WKY rats. The concentration of beta-END in the striatum of SHR rats was 71% lower as compared to WKY rats. The concentration of beta-END in the heart, adrenals and kidney of SHR rats was significantly lower (92, 48 and 57%, respectively), than those of WKY rat tissues. The concentration of DYN in pituitary, striatum and heart were lower by 38, 55 and 46%, respectively, in SHR compared to WKY rats, but in hypothalamus it was greater (33%) than in WKY rats. The concentration of DYN in other brain areas and in kidney and adrenal did not differ. The tissues of SHR and WKY rats which showed significant difference in the concentration of MEK were pituitary, pons + medulla, cerebral cortex and adrenals. The concentration of MEK was greater in SHR rats with pons + medulla, cortex and adrenals showing 33, 40, 268% higher levels, respectively, over the WKY rat tissues. However, the concentration of MEK in pituitary of SHR rats was 40% lower than that of WKY rats. These studies suggest that the endogenous opioid peptides of both central and peripheral tissues may be important in the regulation of blood pressure in SHR rats.

Adrenal Glands↗
PubMed1995

Effects of chemical sympathectomy on lipoprotein lipase activities in peripheral tissues of rats fed high fat diets consisting of different fats.

We have previously reported that the feeding of a beef tallow diet gives lower lipoprotein lipase activities in the interscapuler brown adipose tissue, heart and soleus muscle compared with feeding of a safflower oil diet. We have also suggested that sympathetic activities (norepinephrine turnover rates and beta-adrenergic receptor bindings) in these peripheral tissues were lower in the beef tallow diet group. To confirm the effects of dietary fats on the lipoprotein lipase activities in these tissues related to sympathetic activities, rats were chemically sympathectomized by treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine. The sympathectomized rats and control rats were meal-fed with a beef tallow diet or a safflower oil diet for 8 weeks. Sympathectomy abolished the differences in lipoprotein lipase activities in the interscapuler brown adipose tissue, heart and soleus muscle between two dietary groups. The percentage of body fat was increased by sympathectomy, resulting in no difference between the beef tallow diet group and the safflower oil diet group. These results suggest that intake of the beef tallow diet decreased lipoprotein lipase activities by reducing the sympathetic activities.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interactive and delayed effects of pyridostigmine and physical stress on biochemical and histological changes in peripheral tissues of mice.

Gulf War veterans were taking pyridostigmine orally against possible exposure to nerve agents as well as being under physical stress. This study was designed to investigate the delayed effects of pyridostigmine and treadmill exercise on cholinesterase activity, lipid peroxidation and histology of peripheral tissues of mice. Male NIH Swiss mice were divided into four groups of 15 animals each and treated as follows: sedentary control; exercise training for 10 weeks; pyridostigmine (1.2 mg kg(-1), p.o.) for 2 weeks during weeks 5 and 6; and pyridostigmine plus exercise training. The mice were sacrificed 24 h after the last exercise, and blood, triceps muscle and sciatic nerve were isolated and analyzed. The group treated with pyridostigmine alone showed decreased plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity (87% of control), whereas pyridostigmine plus exercise significantly decreased the BChE activity (79% of control), indicating an interactive effect of the combination. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity did not alter significantly in red blood cells, platelets or sciatic nerve with either of the treatments. However, AChE activity in triceps muscle decreased significantly (78% of control) in the group treated with pyridostigmine plus exercise. Creatine phosphokinase activity in plasma increased slightly (compared to control, pyridostigmine or exercise group) in mice treated with pyridostigmine plus exercise, which may be indicative of perturbation in the integrity of the skeletal muscle due to combination. However, there were no obvious histological abnormalities in the triceps muscle detected between experimental and control groups. Interaction of pyridostigmine and exercise significantly increased the concentration of the end product of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) (124% of control) in triceps muscle, indicating an oxidative stress response of the combination. These results indicate that physical stress enhanced the delayed toxic effects of a subchronic oral dose of pyridostigmine primarily in the skeletal muscle of mice.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed2004

Differential circadian expression of endothelin-1 mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues.

The vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (ET-1) is implicated in normal neuronal functions. Here we show the circadian expression of ET-1 mRNA in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) that is considered to be the location of the central circadian pacemaker, as well as in peripheral tissues including the brain, heart, and lungs. The expression of ET-1 in the SCN oscillated with a peak at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 4 under light-dark conditions. A significant number of cells in the SCN was stained with ET-1 probe during circadian time (CT) 6, but there was no significant staining at CT18 by mRNA in situ hybridization. The circadian rhythm of ET-1 mRNA in the whole brain also oscillated, but peaked at ZT20. Endothelin-1 expression in the lungs and heart peaked at ZT12 and ZT20, respectively. The results are the first description of the circadian expression of ET-1 mRNA. The diversity of rhythmic expressions among the SCN, whole brain, lungs and heart suggests that ET-1 has different functions in these tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of intracerebroventricularly administered neostigmine on sympathetic neural activities of peripheral tissues in rats.

Sympathetic nervous activity (SNA) in the liver, heart, pancreas and interscapular brown adipose tissue was examined 60 min after the third cerebroventricular injection of neostigmine (5 x 10(-8) mol) in rats. We employed the technique of specific gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for simultaneous analysis of norepinephrine (NE) and its primary neuronal metabolite, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol (DHPG) and used the ratio DHPG/NE as an index of SNA. Neostigmine produced significant increases in the DHPG/NE ratio in all tissues investigated. Co-administration of atropine with neostigmine completely inhibited this neostigmine-induced effect. These findings suggest that the central cholinergic-muscarinic activation with neostigmine stimulates SNA in the peripheral tissues examined.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗