Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Parents”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

A survey of parental satisfaction during parent present induction of anaesthesia for children undergoing cardiovascular surgery.

METHODS: To assess parental reaction and possible complications of parent present induction (PPI) for children undergoing cardiovascular surgery, the parents of 183 patients were provided with a questionnaire to complete after they had participated in PPI. Questions included: prior experience with PPI, which member of the staff initiated the plan for PPI, parental role in the process, how prepared parents felt, and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: PPI was successfully performed in the 183 patients surveyed. No parent was asked to leave the operating room because of respiratory or haemodynamic complications; 77.6% of the parents had no prior experience with PPI; however, 91.8% were aware of their role in the operating room, 94.5% were aware how their child would be anaesthetized and 96.7% felt prepared for their role and believed that this was a positive experience for themselves and their child. CONCLUSIONS: This prospective survey demonstrated a high level of parental acceptance and satisfaction for PPI in children undergoing cardiovascular surgery, with a low incidence of untoward events, despite the underlying congenital heart disease. Further work is necessary to objectively characterize anxiety levels associated with induction of anaesthesia in this group of patients and parents.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Ambivalences in the relationship of parents towards their schizophrenic or substance dependent adult child: a comparison to their relationships with healthy siblings and to ordinary parent-child-relationships].

OBJECTIVE: This study uses the concept of intergenerational ambivalence to compare the relationship of parents and their schizophrenic or substance dependent child to their relationship with the patient's siblings and to ordinary parent-child-relationships. METHOD: 24 parents of schizophrenic patients, 19 parents of substance dependent patients and 38 parents of healthy adults were interviewed about ambivalences, satisfaction and relatedness within their parent-child-relationships. RESULTS: Within both comparisons, parents experience in their relationship towards their mentally ill child stronger and more frequent ambivalences and less satisfaction, but feel equally strong related to him as to his sibling or as parents of healthy adults. This is especially true for parents of substance dependent adults. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic professionals should keep in mind such intergenerational ambivalences and address them in therapy and psychoeducation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Attitudes toward parenting strategies, potential for child abuse, and parental satisfaction of ethnically diverse low-income U.S. mothers.

Among a sample of 176 low-income mothers from 3 ethnic groups in the United States, the authors investigated ethnic differences in attitudes toward preferred parenting strategies, or styles; ethnic differences in the potential for child abuse; and the relationship between parenting strategies, the potential for child abuse, and parental satisfaction. They distributed the Maternal Reactions to Child's Deviant Behavior subscale (K. M. Rickard, W. Graziano, & R. Forehand, 1984), a shortened version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI; J. S. Milner & R. C. Wimberley, 1979), and a Parental Satisfaction Scale (N. P Medora, S. M. Wilson, & J. Larson, 1996) to the participants. The results indicated no significant ethnic differences in preferred parenting styles. Mothers from all 3 ethnic groups ranked praise and reasoning as the 1st and 2nd preferred parenting strategies. There were no ethnic differences in the perceived potential for child abuse. Parental satisfaction was negatively related to 2 of the CAPI subscales--Loneliness and Problems. The parenting strategy reasoning was positively correlated with parental satisfaction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Awareness of and compliance with air pollution advisories: a comparison of parents of asthmatics with other parents.

OBJECTIVES: To determine parents' awareness of and compliance with air pollution advisories, and to compare the awareness and compliance of parents' of asthmatics to that of other parents. METHODS: Responses of 240 parents surveyed at pediatric clinic visits were compared. RESULTS: A total of 88% of parents were aware of air pollution advisories; 71% reduced pollution and 55% restricted children's play "sometimes" because of advisories. However, only 7% complied with more than one third of the advisories issued. More parents of asthmatics reported awareness of alerts (p = 0.002), reducing pollution (p = 0.005), or restricting play "sometimes" in response to advisories (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Most parents report awareness of and some compliance with air pollution advisories. Parents of asthmatics are more aware and somewhat more compliant than other parents.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1998

Parental stress, psychosocial problems and responsiveness in help-seeking parents with small (2-45 months old) children.

Experienced parental stress in 75 mothers and 65 fathers seeking help for their young child (M = 14.5 months; SD = 9.4 months) in a Specialist Child Health Centre was examined and related to child problem load, psychosocial problems and parental problems in responding to the child's signals and demands. Maternal stress level was compared with a population-based sample of 1500 mothers with children of similar ages. The measure of parental stress was a revised Swedish version of the American Parenting Stress Index (Parent Domain). Mothers in the clinical sample indicated higher levels of parental stress compared to fathers in the same families and to mothers in the comparison sample. A clear association was found between higher stress and a global clinical assessment of parental unresponsiveness to the child. Child problem load was associated with mothers' overall stress level. A clinical estimate of the parents' psychosocial situation was also associated with mothers' and fathers' stress level, and gave a large unique contribution to the variability in mothers' stress scores. It was concluded that focus in intervention programs should be on the whole family, and that the father should be seen as a resource that might well be more involved in the caretaking of the child. The study also clearly demonstrated the discriminant and construct validity of the parental stress instrument.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Domain-specific antecedents of parental psychological control and monitoring: the role of parenting beliefs and practices.

This research examined the effects of domain-differentiated beliefs about legitimate parental authority and ratings of restrictive parental control on adolescent- and mother-reported psychological and behavioral control. The influence of parenting beliefs and practices regarding socially regulated (moral and conventional) and ambiguously personal (multifaceted and personal) issues was examined in 93 middle-class African American early adolescents (M = 13.11 years, SD = 1.29) and their mothers, who were followed longitudinally for 2 years. Domain-specific parenting beliefs and ratings predicted adolescent-reported maternal psychological control and parental monitoring, but the nature and direction of the relations differed. Adolescents who rated parents as more restrictive in their control of personal issues and who believed that parents should have less legitimate authority over these issues rated their mothers as higher in psychological control. In contrast, more adolescent-reported parental monitoring was associated with gender (being female) and adolescents' beliefs that parents have more legitimate authority to regulate personal issues. As expected, adolescent age and gender influenced mother-reported monitoring and psychological control; in addition, the effects of mothers' ratings of restrictive control on both psychological control and monitoring were moderated by gender. The results indicate that psychological control and monitoring can be understood in terms of the particular behaviors that are controlled, as well as the style in which control is exercised.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

A growth curve analysis of parent training outcomes: examining the influence of child risk factors (inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity problems), parental and family risk factors.

BACKGROUND: Parent training is one of the most effective treatments for young children with conduct problems. However, not every family benefits from this approach and approximately one-third of children remain in the clinical range at follow-up assessments. Little is known about factors affecting treatment outcome for young children. METHOD: Hierarchical linear modeling methods were used to examine the effects of child attentional risk factors (inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity problems), parental and familial risk factors upon the efficacy of a parent training program to decrease boys' conduct problems. Mothers of 81 boys, four to seven years of age, exhibiting conduct problems attended a parent training program (The Incredible Years) which lasted 22 to 24 weeks. Treatment effectiveness was assessed at one month and one year post treatment by means of independent home observations, parent and teacher reports. RESULTS: Results indicated significant decreases in observations of mothers' negative parenting interactions with their children and decreases in their conduct problems according to mother reports and independent observations at home. Boys with elevated ratings of attentional problems in addition to conduct problems showed similar benefits from the parent training program as the boys who did not have attentional problems. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that parent training is equally effective for boys with both conduct problems and attentional problems as it is for boys with conduct problems without these attentional problems. In fact, boys rated in the Borderline or Clinical range for attentional problems evidenced a greater decrease in externalizing behavior problems as rated by their mothers. Surprisingly, the predictor variables of depression, stress, and socioeconomic status were not significant contributors at either initial status or growth over time whether outcomes were measured by child conduct problems or parenting interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Parents in the anaesthetic room--parents' and anaesthetists' views.

In this study parents' and anaesthetists' views were compared, by means of questionnaire, to assess the benefit of parental presence at induction. One hundred and ninety four unpremedicated children aged 1-16 years underwent daycase surgery. One hundred and eighty four parents accompanied their child and felt that their child benefited from this. Anaesthetists rated only 72% of parents as being helpful. Parents who had undergone anaesthesia in the past were less likely, 60% compared with 79% (p < 0.01), to consider themselves as upset than parents who had not. Thirty one percent (44/140) of anaesthetists, compared with 43% (60/140) of parents, felt the child was upset at induction (p < 0.01). Parents judging themselves to be upset at induction were significantly more likely to consider their child as upset (p < 0.01). Most parents feel that they are of help in the anaesthetic room regardless of whether or not they find it an upsetting experience. Ninety eight per cent would want to accompany their child in the future and we believe this should be allowed unless there are overriding considerations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Parental perception of the use and usefulness of a parent-held child health record.

This study surveyed 313 parents to investigate how frequently parents used a parent-held child health record, and whether they saw the record as useful. Since 1981, The Child, Adolescent and Family Health Service has distributed a Personal Health Record (PHR) to the parents of all children in South Australia. The PHR has provided each family with an ongoing record that has been consistently used for immunization, child health checks and child health screening. However, little is known about how parents view the PHR, its usefulness, and how frequently the record is used. Previous studies, generally conducted prior to, or shortly after, a parent-held child health record was introduced, have shown a poor understanding of the uses of the PHR on the part of parents and a low level of use by health professionals such as general practitioners. In contrast, the results of this study show high levels of understanding of the health record on the part of parents, and an increase in the use of the health record by general practitioners over the 10 years since the record was introduced. Although moderated by the age of the child, the sections of the PHR seen as most useful (and the most frequently used) by parents were immunization, growth charts, progress notes and health checks.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2006

Comparison of parent and student responses to asthma surveys: students grades 1-4 and their parents from an urban public school setting.

This study compared parent and child responses to a symptom questionnaire as a means of determining whether child and parent responses are equally valuable in case-detection procedures. We completed a study validating a multistage case-detection procedure. The case-detection procedure classified students into 3 categories based on their parents' questionnaire responses (probable asthma, possible asthma, and negative for asthma). Those who were classified as possible asthma by questionnaire underwent further testing, including spirometry and exercise challenge. The children with abnormal testing results were considered to have probable asthma. McNemar's test and kappa coefficients were used to examine parent-child agreement. Sensitivity and specificity of the case-detection procedure were compared using either the parent's or the child's responses to the questionnaire. The data indicated moderate agreement between parent and child responses to questions regarding previous diagnosis of asthma and past asthma therapy (p < .001, kappa coefficients of 0.6030 and 0.5966, respectively). Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values in the multistage case-detection procedure were similar when using either parent or child responses to the questionnaire. Among the false negatives, the distribution of asthma severity was consistent whether using child or parent responses. Parent-child agreement did not differ significantly by gender or age of the child or whether the child had a previous diagnosis of asthma. These results suggest that the use of child responses is a viable option for case detection, particularly in identifying those with a previous diagnosis of asthma

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Parent proxy-report of their children's health-related quality of life: an analysis of 13,878 parents' reliability and validity across age subgroups using the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales.

BACKGROUND: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurement has emerged as an important health outcome in clinical trials, clinical practice improvement strategies, and healthcare services research and evaluation. While pediatric patient self-report should be considered the standard for measuring perceived HRQOL, there are circumstances when children are too young, too cognitively impaired, too ill or fatigued to complete a HRQOL instrument, and reliable and valid parent proxy-report instruments are needed in such cases. Further, it is typically parents' perceptions of their children's HRQOL that influences healthcare utilization. Data from the PedsQL DatabaseSM were utilized to test the reliability and validity of parent proxy-report at the individual age subgroup level for ages 2-16 years as recommended by recent FDA guidelines. METHODS: The sample analyzed represents parent proxy-report age data on 13,878 children ages 2 to 16 years from the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales DatabaseSM. Parents were recruited from general pediatric clinics, subspecialty clinics, and hospitals in which their children were being seen for well-child checks, mild acute illness, or chronic illness care (n = 3,718, 26.8%), and from a State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) in California (n = 10,160, 73.2%). RESULTS: The percentage of missing item responses for the parent proxy-report sample as a whole was 2.1%, supporting feasibility. The majority of the parent proxy-report scales across the age subgroups exceeded the minimum internal consistency reliability standard of 0.70 required for group comparisons, while the Total Scale Scores across the age subgroups approached or exceeded the reliability criterion of 0.90 recommended for analyzing individual patient scale scores. Construct validity was demonstrated utilizing the known groups approach. For each PedsQL scale and summary score, across age subgroups, healthy children demonstrated a statistically significant difference in HRQOL (better HRQOL) than children with a known chronic health condition, with most effect sizes in the medium to large effect size range. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the feasibility, reliability, and validity of parent proxy-report at the individual age subgroup for ages 2-16 years. These analyses are consistent with recent FDA guidelines which require instrument development and validation testing for children and adolescents within fairly narrow age groupings and which determine the lower age limit at which reliable and valid responses across age categories are achievable. Even as pediatric patient self-report is advocated, there remains a fundamental role for parent proxy-report in pediatric clinical trials and health services research.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The role of parental emotional distress in parent report of child anxiety.

Evaluated the role of maternal and paternal emotional distress in parent report of anxiety in their child. Participants were 239 children (ages 7.5 to 15 years) diagnosed with a primary anxiety disorder and their parents (193 fathers, 238 mothers). Parents individually completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-Parent Version (a report of the child's anxiety). Children completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Mothers and fathers reported more anxiety in their children than the children reported themselves. No significant relations were found between parental anxiety and parent report of child anxiety. When we examined girls only, both maternal and paternal BDI scores were significant predictors of parent report of the child's anxiety after we controlled for parental anxiety. Separate analyses by child age revealed that parent reports of child anxiety were more correlated with the self-reports of younger children. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Predictors of aggression across three generations among sons of alcoholics: relationships involving grandparental and parental alcoholism, child aggression, marital aggression and parenting practices.

OBJECTIVE: This longitudinal study uses a three-generation database involving measures of grandparental and parental alcohol use disorder (AUD), marital aggression and aggression to offspring to predict early and later childhood aggression of third generation offspring. Given the importance of aggressive, undercontrolled behavior in the etiology of alcoholism, the purpose of this study was to construct a statistical model of intergenerational aggression and alcoholism among family members. METHOD: Participants were a population-based sample of 186 young sons of alcoholics and both biological parents and 120 nonsubstance abusing families and their age-matched sons drawn from the same neighborhoods. Extensive family data were collected at baseline and at 6 years postbaseline. Structural equation modeling evaluated retrospective and prospective relationships between grandparental and parental predictors of the sons' childhood aggression when they were 3-5 and 9-11 years of age. RESULTS: The final model showed that grandparental marital aggression predicted development of parental antisocial behavior, which predicted parental alcoholism and marital aggression and partially mediated level of child aggression among their sons as preschoolers. Significant autostabilities in level of child aggression, parental AUD and marital aggression were present in families over the 6-year interval. Marital aggression was a more important predictor of son's preschool aggression; direct parental aggression to the child was more important at 9-11. Child aggression at 3-5 also was a partial mediator of level of parent-to-child aggression at 9-11. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate continuity of aggression across three generations and also indicate that the child's pathway into risk for later AUD is not simply mediated by parental alcoholism, but is carried by other comorbid aspects of family functioning, in particular aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

How informative are parent reports of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms for assessing outcome in clinical trials of long-acting treatments? A pooled analysis of parents' and teachers' reports.

OBJECTIVE: The validity of parent reports of children's attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms has been questioned, especially in clinical trials. Some advocate the exclusive use of teacher reports, maintaining that parent reports are not sensitive to changes in ADHD symptoms. This study compares the ability of parent and teacher reports to document change during clinical trials of long-acting treatments. METHODS: We conducted a literature search of Medline to identify any published clinical trials in pediatric ADHD that met the following criteria: 1) used a randomized design, 2) examined the efficacy of long-acting agents or standard formulations using 3-times-a-day dosing, and 3) used both parent and teacher reports of the same measure of ADHD symptoms as a study outcome. For each measurement of ADHD symptoms, we calculated effect sizes for parent and teacher reports. RESULTS: Three large, randomized, controlled clinical trials were identified (N = 1445 subjects). For every outcome for which teacher reports documented significant improvement, parent reports did also. Pooled analysis revealed a larger effect captured by the parent report relative to the teacher report. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that parent reports are at least as sensitive to detecting change in ADHD symptoms as teacher reports in clinical trials that assess the efficacy of long-acting agents. These results suggest that parent reports are informative for detecting change during treatment of children with ADHD.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Attitudes of low-income parents toward seeking help with parenting: implications for practice.

Fifty-two low-income parents were surveyed to determine attitudes toward parenting and help seeking. Although a majority agreed that most parents, even "good" parents, need help or advice about parenting and thought they would seek help with parenting, low-income parents were less likely to believe in or seek out help than those with higher incomes. The most frequently selected sources of help were family, books and videos, telephone help-lines, and friends. The least likely sources of help were child protective services, school personnel, clergy, and social service/counseling agencies. Parent support and education groups were likely sources of support for only one in four low-income parents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The relationship of parental drug use and parents' attitude concerning adolescent drug use to adolescent drug use.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of two variables, parental drug use and parental attitude toward adolescent drug use, both as perceived by the adolescent respondent to his or her own use or nonuse of drugs. A sample of 106 drug-using and 96 nondrug-using adolescents was obtained through the use of the anthropological " snowball " technique. All respondents were administered a drug use history profile and a personal data questionnaire. In order to be classed as drug users, respondents had to have been using two or more recreational substances on a regular basis. Nondrug users were those who used no recreational drugs, although individuals who had tried alcohol or tobacco experimentally were included in this group. On the personal data form, respondents were asked to describe their parents' use of alcohol, tobacco, or other substances, and to indicate their parents' attitudes concerning adolescent use of drugs. Parental attitudes were classed as permissive if the respondent indicated that parents were indifferent about drug use, if they accepted a certain range of drugs, or if the decision were left up to the youth. A nonpermissive attitude was defined as one which would not accept drug use by the adolescent. Four 2 x 2 Chi-square analyses were used to determine significance of the relationship between adolescent drug use and parents' use or nonuse of drugs, parents' attitudes about adolescent use or nonuse and actual adolescent use or non-use, and this same attitudinal relationship looking at parent users and nonusers separately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Parent-child interaction therapy: application to maltreating parent-child dyads.

OBJECTIVE: Parent-Child Interaction Training (PCIT), which uses a social learning framework, is a dyadic intervention that is designed to alter specific patterns of interaction found in parent-child relationships. Previous research suggests that maladaptive and high-risk characteristics found in maltreating parent-child dyads may be responsive to PCIT. The primary focus of this study is to examine the effectiveness of PCIT with maltreating parent-child dyads. METHODOLOGY: This study describes the effectiveness of PCIT with 136 biological parent-child dyads in which 66.9% (N=91) of the children had been maltreated. Of the 91 maltreated children, 64.8% (N=59) of the parents had maltreated their children, and were thus considered to be at high risk of repeating the abuse. RESULTS: Primary outcomes of this study show the following: (1) a decrease in child behavior problems, (2) a decrease in parental stress, and (3) a decrease in abuse risk from pre- to post-treatment for dyads with and without a history of maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our results add to the body of research supporting PCIT as a promising intervention and as a means to aid both children and parents in high-risk families for maltreatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Socially unbiased parenting support on the Internet: a cross-sectional study of users of a large Swedish parenting website.

BACKGROUND: The Internet is becoming increasingly recognized as a source of social support. Parents of children with cancer and autism have been shown to find social support online, and many parents of healthy infants and children seek information about parenting online. However, access and use of the Internet is greater among socio-economically advantaged groups, a phenomenon known as the 'digital divide'. Our aim was to investigate whether users of a Swedish general parenting website perceived support in the parenting role and, if so, whether this support was socially biased because of the digital divide phenomenon. METHODS: Users of the largest Swedish parenting website were asked to participate in the study. A total of 2221 users completed the anonymous survey posted on the website during a one-week period. RESULTS: Most respondents (95%) were female (mean age 30.6 years). Respondents' educational level was slightly, but not significantly, higher than that in the general population, whereas 68% had income levels at or under the national average, contradicting the intuitive hypothesis that users would be socio-economically privileged. Perceived social support, measured by the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) appraisal subscale, indicated high perceived support. Living without a partner and having lower levels of income and education increased perceived support. The perception that other parents' opinions are more valuable than the advice of experts was influential in the regression equation for ISEL scores, indicating that peer help is important in online social support. CONCLUSIONS: Internet use for general parenting issues in Sweden, mainly by women, does not seem to follow the digital divide phenomenon. Therefore, the internet provides an exciting opportunity for future infant and child public health work. The lack of fathers, however, was a surprising finding and introduces a gender bias into this seemingly socially unbiased medium.

Adolescent↗