SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Paraldehyde”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Inhibition of the metabolism of ethyl carbamate by acetaldehyde.

Ethyl carbamate is an animal carcinogen when administered in large doses; it is naturally present in minute concentrations in fermented foods and beverages. Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that ethanol, in vivo, inhibits the metabolism of ethyl carbamate in mice, but the enzyme system has not been identified. In an effort to further characterize the enzyme system responsible, the metabolic products of ethanol metabolism were studied to determine whether ethanol or either of its metabolites is inhibitory. Acetaldehyde (400 mg/kg) is a potent inhibitor of ethyl carbamate metabolism for about 2 hr in vitro, but sodium acetate is not. Paraldehyde (250 mg/kg) has a slower onset and longer duration of inhibition, suggesting that its conversion to acetaldehyde produces the inhibitory molecule. Disulfiram (200 mg/kg) has a prolonged inhibitory effect; this effect is enhanced and extended when the disulfiram is combined with acetaldehyde (400 mg/kg). D-Penicillamine, given in a regimen of 1.2 g/kg 0.5 hr before and 0.6 g/kg 1.5 and 3.5 hr after ethyl carbamate, is not inhibitory; however, it abolishes the inhibitory effect of acetaldehyde, presumably from sequestration of acetaldehyde. These studies demonstrate that acetaldehyde is an inhibitor of the metabolism of ethyl carbamate and suggest that acetaldehyde is one, and perhaps the only, molecule responsible for the inhibition seen when ethanol is administered to mice. In vitro incubation studies determined that ethyl carbamate was not metabolized by human plasma.

Acetaldehyde↗

PubMed1990

[Guidelines for the drug therapy of alcoholism].

In acute alcohol intoxication, treatment is symptomatic and consists of correcting any physiological dysfunctions, as possible acid-basic or electrolytic disorders hypoglycemia, hypovitaminosis changes and of maintaining respiratory tracts open. Recently, in some cases of acute intoxication, metadoxine has been used with success, being capable of accelerating the urinary elimination of ethanol and acetaldehyde. Moreover, further studies have shown that Ro 15-4513 (an inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors) reduces the anaesthesia time induced by high doses of ethanol in rats. On the other hand, as far as the alcohol withdrawal syndrome is concerned, drugs commonly used are: alcohol itself, chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, barbiturates, chlormetizole and benzodiazepines (administered at high doses). Very recent experiments have been carried out using gammahydroxybutyric acid (GHB), which can produce a rapid and complete suppression of alcohol withdrawal symptoms. In epileptic patients, it is suitable to administer anticonvulsivant drugs together with the above compounds. In alcohol dependence two main treatment strategies are followed, the first is the administration of inhibitory drugs of aldehyde dehydrogenase (disulfiram, calciumcyanamide) which, if given before alcohol consumption, produce unpleasant and avversive reactions, due to the accumulation of acetaldehyde in the blood. Other drugs, recently used with great success, remove the desire to drink without producing those unpleasant reactions described for disulfiram; amongst these are GHB and serotonin uptake inhibitors (fluoxetine, zimelidine).

Alcoholism↗

PubMed1986

[The sensory neuropile of the nerve chain of Eurygaster integriceps P].

Structure of the sensory neuropil of the abdominal nervous chain has been studied in the Eurygaster integriceps P. by means of methylene blue and paraldehyde fuchsin with phloxin staining. The sensory neuropil consists of three parts: 1) main sensory neuropil, including terminal, T-shaped, antero- and posterconnective fibers; 2) lateral sensory neuropils of the extremities, that in the insect studied, as in the dragon-fly larva, have the form of the overturned eight; 3) system of thick T-shaped fibers getting into the first thoracic ganglion and running along the second nerves, as well as along the thoracic neuromeres of the synganglion, giving collateralies into the nuclei of the extremities and into the main neuropil and coming into both the abdominal and cranial parts. In the neuropil of the extremities certain fibers are revealed; they form collateralies in the nucleus itself and terminate in the main neuropil. Of all the insects investigated it is the Eurygaster integriceps P. that possesses the most developed sensitive nuclei in the extremities and the least developed nuclei in the wings.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1989

Evidence for basal secretion in the subcommissural organ of the chicken (Gallus gallus).

The basal region of the subcommissural organ (SCO) was studied in the chicken Gallus gallus. The presence of concentric rough endoplasmic reticulum associated with lipid droplets in the basal processes of the ependymal cells, along with the increase of the lysosomal population, can be interpreted as evident signs of degeneration of the basal processes. The nearly absence of secretory processes ending on the meningeal blood vessels, suggests that the leptomeningeal route is missing. On the contrary, the presence of basal ependymal processes in contact with the hypendymal vessels could indicate that the ependymo-vascular pathway is well developed. In this sense, several structural features suggest a basal secretory mechanism from the SCO-cells: 1) Positive staining with paraldehyde-fuchsin of secretory material in the pericapillar region of hypendymal vessels and in the basal processes which reach the capillary wall; 2) presence of secretory material within the process endfeet in contact with hypendymal capillaries, and 3) existence of labyrinthis of the basal lamina of the capillaries.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Regression pattern of amplitude of electrocardiographic waves during intravenous infusion in intact, buffer nerve denervated and spinal dogs.

Electrocardiographic (ECG) amplitude changes during clinically feasible rate of infusion of normal saline (NS), Ringer-Locke (RL) solution and tender coconut water (TCW) upto a dose of 100 ml/kg in paraldehyde (PLD) and chloralose and urethane (C&U) anaesthetised dogs were studied. The infusion caused a net decrease in P and QRS amplitudes but had varied effect on T wave amplitude in intact PLD and C&U anaesthetised dogs. Infusion of RL in vagotomised and/or carotid sinus (CS) denervated dogs and in spinal dogs indicated that these neural pathways had a significant effect on basal amplitude of ECG waves but their influence on infusion induced ECG changes was only marginal; in this the vagi seem to have a greater influence than the other pathways. The T wave changes during infusion were independent of simultaneous P and QRS changes and appeared to depend on the ionic composition of the infusion fluid. TCW infusion was very well tolerated, particularly by the C&U anaesthetised dogs. It would seem that the evaluation of ECG from patients on parenteral fluid be done in the context of the present observation that infusion per se decreases the amplitude of ECG.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

[Level of specific binding of beta-adrenergic ligands and the morphofunctional properties of erythrocytes in bronchial asthma].

Peripheral blood erythrocytes of patients with bronchial asthma (BA) and preasthma (PA) were investigated using the following methods: 1) the radiochemical method--the level of specific binding of beta-adrenergic ligands; 2) direct erythrocytometry--erythrocyte diameter; 3) the cytochemical method (paraldehyde fuchsine/PAF/-reaction)--membranous glycoproteins. The level of erythrocytic specific binding of beta-adrenergic ligands was decreased in BA and PA patients. The level of small size erythrocytes (SSE) was on an increase in patients with atopic BA, extrapulmonary allergoses as well as in healthy persons with aggravated atopic heredity. The content of PAF-negative erythrocytes turned out to be considerably raised in atopic BA. A conclusion was made of general disorders of the membranoreceptor system as a fundamental cause of allergically changed reactivity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Differential effects of central nervous system depressants in long-sleep and short-sleep mice.

The relative sleep time response of long-sleep (LS) and short-sleep (SS) mice was determined after the i.p. injection of varying doses of several anesthetic agents that vary in lipid solubility. The LS and SS mice were bred selectively for differences in duration of ethanol-induced sleep time. The drugs tested included: several halogenated ethanol derivatives (trifluoro-, trichloro-, tribromo- and dichloroethanol), chloral hydrate, paraldehyde, urethane and the water soluble barbiturates, barbital and phenobarbital. The LS mice slept for a longer time after the i.p. injection of the majority of these drugs than did the SS. As the lipid solubility of the agents increased, the response differential decreased. These data indicate that the LS and SS mice do not differ only in response to alcohols. Rather, they differ in sensitivity to agents that have lipid solubilities which resemble that of ethanol. Furthermore, these data imply that anesthetic agents with low lipid solubility have different mechanisms of action than do anesthetic agents with high lipid solubility.

Alcohols↗

PubMed1986

The use of seclusion in psychiatric hospitals in the Newcastle area.

Between 1981 and 1984, the frequency with which seclusion was used decreased in Newcastle. Secluded patients were younger, more often male, unmarried, unemployed, and admitted formally, and there was an association with certain diagnoses. Most seclusions occurred early in the hospital stay, mainly in the daytime, especially at mealtimes, and first seclusions were the longest. Violent incidents were usually associated with non-psychotic patients, and staff were the commonest victims. Medication used was major tranquillisers or paraldehyde.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

[Gomori-positive elements of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal neurosecretory system of the rat (immunohistochemical study)].

Vasopressiergic and oxytocinergic cells and fibers in the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system have been identified by means of immuno-histochemical reactions. Vasopressin-producing cells localize mainly in the ventral part of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and in the dorsolateral part of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Oxytocin-producing cells predominantly concentrate in the dorsal part of the SON and in the ventromedial part of the PVN. In the central part of the posterior pituitary lobe vasopressin-containing fibers are mainly situated, and in the peripheral parts--both oxytocin- and vasopressin-containing fibers are revealed. Owing to separate localization of vasopressin- and oxytocin-producing cells in the SON and especially in the PVN, in preparations stained with paraldehyde-fuchsin after Gomori-Gabe it is possible to analyse these cells separately.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

[The neurocytes of the caudal part of the tuberomamillary nucleus in Ovis aries L. (light microscopy and electron microscopy studies)].

The neurons of the pars caudalis nuclei tuberomammillaris (pc-NTM) were studed light-microscopically and electron-microscopically in sheep and rams of Merino breed. In our study we observed: In the regarded neural nucleus, there is the majority of the great neurons (up to 60 microns in diameter) rich in the NISSL's bodies. When stained with the cresyl violet, the NISSL's substance is apparently stored mainly in peripheral area of the cell body and in the distant parts of numerous protoplasmic processes, what evokes an impression of the "jagged" surface of these cells. After staining with paraldehyde fuchsin, we found purple coloured lumps of irregular shape stored outside the cell bodies, in the neuropil. The less extended cells, usually with lower content of NISSL bodies, are in pc-NTM less frequent. In the electron-microscopic study we identified 3 types of neurons: Cells rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum; "light" cells, "dark" cells. The cells of the 1st type were the most frequent ones. Cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the 1st type of cells are often dilated. The protoplasmic processes of these cells are frequently stepped over by flat tubuli of endoplasmic reticulum. The 2nd type of cells is characterized by the light cytoplasmic matrix, low quantity of endoplasmic reticulum and frequent occurrence of lipofuscin bodies. The 3rd type of cells are characterized by the high density of cytoplasmic matrix, well developed GOLGI complex, and very broad cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum, forming a labyrinth, and it is bound to a broad perinuclear space.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

A unicellular endocrine gland in cestodes.

Unicellular glands are reported from the scolex and anterior neck region of Hymenolepis diminuta and H. nana. Despite positive staining reactions with the presumptive neurosecretory stains, paraldehyde-fuchsin and chrome-alum-hematoxylin, ultrastructurally these glands exhibit many non-neural characteristics. Glandular cell processes are frequently found in close proximity to muscular tissue, particularly in the suckers, suggesting a regulatory role in muscle modulation as a possible function. Two types of putative, neurosecretory cells are reported from the cephalic ganglia and the lateral nerve cords. Neurosecretory regulation of the unicellular endocrine glands is postulated based on the lack of direct innervation of the glands and the frequent close proximity of axons containing putative, neurosecretory granules.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Diuresis during fluid infusion : buffer nerve and spinal influences on it.

The rate and cumulative volume of diuresis were measured sequentially for each incremental infusion dose of 5 ml/kg body weight till a 100 ml/kg or more dose was reached. Normal saline (NS), Ringer-Locke (RL) and tender coconut water (TCW) were infused in three groups each of paraldehyde (PLD), and chloralose and urethane (C & U) anaesthetised dogs. The slow infusion rate of about 0.5 ml/kg/min was used. The RL infusion was repeated in vagotomised and/or carotid sinus (CS) denervated dogs and spinal dogs with or without intact vagi. During the NS and RL infusion schedules in PLD anaesthetised dogs produced much less urine than C & U groups. The order of minimum to maximum diuretic effect caused by these fluids were RL, NA and TCW in PLD groups and NA, TCW and RL in C & U groups. The study indicates that the type of anaesthesia and the composition of infusion fluid determines the rate of infusion induced diuresis. PLD anaesthesia has antidiuretic effect, which is not overcome by vagotomy. In C & U anaesthetised dogs the vagotomy and CS denervation performed separately greatly increased the rate of infusion induced diuresis but the diuresis largely decreased when combined surgery was performed. The diuresis in spinal dogs was very low, though in the vagotomised-spinal dogs, the rate of diuresis was more than in the spinal dogs.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

A procedure for the simultaneous demonstration of neurosecretory and mucosubstances in tissue sections.

Many well known histochemical techniques have been employed to study the neurosecretory products in invertebrates and vertebrates. Among these aldehyde-fuchsin (AF) has been one of the two specific stains to demonstrate the presence of neurosecretory cells. Various counterstains have been employed with AF. However, AF is also useful in demonstrating the presence of mucosubstances or elastin. A method is described here for a simultaneous demonstration of neurosecretory substances (NSS) and mucosubstances (MS) by mercurochrome counterstaining. For this method sections of material fixed in methanol-formaldehyde-acetic acid (MFA) or alcoholic Bouin's or Susa were oxidized in 0.3% permanganate with 0.3 ml concentrated H2SO4 for 1 to 2 minutes, decolorized in 1% oxalic acid, stained in 0.5% aqueous basic fuchsin containing 1 ml concentrated HCl and 1 ml paraldehyde for 10 min and counterstained with 0.5% aqueous mercurochrome. After mercurochrome counterstaining the characteristic AF staining (purple colour) of NSS is dramatically swamped (becoming brick red) but the purple developed by MS remains unaltered in vertebrate and invertebrate material. Eosin or other counterstains do not behave in this way.

Aldehydes↗

PubMed1982

An analytical study of the neurosecretory cells of the brain of the mature larvae and diapause pupae of Amsacta collaris Hampson (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) under different temperature regimes.

The neurosecretory cells (NSCs) of the brain of the mature larvae and 3 months old diapause pupae of Amsacta collaris Hampson (Lepidopera: arctiidae) have been studied under different temperature regimes (0, 7, 18, 37, and 42 degrees C), using paraldehyde fuchsin and performic acid resorcin fuchsin staining techniques. The 0 degree C is fatal to the larvae, and at 7 degrees C, within 24 h the quantity of NSM reduced considerably in all the subtypes of A-cells; activity started 3rd day onwards, and on 5th day, the A1-cells appeared loaded with NSM, the A2-cells moderately filled, but no change in A3-cells was observed. At 0 degree C, within 48 h or chilling, the NSCs of diapause pupae (DP) revealed a moderate amount of NSM with numerous, large vacuoles in the A1-cells and in some insects, the cells appeared gigantic in form; the A2- and A3-cells were moderately filled with NSM. After 1 week of chilling, at 0 degree C, the A1-cells appeared almost empty. The A1-cells of DP-kept at 7 degrees C and 18 degrees C respectively, discharged quickly all the previously stored NSM, within 2 days, hence appeared poorly filled. 3rd day onwards, a gradual increase in NSM was observed. After 15 days, a moderate amount of NSM in A1-, a large amount in A3-, and increased amount in A2-cells of the medial and lateral groups was observed. The 37 degrees C appeared to be the most suitable temperature at which all the cells show maximum activity in mature larvae and DP both, and contain a moderate amount of NSM in them. At 42 degrees C, the A1-cells in larvae and DP contain a moderate amount of NSM, A2-cells of the medial group a poor, and A2-cells of the lateral group, a depleted amount of NSM, the A3-cells, however, appeared heavily loaded. Later, the NSM decreased gradually in all the subtypes of A-cells. On 15th day, at 42 degrees C the A1-cells in DP revealed depletion of NSM, the A2-cells become totally inactive and lack NSM; the A3-cells a poor amount of NSM in them. The significance of these changes at different temperature regimes is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

[Microscopy of the thymus in the perinatal period].

Simple complementary staining technics are useful to reveal some histological particularities which may be underestimated and unsuspected when are used routinal stainings only. Parallel to hematoxylin eosin, it is recommended to investigate the macrophagic cells by their soudanophilic properties on frozen sections, their ceroid like autofluorescent content by PAS and by paraldehyde fuchsin after oxidation. Eosinophils are constant in the thymus during the neonatal period. They result from a local eosinophilopoiesis. They are contrasted by chromotrope 2R or by anilin blue on ultraviolet light. Semi quantitative determination of cellular density and the importance of the macrophagic activity in the cortex are necessary to definite different stages of thymic atrophy. Anatomoclinical correlations demonstrate relations existing between different degrees of thymic atrophy and duration of illness.

Eosine Yellowish-(YS)↗

PubMed1984

The pineal gland of the horse. Morphological and histochemical results. (With notes on the donkey and mule pineal).

The horse pineal gland has been investigated by morphological and histochemical methods. Particular care has been given to the cellular types, to the eventual presence of neurosecretory activity and to the nature of the pigments. Even in the horse pineal, it is possible to distinguish two populations of pinealocytes, morphologically but not histochemically distinct. A great number of pinealocytes are positive for the Masson- Hamperl reaction, and for Gomori- Bargmann 's chromic haematoxylin-phloxine and Gomori's paraldehyde-fuchsin. Along the connective septa, many brown- blackish pigmented cells were present; their pigment was positive for the Lillie and the Masson-Fontana reactions for the determination of melanin pigment. Another type of pigmented cells, carrying a brown yellowish pigment of lipofuscin nature was present, particularly in older animals, along the connective septa.

Animals↗

PubMed1983

[Gilles de la Tourette's disease].

The case of a seventeen-year-old girl in whom typical particularly disabling Gilles de la Tourette syndrome had developed three years earlier is reported. The usual therapeutic agents (benzodiazepines, clomethiazole, paraldehyde, choline chloride) had proved totally or partially ineffective. Under 300 mg of tiapride per day given intramuscularly, the hyperkinesia and phonatory tics resolved rapidly. Conversion to a daily dosage of 900 mg of tiapride given orally ensured the permanence of this improvement and the patient was able to resume a nearly normal life.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

[Erythrocyte changes from the administration of excess doses of retinoids].

It has been shown that all-trans-methylretinoate, 13-cis-methyl retinoate and retinoid C15 administered intraperitoneally in the form of 0.05% solutions in excess doses reduce the red cell count, hemoglobin content, and osmotic resistance of red cells in C57Bl/6 mice. Administration of 13-cis-methylretinoate and retinoid C15 resulted in the increase of the number of cells uncapable to stain with paraldehyde fuchsin. Anemia induced by all-trans-methylretinoate in AKR mice was accompanied by erythropoiesis enhancement in the bone marrow.

Anemia↗