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PubMed2002

Pattern of articles published in the Ethiopian Medical Journal.

Five Hundred and Thirty Nine articles published between January 1984 and December 2000 in the Ethiopian Medical Journal were analysed to assess the research pattern and the citations of published articles. Hand-in-hand search of the journals and the Science Citation Index database were used. Majority (69%) of the articles were original articles. The median number of authors per article was 2 with a range of 9 (Maximum 10 and Minimum 1). Majority of first authors were affiliated to teaching institutions (69.6%). Foreign nationals were first authors in 19.9% and co-authors in 26.7% of the articles. Multiple authored articles [OR (95% CI) = 1.17 (1.03-1.33)], original articles [OR (95% CI) = 12.0 (4.43-32.48) and articles dealing with intestinal parasites [OR (95% CI) = 3.88 (1.24-12.08)] were more likely to be cited. Although, encouraging efforts were seen in addressing issues of public health importance in the last five years (1996-2000) of the study period, the findings of the study suggest that there is still a need to address them in a more vigorous way. It was also recommended efforts should be initiated to improve the citation of articles published by the Ethiopian Medical Journal and enhance the publication of editorials and brief communications.

Authorship↗

PubMed2002

Do paediatric research presentations at local meetings get published?

Accessibility of research done locally to clinicians remains limited unless it is in the published form. The publication rate of research presentations at the Annual Malaysian Paediatric Association, Perinatal Society of Malaysia and Academy of Medicine Malaysia in 1997 and 1998 was determined. One hundred and five (95.5%) of 110 research presentations were carried out in Malaysia. Thirty-seven (35.2%) presentations were published. University-affiliated institutions were more likely to publish their research presentations as compared to Ministry of Health hospitals (OR 3.1 95% CI 1.4-6.8, p < 0.01). There is a need to encourage publication of local research presentations. University-affiliated institutions performed better due to institution pressure for career advancement.

Group Processes↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The pattern of publishing previously rejected articles in selected journals.

Although it is important to medical school faculty that they publish articles, little has been done to study the process of submitting manuscripts to journals. Specifically, the authors of this study surveyed authors in nine journals read by family medicine teachers to see if their published articles previously had been rejected by other journals. Based on 517 responses from 541 authors (96% response rate), the authors learned that the New England Journal of Medicine had the highest "not previously rejected" rate of 98% and the Journal of the American Medical Association had the lowest rate of 68%. Overall, 11% of the articles published in the eight other journals in the study previously had been rejected by NEJM. It might be interesting for an author whose manuscript is rejected to know the rates of rejection and publication of various journals.

Family Practice↗

PubMed1985

Developing educational software for publisher vendors.

This article has provided the principles of CAI development, marketing strategies, information on getting started with CAI, and how to approach publisher vendors. Guidelines for software development proposals have been synthesized from major software publishers in nursing. There is a great demand for courseware that teaches critical thinking skills, problem solving, application, and analysis. Tutorials and simulations are much needed. Computer-assisted testing courseware will also be highly used by teachers at all levels in the future. Opportunity awaits the CAI author in the publishing arena!

Commerce↗

PubMed1986

The Association of American Publishers' Electronic Manuscript Project: a status report.

In July 1983, the Association of American Publishers (AAP) initiated the Electronic Manuscript Project, with the goal of an industry-wide standard and guidelines for electronic manuscript preparation. The project, viewed as a significant effort throughout the publishing and information communities, consists of six tasks designed to improve productivity and efficiency in publishing and to facilitate bibliographic processing.

Online Systems↗

PubMed1994

Instruments for assessing the quality of drug studies published in the medical literature.

OBJECTIVES: To develop valid and reliable instruments to assess the methodologic quality and clinical relevance of drug studies. DESIGN: We developed an instrument to assess the methodologic quality of articles reporting clinical research and an instrument to measure nonmethodologic measures of quality, such as clinical relevance, generalizability, and adherence to ethical standards. Each instrument was pretested by seven independent, masked reviewers and modified based on interrater agreement and content validity of individual items. We determined correlational validity of the final methodologic quality instrument by comparing quality scores assigned to 10 articles by means of our instrument and a previously published one. PARTICIPANTS: Clinical drug studies published in symposium proceedings and peer reviewed biomedical literature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Interrater reliability of overall quality scores, measured by intraclass correlation (r) and Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W), and interrater reliability of individual items, by percentage agreement. MAIN RESULTS: The interrater reliability of the pretest methodologic quality instrument was high (r = .89 [95% confidence interval, .73 to .96]; W = 0.64). Correlational validity of the final instrument was suggested by the high degree of concordance with another previously published one (W = 0.74). The interrater reliability of the pretest clinical relevance instrument was moderate (r = .41 [95% confidence interval, .18 to .64]; W = 0.47). Reviewers confirmed the content validity of both instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The two instruments we developed, one measuring methodologic quality and one measuring clinical relevance of articles reporting clinical research, are reliable, valid, and applicable to a variety of research designs.

Drug Evaluation↗

PubMed1996

[Medical publishing--dissemination of knowledge or personal promotion?].

Over time an evolution has taken place in the nature of medical publishing. From being more-or-less exclusively channels for professional information to clinicians, medical journals have become tools in the process of qualifying researchers. Bringing credits to authors has become one of the main tasks of scientific publishing. This evolution can be described as a shift from a main focus on the reader as the recipient of information (reader-orientation) to greater emphasis on the author, who gets merits for publishing scientific papers (author-orientation). The scientific community does not live up to the international guidelines, which require substantial contributions in order to obtain authorship credits. The result has been author inflation and honorary authorship. The concept of authorship has changed, which may imperil the integrity of the scientific article. Increasing consciousness and changing attitudes are needed among researchers, medical schools and granting agencies. A stricter and more traditional definition of authorship should be established.

Clinical Competence↗

PubMed1997

Successful publishing in nursing: debunking some common myths.

Myths can serve useful functions for a group or society. The myths related to success in publishing, however, do not seem to serve a useful function, and may operate as barriers or excuses that unnecessarily hinder success in publishing. In this article, some of the common myths associated with publishing in nursing are examined for their validity and for evidence of support for the myth in the literature.

Humans↗

PubMed1998

[Bibliometric indicators, subjects analysis and methodology of research published in Spain on epidemiology and public health care (1988-1992)].

BACKGROUND: To describe Spanish scientific output in epidemiology and public health through the bibliometric indexes utilization and with regard to subjects, design and statistical methods employed, as well as its appropriateness, importance and funding. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study over 594 originals published in Spanish medical journals and listed in the Spanish Medical Index (Indice Médico Español) during the 5 years period 1988-1992. RESULTS: The average autors by article was of 4.9 and the Lotka's index, for the authors that publish articles on the topic, was -2.92; 82% of the authors have a productivity index equal to zero. Almost 70% of the articles are signed by an isolated institution, being a hospital in 51% of the cases. The journal that publishes most articles on the topic is Medicina Clínica. The average references by article is about 24. The Price' index is 36.5% and the isolation' index is 36.2%. "The non AIDS infections", the descriptive designs and the lack of inferential statistics methods, characterize the content of the articles. Regarding to the criteria established by the study, more than half of the analyzed research (56.5%) was appropriate and almost a fourth (22%) could be considered that was about important topics. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning bibliometric indicators, research on epidemiology and public health in Spain does not seem to differ from other medical specialties. The epidemiology as scientific method is widely used over the medical specialties, something which could explain the wide dispersion of scientific literature on this topic. There seems to be a certain lack of agreement between the research topics and the real health problems of Spain.

Epidemiology↗

PubMed2000

The journal of pathology publishes faster on EarlyView

Original papers accepted by The Journal of Pathology are now published online via EarlyView once proofs have been approved by authors. Readers can therefore view papers before they are compiled into a print issue. Authors can cite the EarlyView version of the paper as published online and by using the paper's DOI (digital object identifier). Papers can therefore be read and cited in a shorter time frame, enabling faster publication for authors and a faster response to published work. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Research trends in human osteology: a content analysis of papers published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

This paper explores recent research trends in human osteology, based on articles published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology (AJPA) during two 5-year intervals: 1980--1984 and 1996--2000. Topical "visibility" is measured in terms of article counts; "impact" is estimated through citation indices. Our results indicate that human osteologists continue to publish a range of methodological, analytical, and descriptive research papers that address a broad array of subjects. Analytical articles are cited more frequently than descriptive articles and thus have higher impact, reflecting the discipline's continued commitment to problem-oriented research. Differences in publication patterns exist between scholars during early and later stages of their careers. Articles published by students and Ph.D.s within 2 years of their doctoral degree are more frequently descriptive than analytical, when compared to people with longer career histories. Topics such as pathology, forensic anthropology, and biodistance modeling remain highly visible, while articles on the dentition have waned. An increase in functional research directed toward the postcranial skeleton is also reflected in our data. While continued visibility for morphological investigations is apparent, the impact of recently developed applications in bone chemistry and molecular anthropology is amply documented in our data, particularly during the more recent survey years.

Anthropology, Physical↗

PubMed1992

Use of short-term efficacy/toxicity tradeoffs to select second-line drugs in rheumatoid arthritis. A metaanalysis of published clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: Preferred drugs for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) should be those that have maximal efficacy with the least toxicity. We evaluated the efficacy and toxicity tradeoffs for drugs frequently used in the treatment of RA. METHODS: We updated 2 metaanalyses of published clinical trials, by adding trials published through 1990 and trials of azathioprine (AZA). We tested 3 different definitions of efficacy, each plotted against 3 different toxicity measures, for antimalarial drugs, methotrexate (MTX), auranofin, injectable gold, D-penicillamine, sulfasalazine (SSZ), AZA, and placebo. Efficacy measures included composite efficacy (a combination of joint count, grip strength, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate), tender joint count alone, and a measure based on how many patients dropped out due to inefficacy. Toxicity measures were the proportion dropping out due to toxicity, the same dropouts with side effects weighted for severity using a modification of a published toxicity index, and the proportion with severe toxicities (defined as a score of at least 7 of 10 on the toxicity index). The latter were usually organ toxicities (e.g., cytopenias and renal involvement). RESULTS: All 9 efficacy/toxicity tradeoff plots suggested that MTX and antimalarial drugs had the highest efficacy relative to toxicity. MTX scored among the most efficacious of the drugs and, of these, had the least toxicity. Antimalarial drugs, though showing only moderate efficacy, had the lowest toxicity rate of all the drugs. SSZ scored close to MTX but was, in general, slightly more toxic. CONCLUSION: In the short-term context of clinical trials, antimalarial drugs and MTX have the best efficacy/toxicity tradeoffs and may, therefore, be the preferred drugs.

Antimalarials↗

PubMed1997

A summary of economic evaluations published in the field of rheumatology and related disciplines.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between the effectiveness of health care interventions and their costs is of increasing interest. The goal of the present study was to summarize the economic evaluations (EEs) published in the field of rheumatology and related disciplines, and to focus in particular on methodologic issues. METHODS: MEDLINE was searched in order to identify all relevant EEs published between 1966 and February 1995. Titles and abstracts of 1,435 articles were retrieved and independently reviewed by 2 assessors. Overall, 63 articles were identified by either assessor as being definite or possible full EEs (defined as an analysis comparing 2 or more strategies involving the assessment of both costs and consequences), and were assessed independently. RESULTS: Thirty-six articles were determined to be full EEs (33 cost-effectiveness and 3 cost-utility analyses). Most were published in the periods 1984-1990 (31%) and 1991-1995 (61%). Main areas covered were methods of prevention (44%), treatment (31%), and treatment-prevention (22%). Disorders most frequently studied were osteoarthritis (36%), osteoporosis (22%), and rheumatoid arthritis (14%). Direct and indirect costs were measured or estimated in 100% and 28% of the EEs, respectively. The viewpoint of the analysis was stated explicitly in 12 studies (33%). Incremental and sensitivity analyses were presented in 17 (47%) and 23 (64%), respectively. Inadequate use of economic terms was also documented. CONCLUSION: The EE articles reviewed adhered partially to basic analytic methods. Economic evaluations in the field of rheumatology need to be improved to comply with current standards for the evaluation of health care interventions.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1998

Distributing working versions of published mathematical models for biological systems via the Internet.

Mathematical models are useful tools for investigating complex systems. By representing physiological systems as models, theories can be tested quantitatively against data from the system. Models can be used to explore new theories prior to experimentation and to design studies to optimize experimental resources. They can also be used as teaching tools to illustrate physiochemical principles. In spite of their usefulness and the time invested in developing models, published models are often underused due to the difficulty in obtaining working versions of the model. To address this problem we have designed a library for mathematical models of biological systems on the Internet. The library contains published models of biological systems in formats compatible with several modeling packages, from the fields of physiology, metabolism, endocrinology, biochemistry, and chemistry. The models can be viewed graphically, model solutions can be viewed as plots against data, and models can be downloaded to be run with software on the user's own system. The address of the library is: http://biomodel.georgetown.edu/model/ Investigators are invited to submit working versions of published models to the library. Models can be submitted electronically at the time a manuscript is accepted for publication. As journals go online, articles containing models can be linked to working versions of the models in the library. By increasing access to working versions of models, more of the investment in kinetic studies and model development can be realized.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1995

Changes in study design, gender issues, and other characteristics of clinical research published in three major medical journals from 1971 to 1991.

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in study design and other characteristics of original research published in JAMA, Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) between 1971 and 1991. DESIGN: A retrospective cross-sectional study of original clinical research published in JAMA, Lancet, and NEJM during 1971, 1981, and 1991. MEASUREMENTS: Four hundred forty-four articles were independently reviewed by at least two investigators and classified according to study design and other preselected study characteristics. Changes over time were analyzed by chi-square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance for continuous variables. MAIN RESULTS: Clinical results doubled, from 17% of all articles in 1971 to 35% in 1991 (p < 0.004), while case series decreased from 30% to 4% (p < 0.0001). Of 118 clinical trials, randomized controlled trials increased from 31% to 76% (p < 0.003) and nonrandomized controlled trials decreased from 42% to 8% (p < 0.002). Multicenter studies increased from 10% to 39% (p < 0.0001) and the prevalence of health services research increased from none in 1971 to 12% in 1991 (p < 0.001). The proportion of the studies explicitly excluding women from the subject population decreased from 11% in 1971 to 3% in 1991 (p < 0.03). In 1991 7% of the studies were composed entirely of men subjects, while only 0.7% of the studies were specific to men's health. Twelve percent of the studies in 1991 were specific to women's health. Between 1971 and 1991 there was no change in the prevalence of women first authors or studies addressing women's or minorities' health issues. CONCLUSIONS: Several important changes in clinical research studies published in JAMA, Lancet, and NEJM have taken place between 1971 and 1991. Clinical trials have increased in frequency, largely replacing studies containing ten or fewer subjects. Health services research has increased in prevalence, reflecting growing interest in studies addressing the delivery of health care. Our data support the hypothesis that exclusion of women from clinical research studies is an important contributor to the paucity of data concerning women's health.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed2002

An evaluation of selected herbal reference texts and comparison to published reports of adverse herbal events.

OBJECTIVE: There has been a recent proliferation of medical reference texts intended to guide practitioners whose patients use herbal therapies. We systematically assessed six herbal reference texts to evaluate the information they contain on herbal toxicity. METHODS: We selected six major herbal references published from 1996 to 2000 to evaluate the adequacy of their toxicological information in light of published adverse events. To identify herbs most relevant to toxicology, we reviewed herbal-related calls to our regional California Poison Control System, San Francisco division (CPCS-SF) in 1998 and identified the 12 herbs (defined as botanical dietary supplements) most frequently involved in these CPCS-SF referrals. We searched Medline (1966 to 2000) to identify published reports of adverse effects potentially related to these same 12 herbs. We scored each herbal reference text on the basis of information inclusiveness for the target 12 herbs, with a maximal overall score of 3. RESULTS: The herbs, identified on the basis of CPCS-SF call frequency were: St John's wort, ma huang, echinacea, guarana, ginkgo, ginseng, valerian, tea tree oil, goldenseal, arnica, yohimbe and kava kava. The overall herbal reference scores ranged from 2.2 to 0.4 (median 1.1). The Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database received the highest overall score and was the most complete and useful reference source. All of the references, however, lacked sufficient information on management of herbal medicine overdose, and several had incorrect overdose management guidelines that could negatively impact patient care. CONCLUSION: Current herbal reference texts do not contain sufficient information for the assessment and management of adverse health effects of botanical therapies.

Drug Evaluation↗

PubMed2025

A Qualitative Study of the Roles and Responsibilities of Academic and Journalistic Publishing in Social and Behavioral Genomics.

The conduct and translation of scientific research is shaped by academic and journalistic publishing. Academic journals issue editorial guidelines and policies that inform how researchers shape and present their studies. Journalists select and report on academic studies for public audiences. Despite the potential importance of journal editors and journalists in the scientific process, little has been done to examine how these groups think about their roles and responsibilities-especially when it comes to ethically sensitive scientific domains like social and behavioral genomics (SBG): the study of whether and how genetic differences between individuals correlate with differences in behaviors such as aggression and outcomes such as educational attainment. To begin filling this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with editors working at academic journals that publish SBG research (n = 10) and journalists who have reported on SBG studies (n = 13). Journal editors largely saw themselves as mediators between authors and peer reviewers who help to shepherd along research. Journalists frequently described themselves as translators of science for wide audiences; at times they also saw themselves as interrogators of science. While both groups considered SBG especially ethically sensitive and prone to risks such as misinterpretation, many expressed that systematic ethical review processes and guidelines for SBG are lacking. Further, many deferred the ethical responsibility to minimize risks associated with SBG to others. Our findings highlight the need for more explicit frameworks in academic and journalistic publishing to support the ethically responsible conduct and communication of SBG.

ELSI↗

PubMed1996

Design issues addressed in published evaluations of adolescent HIV-risk reduction interventions: a review.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine: (1) issues in intervention design that have been addressed in behavioral interventions targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-risk behaviors among adolescents; (2) specific choices made in intervention design; (3) historic changes in the likelihood that issues in intervention design will be addressed; and (4) if an association exists between quality of evaluation design and the number of intervention design issues addressed. DESIGN: Literature search employing five electronic databases and 11 journals for articles published from January 1983 through December 1993 reporting evaluations of adolescent HIV-risk reduction interventions. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: The frequency with which 12 issues in intervention design were addressed: basing the intervention on a theory of behavioral change; specifying a target population; involving the targeted community in the formulation of the intervention; addressing developmental issues; providing facts; strengthening interpersonal skills; describing the media (format) for delivering the intervention; specifying potentially relevant characteristics of the interventionists; describing the duration of the intervention; providing boosters; pilot testing the intervention; and including other potentially augmentative elements. RESULTS: Twenty-eight published intervention articles were included in these analyses. The median number of intervention design issues addressed in any study was six (range three to nine), although this number increased significantly over time (p < .01). There was substantial variability in the frequency with which each individual design issue was addressed, with some design issues (e.g., inclusion of specific facts and the description of the channel employed) being addressed in all studies. Other design issues were addressed in less than one-quarter of studies [e.g., basing the intervention on a theory of behavioral change (18%) and addressing developmental issues (21%)]. The targeted community was involved in one-third of studies. More recent studies and studies employing a randomized evaluation design with both preintervention and postintervention assessments addressed more intervention design issues than did earlier studies and studies employing other evaluation designs (p = .01 and p = .03, respectively). CONCLUSION: The majority of published adolescent HIV-risk reduction studies have not addressed important issues in intervention design. However, more recent studies and studies employing a strong evaluation design have addressed a greater number of these issues. Frameworks to guide intervention efforts (e.g., to serve as "practice guidelines") are needed to allow for both accurate replication and meaningful comparison of differing intervention approaches.

Adolescent↗