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PubMed2006

Structures and serology of the O-antigens of Proteus strains classified into serogroup O17 and former serogroup O35.

INTRODUCTION: Bacteria of the genus Proteus are facultative pathogens which commonly cause urinary tract infections. Based on the serological specificity of the O-chain polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide (O-polysaccharide, O-antigen), strains of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris have been classified into 60 serogroups. Studies on the chemical structure and serological specificity of the O-antigens aim at the elucidation of the molecular basis and improvement of the serological classification of these bacteria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The O-polysaccharide was prepared by acetic acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide isolated from dried bacterial mass of each strain by hot phenol/water extraction. (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy was used for structural studies. Serological studies were performed with rabbit O-antisera using enzyme immunosorbent assay, passive hemolysis test, and the inhibition of reactions in these assays as well DOC-PAGE and Western blot. RESULTS: Four Proteus strains belonging to serogroups O17 and O35 were found to possess similar O-polysaccharide structures, in particular having the same carbohydrate backbone built up of tetrasaccharide repeating units. However, they differ in the presence or absence of additional substituents, such as phosphoethanolamine in P. mirabilis O17 and glucose in P. penneri O17, as well as in the pattern and degree of O-acetylation of various monosaccharide residues. Serological studies also showed close relationships between the O-antigens studied. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these data it is proposed to reclassify strain P. mirabilis PrK 61/57, formerly representing the O35 serogroup, into the serogroup O17 in the Kauffman-Perch classification system of Proteus.

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed2003

Structure of the O-polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O44: a new O-antigen that contains an amide of D-glucuronic acid with L-alanine.

The O-polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris O44, strain PrK 67/57 was studied by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including 2D COSY, TOCSY, ROESY, H-detected 1H, 13C HMQC, HMQC-TOCSY and HMBC experiments. The polysaccharide was found to contain an amide of D-glucuronic acid with L-alanine [D-GlcA6(L-Ala)], and the following structure of the linear pentasaccharide repeating unit was established: [structure: see text]. The structural data of the O-polysaccharide and the results of serological studies with P. vulgaris O44 O-antiserum showed that the strain studied is unique among Proteus bacteria, which is in agreement with its classification in a separate Proteus serogroup, O44.

Acetylgalactosamine↗
PubMed1997

Structures of the O-antigens of Proteus bacilli belonging to OX group (serogroups O1-O3) used in Weil-Felix test.

Structures of the O-specific polysaccharide chains of lipopolysaccharides from Proteus group OX strains (serogroups O1-O3) used as antigens in Weil-Felix test for diagnosis of rickettsiosis, were established. From them, the acid-labile polysaccharide of Proteus vulgaris OX19 (O1) is built up of the following branched pentasaccharide repeating units connected via a phosphate group: [structure in text] where QuiNAc stands for 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxyglucose (N-acetylquinovosamine). The basis of serospecificity of the Proteus group OX antigens and their cross-reactivity with human anti-rickettsial antibodies is discussed.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1999

Evidence that patients with rheumatoid arthritis have asymptomatic 'non-significant' Proteus mirabilis bacteriuria more frequently than healthy controls.

OBJECTIVES: patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are reported to have in their sera raised levels of antibody specific to Proteus mirabilis. The aim of the study was to verify this and to determine an explanation for it by investigating the frequency of P. mirabilis urinary tract infection in RA patients and matched controls. METHODS: freshly voided urine was examined for the presence, number and identity of infecting bacteria. The levels of antibody in blood and in urine of the IgM, IgA and IgG classes to the common O serotypes of P. mirabilis and the antigens to which they reacted were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunoblotting. RESULTS: analysis of urine from 76 patients with RA and 48 age- and gender-matched healthy controls showed that only two (4%) of the control urines but 25 (33%) of those from the RA patients were infected. The commonest infecting organism in the RA patients' urine was Proteus mirabilis which occurred twice as frequently as Escherichia coli. Proteus mirabilis was found in 52% of the infected urines of the RA patients and was always detected as a pure growth and usually in insignificant (< 10(4)/ml) numbers. It is highly improbable that this finding was the outcome of differences in age, physical ability or medication between the RA and control patient groups. Comparison of antibody levels to P. mirabilis by ELISA showed RA patients had raised (P < 0.0001, P = 0.001, P = 0.0063) levels of IgA, IgG and IgM respectively in their sera and raised (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001, P = 0.0001) levels of IgG, IgM and IgA respectively in their urine compared with the control group. It was not possible to detect an antibody reacting to a P. mirabilis antigen that was specific to the RA patients. CONCLUSION: the results confirm that RA patients have raised levels of antibody to P. mirabilis not only in blood but also in urine and suggest that this arises because RA patients have an asymptomatic, non-significant P. mirabilis bacteriuria more frequently or more prolonged than control patients. This may be the trigger for their RA condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Temperature sensitive R plasmids isolated from Proteus strains.

Out of 32 R plasmids isolated from Proteus strains, 17 were found to be temperature sensitive with respect to inheritance in E. coli cells. They were fi- and classified into incompatibility group T or V. Cells carrying T group Rms273 plasmid were temperature sensitive with respect to growth and conjugal transfer in both E. coli and Proteus. The V group YOR-10 plasmid was stable in Proteus even at 42 C. However, the loss frequency of YOR-10 plasmid in E. coli reached 100% after 4 hr of incubation at 42 C, in spite of stable inheritance at 25 C. Conjugal transfer of the YOR-10 plasmid in E. coli was also strongly inhibited at 42 C. It has been concluded that instability of V group R plasmids in E. coli is due to their thermosensitive inheritance in the progeny cells at high temperatures.

Escherichia coli↗
PubMed1991

Typing of Proteus mirabilis from clinical sources by computerized analysis of electrophoretic protein patterns.

Seventy-five strains of Proteus mirabilis (mainly of human origin) were characterized by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE of cellular proteins. The strains came from various countries; 24 were from urine, 17 from faeces (including one from a dog and one from a monkey), 12 from the respiratory tract (including nine from sputum), four from a cerebral abscess, 12 from miscellaneous sources and six from unknown sources. The protein patterns, which contained 45 to 50 discrete bands, were highly reproducible. The patterns of the 75 P. mirabilis cultures plus those of the type strains of six Proteus and Providencia species were used as the basis for two numerical analyses. In the first, which included all the protein bands, the P. mirabilis cultures formed nine clusters at the 85% S level. In the second analysis, in which the principal protein bands (in the 34.0-44.6 kDa range) were excluded, 74 of the 75 cultures of P. mirabilis formed a single cluster at the 77% S level distinct from the six Proteus and Providencia reference strains. The P. mirabilis strain which failed to cluster with the others had a background band pattern typical of the species in the lower molecular weight region but appeared to be less typical in the heavier bands. It is concluded that high resolution PAGE combined with computerized analysis of protein patterns provides the basis for typing clinical strains of P. mirabilis. Reference strains of each of the nine PAGE types identified are available from NCTC for inclusion in future studies.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Urinary tract infections caused by Proteus mirabilis in children. The antibody response to O and H antigens and Tamm-Horsfall protein and bacterial adherence to uro-epithelium.

Sera from seven girls with acute symptomatic pyelonephritis and nine children with acute symptomatic cystitis caused by Proteus mirabilis were analysed for antibodies against the bacterial O and H1 antigens and the Tamm-Horsfall protein. An increase in antibody levels against O antigen and Tamm-Horsfall protein was noted only in patients with acute pyelonephritis indicating that antibody determinations can be useful in differentiating between upper and lower urinary tract infection caused by Proteus in similarity to those caused by E. coli. In contrast no difference in adhesive ability was noted comparing Proteus strains causing acute pyelonephritis or cystitis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1994

Proteus mirabilis fimbriae: construction of an isogenic pmfA mutant and analysis of virulence in a CBA mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection.

Proteus mirabilis, a cause of urinary tract infection and acute pyelonephritis, produces a number of different fimbriae. An isogenic fimbrial mutant of P. mirabilis HI4320 was constructed by marker exchange with delta pmfA::aphA to determine the role of the P. mirabilis fimbriae (PMF) in hemagglutination and in virulence in the CBA mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection. The pmfA mutant, which did not express the 19,500-Da major subunit of PMF, colonized the bladders of transurethrally challenged CBA mice (n = 20 in each group) in numbers 83-fold lower than those of the wild-type strain (mutant, log10 4.87 CFU/g; wild-type strain, log10 6.79 CFU/g; P = 0.023). However, the mutant colonized the kidneys in numbers similar to those of the wild-type strain. Hemagglutination patterns of the mutant ruled out the involvement of PMF in both mannose-resistant, Proteus-like and mannose-resistant, Klebsiella-like hemagglutination. Similarly, PMF does not appear to be involved in adherence to uroepithelial cells (UEC), since the mutant was as adherent as the wild-type strain (mutant, 14.1 +/- 11.7 mean bacteria per UEC, 60% of UEC with > or = 10 bacteria; wild-type strain, 18.1 +/- 16.2 mean bacteria per UEC, 68% of UEC with > or = 10 bacteria; not significantly different). These data suggest a role for PMF in colonization of the bladder but not in colonization of kidney tissue. PMF appear not to be responsible for mannose-resistant, Proteus-like or mannose-resistant, Klebsiella-like hemagglutination.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of the pH and the urine infected by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis on chromic catgut, polyglycolic acid and polyglactin 910: study in vitro.

In order to study the effects of the pH and the urine infected by Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis on chromic catgut, polyglycolic acid (PGA) and polyglactin 910 (P910), we divided the experiment into three steps. In the first step, the behavior of suture material immersed in sterile urine, urine infected by E. coli and urine infected by P. mirabilis and in culture environment infected by P. mirabilis was studied. The physical features were observed continuously up to the 6th day. In the second step, every element of the urea-splitting reaction was isolatedly studied , without the presence of bacterial agents. And in the last step, that reaction was mimetized in sterile environments and in environments with acid and alkaline pH. While the chromic catgut was kept integral in all the environments, the PGA and the P910 dissolved in urine infected by Proteus, which was caused by the ammonia resulting from the urea-splitting reaction. This dissolution was also observed in sterile environment (mimetization of the urea-splitting reaction by urease, with no Proteus). The destruction of the sutures was not influenced by the pH variance.

Catgut↗
PubMed1975

[Effect of carbenicillin and its combination with prodigiozan and lysozyme on the course of an experimental inflammatory process of Proteus etiology].

Biological properties of 142 Proteus strains isolated from patients were studied. Sensitivity of Proteus to II antibiotics was tested. The isolates were resistant to most of the antibiotics. The highest number of the isolates was sensitive to ampicillin (77.1 minus or plus 7.16) and especially to carbenicillin (82.6 plus or minus 6.16). This provided the use of carbenicillin for the treatment of experimental septicemia in albino mice and wound processes in rabbits with Proteus complications. The high therapeutic effect of the antibiotic was shown in experiments with 210 albino mice and 44 rabbits. The therapeutic effect of carbenicillin increased when it was used in combination with prodigiozan and especially in combination with prodigiozan and lysozyme.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Sensitivity of clinical Proteus strains to antibiotics and their combinations].

In 1976 isolation of Proteus from wounds of patients with various purulent processes amounted to 14.5 per cent. Serotypes 0-10, 0-3 and H-3 predominated among the isolates. Sensitivity of 35 clinical strains of Proteus to 10 antibiotics, furagin and nevigramone was studied by the method of serial dilutions in liquid media. All the isolates were highly resistant to the antibiotics except gentamicin, furagin and nevigramone, the MIC of which for most of the strains was 3.12, 1.6-3.12 and 6.25-12.5 gamma/ml, respectively. The effect of 14 combinations of chemotherapeutics was also studied. The combinations of gentamicin with carbenicillin, gentamicin with ampicillin and monomycin with ampicillin proved to be most effective against the Proteus strains tested. The following combinations may be of practical value: monomycin + carbenicillin, kanamycin + ampicillin, kanamycin + carbenicillin, ampicillin + furagin, gentamicin + nevigramone. The combinations of carbenicillin with furagin and gentamicin with furagin were also rational.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1984

[Resistance to antibiotics of Proteus strains from various sources].

To show the distribution level of antibiotic resistant strains of Proteus and determine the identity of the strains of different origin, i.e. those isolated from humans, animals and environment, the sensitivity of 1084 strains of P. mirabilis and P. vulgaris to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, monomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin, gentamicin and rondomycin was studied with the method of serial dilutions in agar. 964 of them belonged to 28 O-antigen serogroups. Comparative analysis of the data showed that the strains resistant to the above antibiotics were present in all the Proteus groups studied. However, their frequency was different and depended on the antibiotic type and the serological group and origin of the strain. All the strains were resistant to chloramphenicol, while the number of the strains resistant to gentamicin was minimum and did not depend on their origin. The frequency of the rondomycin resistant strains among the isolates from the environment of the agricultural farms was significantly lower. The frequency of the strains resistant to kanamycin, streptomycin and monomycin was significantly higher among the isolates from humans. The difference in the Proteus strains of serogroups 03 and 041, as well as the other serogroups by the detection frequency and resistance to some antibiotics and the portion of the strains of the 4 resistant types or spectra was shown to be significant.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

[Serodiagnosis and the immunological aspects of Proteus infection. IV. Serum antibody level and the pathomorphological and bacteriological indices in experimental mixed and monoinfections of the urinary tract].

In developing the serodiagnosis of the Proteus infection of the urinary tract experimental hematogenic Proteus or Proteus-Escherichia pyelonephritis was reproduced. In this infection the time course, level and avidity of serum antibodies correlated with the isolation of the causative agents from urine samples used as seed material and with histological changes in the kidneys. The serological tests revealed high titres of H-antibodies and the presence of O-antibodies, while in cases of bacteriuria not accompanied by kidney lesions only H-antibodies in low titers were detected. The results obtained in the study of immune shifts can be used for etiological diagnosis and more exact localization of the pathological process in the urinary system.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Protective properties of antigenic complexes of Proteus].

To determine the possibility of the specific therapy and prevention of Proteus infection, the protective activity of antigenic complexes extracted from Pr. mirabilis cells by various methods was studied. Immunization of mice with these antigens rendered the animals resistant to challenge with a virulent Proteus strain, and the therapeutic injection of the antigens alleviated the infectious process developing as a result of intradermal infection. The blood sera of the treated rabbits acquired capacity of protecting mice from the Proteus infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Spontaneous proteus nephritis among male C3H/HeJ mice.

The spontaneous occurrence of nephritis and resultant mortality was investigated among 2,836 control or treated (dermal carcinogenesis bioassays) C3H/HeJ male mice. Overall incidence of nephritis putatively caused by Proteus mirabilis was 1.2%. Incidences were similar in control and treated mice and ranged from 2.5--32.5% among 73 unrelated treatment or control groups. Diagnosis was based upon characteristic gross or histologic renal lesions. Grossly affected kidneys contained either multiple, discrete tan foci or elevated pale tan patches. Histologic renal lesions consisted of a multifocal necropurulent nephritis with numerous gram negative bacteria present in affected tubules. Necrotizing pyelitis and papillitis usually was present, an necropurulent cystitis was present in half of the cases examined histologically. Proteus mirabilis, isolated in pure culture from an affected kidney, produced similar renal lesions after intraperitoneal or intravenous inoculation of clinically normal C3H/HeJ males. The organism was reisolated from the kidneys of the experimentally produced cases. It was concluded that nephritis putatively caused by Proteus mirabilis was an important cause of mortality in male C3H/HeJ mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Biochemical differentiation of proteus strains from various clinical materials].

The material consisted of 729 strain of Proteus isolated from clinical samples in three microbiological laboratories of city of Lódź region. Our of these strains, 466 were Proteus mirabilis, and remaining represented: P. penneri-13 strains, P. vulgaris (II biogroup)-56 and 54 strains which were not classifiable on the basis of biochemical properties and scheme elaborated by Hickman et al. for biogroups of P. vulgaris. The authors indicate feasibility of differentiation of P. vulgaris basing on biochemical tests as a supplementary method to other tests of intracellular differentiation of Proteus.

Fermentation↗
PubMed2001

The multifaceted challenges of Proteus syndrome.

Proteus syndrome is a rare and sporadic disorder that causes postnatal overgrowth of multiple tissues in a mosaic pattern. The overgrowth can involve skin, subcutaneous tissue, connective tissue (including bone), the central nervous system, and viscera. Complications of Proteus syndrome include, among others, progressive skeletal deformities, invasive lipomas, benign and malignant tumors, and deep venous thrombosis with pulmonary embolism. Care of patients with Proteus syndrome presents significant challenges to both physicians and parents because of the various medical as well as psychosocial consequences of the disease. Herein, the case of a 5-year-old patient who manifested a number of these complications is presented. Current knowledge about the diagnosis, natural history, etiology, and management of the disorder is reviewed.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1999

Proteus syndrome: diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and patient evaluation.

Proteus syndrome is a complex disorder comprising malformations and overgrowth of multiple tissues. The disorder is highly variable and appears to affect patients in a mosaic manner. This intrinsic variability has led to diagnostic confusion associated with a dearth of longitudinal data on the natural history of Proteus syndrome. To clarify some of these issues, a workshop on Proteus syndrome was held in March 1998 at the National Institutes of Health, and participants developed recommendations for diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, and guidelines for the evaluation of patients. This is a review of those recommendations.

Diagnosis, Differential↗