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PubMedDate not supplied

[Medical student curriculum in psychiatry in Poland].

The author describes present medical student curricula in psychiatry in Polish medical schools based on the questionnaire sent to all the lecturers of the subject in Poland. The questionnaire contained questions concerning the schedule of lectures, seminars and classes (the list of topics) as well as the number of hours of the forms of activities like interpersonal training, discussion groups, internship, etc. We also asked on which year of studies the course in psychiatry took place. The questionnaire included our request to describe the level of integration of psychiatry and other pre-clinical and clinical subjects as well as to enclose a recommended reading list (handbooks and other items of literature). The last question dealt with the problem of assessment of lectures and classes by students. The results of the questionnaire reveal great differences in the curricula of psychiatry in various schools in Poland. The differences lie both in the courses and the number of hours devoted to teaching psychiatry (in most schools it was 120 hours or less). In 7 schools students learn psychiatry in the 6th i.e. the last year of their studies. In 2 schools lectures in psychiatry are given in the th year. In Kraków and Gdańsk the courses in psychiatry consist of 150 and 160 hours respectively. The author proposes unification of the curricula in psychiatry concerning both the number of hours of classes and lectures, and topics as well as introducing the diagnostic and classifying criteria ICD-10 (WHO) since Poland is going to join EU.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1999

[Use of WARD et al's scheme for bacteriophage typing of Salmonella enteritidis strains isolated in Poland].

The typing phages set of Ward et al. was used to type a total of 517 strains of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated in Poland in 1986-1995. According to the Ward et al. scheme, 56.5% of the strains tested were assigned to 14 different phage types. Phage types 8, 4, 1 and 4a were placed first, second, third and fourth, respectively. They were dominated both in the outbreak isolates and in the isolates from the other sources. Ten phage types were represented by single strains. Other strains reacted with phages without showing any of the designated phage type (37.1%) or were untypable (6.4%). The Ward et al. scheme seems to demonstrate not enough high degree of strain discrimination for Salmonella Enteritidis isolates in Poland. It seems that the Ward et al. scheme is not enough useful for the epidemiological investigations of Salmonella Enteritidis in Poland.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed2000

Bone marrow and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Poland.

The concise history of BMT development, from experimental studies to clinical practice, is presented. Bone marrow transplantation has been performed in Poland for more than ten years, starting with a few to almost 500 procedures up to 1999. The above was accomplished thanks to successive founding of the 14 active BMT centers throughout Poland, which presently perform from 10 to 130 BMTs per annum (mean 34). About 70% of the above number are autologous BMTs, the remaining are allogeneic BMTs from HLA compatible sibling donors and recently from compatible unrelated donors (URD). During the last few years there is an increasing trend in the number of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations derived from peripheral blood (PBSCT), not only in patients with leukaemias and malignant lymphomas, but also in patients with solid tumors. The BMT results achieved in Poland correspond to results obtained worldwide. In relation to other European countries there are less BMT teams (about 50%) and less BMT procedures (also about 50%) performed per annum (according to EBMT data calculated per 10 million inhabitants). Thanks to the financial support of the Polish Ministry of Health more and more patients are qualified for high dose chemotherapy, increasing their chances for long term disease free survival and, eventually, for cure.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Poland's syndrome in one identical twin.

Female twins were evaluated at the Shriners Hospital in Lexington, Kentucky. One twin was normal, and the other twin had the classic findings of Poland's syndrome, manifested by absence of the pectoralis major and symbrachydactyly of the right upper extremity. Buccal smears from each child were submitted for DNA testing. The test confirmed monozygosity with 99.9% probability. Some previous reports have stated that Poland's syndrome is an autosomal dominant, genetically determined trait, whereas others have maintained that there is no genetic association. The original case described by Poland in 1841 was his cadaver, and no family history was reported. This twin study provides strong evidence that the condition is not determined by gene transmission.

Diseases in Twins↗
PubMed1999

[Epidemiology of cerebral stroke in Poland].

In Poland the annual incidence of cerebral stroke is 60,000 and half these patients die within one year, while the remaining one-half has permanent consequences of central nervous system damage. The incidence of stroke is in Poland similar to that in other European countries /the incidence rate is 177/100,000 in males and 125/100,000 in females/ but the death rate of 106/100,000 in males and 79/100,000 in females is among the highest in Europe. One of the main causes of this high death rate is the high mortality in early phase of stroke. On the basis of prospective epidemiological studies of the population in a district of Warsaw it was shown that extracerebral complication were one of the main causes of death in stroke patients. The analysis of the results of these studies served for construction of a model of independent factors increasing the risk of early death after stroke. These factors include age, stroke type, intensity of neurological signs and coexistence of other diseases. In Poland the high prevalence of the risk factors for vascular diseases and frequent coexistence of heart diseases are among the main causes of the high death rate in stroke. Cardiovascular diseases in stroke patients affect both the early and the late mortality through increasing the risk of systemic complication and second stroke.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Search for enterotoxin gene in Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from clinical specimens in Poland, Great Britain, The Netherlands and France.

BACKGROUND: Bacteroides fragilis is a member of normal human flora and well known pathogenic agent. This bacterium produces many virulence factors. In 1984 new virulence factor--enterotoxin was described. The aim of the study was to search for enterotoxin gene in B. fragilis strains isolated from clinical specimens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Strains isolated in Poland, Great Britain, France and the Netherlands were cultured on BBE medium. For DNA isolation Genomic DNA PREP PLUS isolation kit manufactured by A&A Biotechnology (Poland) was used. In order to detect enterotoxin (fragilysin) gene, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied utilizing the following primers: 404 (GAG CGG AAG ACG GTG TAT GTG ATT TGT) and 407 (TGC TCA GCG CCC AGT ATA TGA CCT AGT). DNA obtained from bacterial cells was amplified in thermocycler Techne. The amplification products were detected by the electrophoresis in 1% agarose gel. RESULTS: Among 65 investigated B. fragilis strains, the enterotoxin gene was detected in DNA isolated from 12 strains. CONCLUSION: The enterotoxin producing B. fragilis strains were detected among strains isolated from different clinical specimens in Poland, Great Britain, the Netherlands and France.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed2001

Practices of prescribing oral contraceptives in Poland.

We developed and performed a survey on practices of prescribing oral contraceptives in Poland. The survey was carried out in Warsaw, the capital city of Poland and one of the most important areas of the country (approximately 4 million inhabitants). The main aim of the study was to recognize the rationale and practices of prescribing oral contraceptives by gynecologists in Poland (oral contraceptives are prescribed mostly by gynecologists, not by general practitioners or midwives). The questions were sent to all members of Warsaw's Association of Gynecologists, but we have received back only 276 answers (79% of the total number of members) and the responses are presented here. The responses revealed that the most popular oral contraceptives are those modern formulations combining low doses of ethinylestradiol and progestogens such as norgestimate, desogestrel, gestodene and levonorgestrel. For gynecologists, the most important factors in the selection of an oral contraceptive were the dose of hormones (20.3%), the formulation (18.5%), tolerance by patients (23.5%) and past clinical experience with the formulation (9.4%). The price was most important for 3.7%, and good marketing practices were most important for 8.3% of the gynecologists.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Risk of exposure to house dust pyroglyphid mites in Poland.

During the period of 1989-2000, 335 house dust samples were collected from dwellings at 27 different localities in Poland. Mite allergen exposure was measured in house dust samples collected by performing of mite taxa determination and measuring of the mite allergen levels by a semiquantitative guanine method (Acarex(R) test). Mites were found in 158 of the samples examined (47.2%). A total 3,714 mites were isolated and 15 species identified, including four species from the family Pyroglyphidae (house dust mites). Among them, Dermatophagoides farinae (DF) was predominant (approximately 67% of the total count), followed by D. pteronyssinus (DP) (17.6%) and Euroglyphus maynei (EM) (1.6%). Hirstia chelidonis (HCh) was found for the first time in house dust samples in Poland. DF was predominant in Iwonicz-Zdroj (96.6%), Katowice (91.8%), Sosnowiec (89.4%), Chorzow (94.8%), Bytom (50.9%), Swiêtochlowice (96.7%) and generally in Upper Silesia (88.2%), whereas DP dominated in Lod (92.9%), Wodzislaw (80.9%), Krakow (45.6%) and Bielsko-Biala (24.8%). Only 14.3% of the mites collected were alive. Total mean number of domestic mites per gram of dust (in all samples examined) was 204.1 +/- 1079.8. The greatest number of mites per 1 gram of dust was 14,971.4. Mite densities and levels of mite allergens (expressed as Acarex test steps) in samples from beds, floors and upholstery furnitures at particular localities in Poland, and in dwellings of atopic versus non-atopic subjects were compared. Highest mite concentrations were usually found in dust from beds, carpets and shutters. D. farinae was distinctly more abundant both per 1 gram of dust and per 1 sample than the species D. pteronyssinus. Other pyroglyphid mites, E. maynei and H. chelidonis, occurred in very small numbers. No significant differences were found between the counts of mites (total and live) in the dwellings of atopic and non-atopic persons. Approximately 49.5% of samples showed positive levels of the mite allergens (Acarex test steps). An influence of some abiotic indoor factors on the mite prevalence in the examined dwellings was analysed separately in relation to samples of bed dust, floor dust and dust from upholstery furnitures. The density of mites was influenced mainly by the type of heating, temperature, type of sleeping accommodation, type of floor or furniture, sampling method, and type of building, whereas levels of the mite allergens were associated with the mite density, relative humidity, month, sampling method, type of building and type of heating.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Daily selenium intake by breast-fed infants and the selenium concentration in the milk of lactating women in western Poland.

BACKGROUND: Human milk is the only natural source of food for infants during the first several months of life. The milk should contain all trace elements in adequate amounts, including selenium (Se). Se is of particular interest because the daily requirement for this element in infants is higher due to their rapid growth. The aim of our study was to determine the Se concentration in human milk and to calculate the daily Se intake by breast-fed infants in western Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Se concentration was assayed in mature human milk (14 to 58 days after parturition) collected from 352 lactating women living in 7 voivodeships in western Poland. The concentration of Se was measured by the fluorometric method with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene as a complexing reagent. The values were expressed as ng/ml. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in terms of Se concentration among the milk samples collected from the different voivodeships. However, the highest values were obtained in the northern part of the region. The mean Se concentration was 10.51 +/- 2.76 ng/ml (range: 10.41-10.65 ng/ml). The calculated mean daily Se intake by breast-fed infants was 7.71 microg/day (range: 3.67-17.17 microg/day). CONCLUSIONS: The Se concentration in human milk in the region studied here is uniform, but the daily Se intake of breast-fed infants in the western part of Poland is lower than the recommended daily requirement. The reason for this situation would appear to be low Se content in the soil, and consequently in the foodstuffs from this region.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Hepatitis B in Poland in 1999].

A total of 3,508 of hepatitis B cases (including 152 cases of mixed HBV and HCV infections) were reported in Poland in 1999. For the first time since 1979, when registration has began, the incidence decreased below 10.0 and was 9.1 per 100,000. The program of eradication of hepatitis B in Poland has been introduced in 1993 and since then the fourfold decrease in number of hepatitis B cases has been noticed. During the past 7 years there has been a steady decline in hepatitis B incidence. In 1997 the incidence decreased 23% as compared to 1996, followed by 16.8% decrease in 1998 and 13.9% in 1999; the marked differences in incidence in particular voivodeships have been observed. The overall rate of hospitalized hepatitis B cases in Poland reached 98.1%. A total of 25 cases of hepatitis B (rate 1.2 per 100,000) occurred among children under 4 years of age, who should be vaccinated. Among children aged 5-9 years, of which many could not be vaccinated, the incidence rate was 6 times higher, ranging from 4.9 per 100,000 in girls to 9.8 per 100,000 in boys. The increase of incidence from 5.3 to 9.2 was observed in young people (14-24 years old). Data from the study of serological markers of hepatitis B, conducted among 4,500 health care workers during 1998-2000, have indicated that about 22% of health care workers have been infected with HBV (in 21% of persons anti-HBc and in 1% anti-HBc together with HBsAg were detected).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Etiology of uveitis in rural and urban areas of mid-eastern Poland.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare the frequencies of uveitis etiology in inhabitants of rural and urban areas of mid-eastern Poland. We reviewed the cases of 563 patients (263 males, 300 females; aged 2-87) with uveitis, treated at the 1st Department of Ophthalmology at the Medical Academy in Lublin and at the District Ophthalmic Hospital in Kielce, Poland, from January 1996-December 2000. Anatomical classification of uveitis was used according to the International Uveitis Study Group and etiological classification including uveitis associated with trauma, infection, systemic disease, non-associated with a systemic disease and masquerade syndromes. Data regarding age, gender, place of residence, anatomical location and etiology of uveitis were obtained. Statistical analyses were performed using Pearson's chi-square test, Spearman's rank correlation test and logistic regression. Etiology of uveitis was established in 70.0% of cases. The most common cause of uveitis was infection. Patients from rural areas were significantly more likely to have uveitis of infectious origin whereas patients from urban areas significantly more likely to have uveitis associated with a systemic disease. In conclusion, the pattern of uveitis in mid-eastern Poland confirms the influence of environmental factors on the etiology of this heterogenous disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Phage types, plasmid profiles and chromosomal restriction profiles of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica ser. enteritidis (S. enteritidis) isolated in Poland in 1999-2000].

Salmonella Enteritidis strains are the most often isolated Salmonella serovars in Poland. In the present study, phage typing, plasmid profile analysis, and PFGE have been applied to characterize 140 Polish S. Enteritidis isolates originated from human cases of salmonellosis and from other sources. The typing phages of Ward and colleagues scheme were used to type a total of 140 S. Enteritidis strains coming from Poland. All 140 strains were typable and six different phage types were observed. A total of 125 (89%) of 140 isolates examined belonged to PT 4. The others PTs were represented by small amount of strains (PT1-2, PT6-6, PT7-1, PT8-4 and PT21-2 strains). Among all tested isolates six different plasmid profiles were observed. Of the 140 examined strains, 128 (91.4%) contained the 57 kb plasmid alone. After XbaI digestion four distinct pulse field chromosomal restriction profiles among studied S. Enteritidis were observed. XbaI and SpeI chromosomal restriction profiles of S. Enteritidis PT4 were identical with reference strain profiles. Our findings confirmed earlier suggestions that the increase of human salmonellosis cases in Poland was caused by S. Enteritidis PT4 and was due to consumption of contaminated food. This study confirmed the importance of using PFGE in combination with phage typing, plasmid typing and antibiotic resistance testing for studying the epidemiology of S. Enteritidis.

Bacteriophage Typing↗
PubMed2001

[Attempt of estimation of Q fever endocarditis frequency in Poland].

Up to now no Q fever endocarditis (caused by rickettsia Coxiella burnetii) has been diagnosed in Poland. Potential endocarditis caused by Coxiella burnetii strains can be related to a group of strains present in Poland or sensitivity of Polish Population. The aim of the study was to estimate frequency of Q fever endocarditis is patients of National Institute of Cardiology and to characterize Coxiella burnetii strains and correlation between frequency of Q fever endocarditis and the group of strains. In all patients infective endocarditis and valvular heart disease were diagnosed. In all cases vegetations on TTE or TEE and negative blood cultures were confirmed. No fungal antigens or elevated anti-Candida and anti-Aspergillus antibodies were found. Serological investigations as far as it concerns C. burnetii antibodies were negative in all cases. No Coxiella burnetii infection were found in patients with infective endocarditis and negative blood cultures in the National Institute of Cardiology. However due to high probability of occurrence of such an infection in Poland further investigations in other centers would be useful.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2002

Comparative study of early Lyme disease: Erythema migrans in New York State and Northeastern Poland.

BACKGROUND: The objective was to compare the clinical features of early local Lyme Disease: Erythema Migrans (EM) between two highly endemic areas: New York State and Northeastern Poland. Study was based on self reporting questionnaires, physical examination, and laboratory results. MATERIAL/METHODS: Group I (n=27) consisted of citizens from New York State presenting with EM, referred to the study by their physicians. Group II (n=25) consisted of patients treated as outpatients in 1998-1999 at the Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland. The diagnosis of EM was based on patient history and clinical picture. RESULTS: Depending on the immune reaction of the host, the clinical picture is variable. The initial symptoms range from discrete to strongly expressed. The inflammatory reaction at the site of tick-bite seems to be milder in Europe than in North America, which is reflected in the prevalence of the annular form of rash and milder expression of general symptoms. Mild or absent general symptoms and the prevalence of the annular over homogenous form are observed in those areas of Europe where Ixodes ricinus is the main vector. In the endemic area of New York State, where Ixodes scapularis mainly occurs, uniform EM with flu-like symptoms is more common. CONCLUSIONS: There are distinct differences in the typical clinical pictures between the two separated endemic areas of New York State and Northeastern Poland, due to different vectors (saliva components?), bacterial genospecies, likely intermediate hosts and climatic differences. Familiarity with the presenting form of the disease can be very important, especially for primary care physicians.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[The causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment in Poland].

AIM: To investigate the prevalence and the causes of childhood blindness and visual impairment in Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The records of 3000 visually impaired children from the archives of Polish Association of Blinds and from the centers and schools for visually handicapped children from the years 1979-1999 have been reviewed. RESULTS: The number of the visually disabled children in Poland has increased by 70% in the recent 10 years. The main causes of blindness and serious visual loss in the years 1979-1999 are optic nerve atrophy (21.66%), retinopathy of prematurity (19.01%), cataracts (14.13%), high myopia (11.84%), congenital abnormalities (8.65%), retinal dystrophies (8.08%) and glaucoma (6.42%). Optic nerve atrophy occurred mainly in premature infants. There have been great changes in the epidemiology of blindness in the recent 20 years; the percentage of visually disabled children caused by ROP has increased from 8.1% to 54.5% and caused by optic nerve atrophy from 15.5% to 27.27%. The prevalence of other causes has decreased in the same time. CONCLUSION: The main activities required to control blindness in Poland are promotion of pregnancy and prematurity care and improvements in the early diagnosis and treatment of retinopathy of prematurity.

Blindness↗
PubMed2001

[Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated from patients with symptoms of meningococcal meningitis in Poland in 1995-2000].

Phenotype and genotype identification of 179 Neisseria meningitidis strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid or blood of patients with meningococcal infection, hospitalized in Poland, was performed. This is the first analysis of that type conducted in Poland. We analyzed strains collected in 1995-2000 from laboratories located all over the country. Phenotype Neisseria meningitidis B:22:P1.14 was the predominant among analyzed invasive strains in Poland. Type 22 is characteristic to most of the strains isolated in our country. No strain from analyzed group belonged to known epidemic clusters. One penicillin resistant strain (MIC = 2 mg/l) and about 27% strains with decreased susceptibility to penicillin (0.1 = < MIC < 1.0 mg/l) were present among 166 N. meningitidis tested. All strains were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin.

Drug Resistance↗
PubMed2001

[Vertical HIV transmission in Poland from 1989-2000].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vertical HIV transmission rate in Poland. METHODS: 132 children born to HIV positive mothers were evaluated and their HIV infection status was established. MAIN OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: There are 60 HIV-infected children in Poland. 92% of them have been infected perinataly. From 1989 to 1994 the rate of vertical transmission was 25%. Since September 1994, when prophylactic strategies were started, the rate has decreased to 21.4% (in children with prophylaxis to 1.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Vertical HIV infection prophylactic programs rely on women's knowledge about their HIV infection status and are the only way to diminish pediatric HIV infection worldwide. The authors show difficulty of providing proper medical care of HIV positive women in Poland and underly the need of voluntary HIV testing for all women before pregnancy.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed2001

Excess male mortality at the productive age in Poland at the end of the 20th century.

In the last decades of the 20th century there was observed a continuous increase in mortality rates of men at the productive age, which still causes enormous economic and social problems. Thus the aim of the paper is the analysis of the causes of excess death rates in men at the productive age in Poland. There were gathered demographic data collected by the Main Statistical Office (GUS) concerning Polish society as well as available epidemiological data related to the state of health of male population in Poland. The mortality rates referring to Polish males were analysed in several age groups. It was observed that the main causes of excess male mortality in Poland were cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms as well as trauma and accidents, which is consistent with the trends in the whole population. The mortality rates from ischaemic heart disease and pulmonary cancer have doubled in the years 1970-1990. However, in the last years of the 20th century there is perceived a decreasing trend in mortality of men at the productive age. The maintenance of this trend will be very profitable for the Polish society in the new millennium.

Adult↗