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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Comparison of non-mydriatic retinal photography with ophthalmoscopy in 2159 patients: mobile retinal camera study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether non-mydriatic Polaroid retinal photography was comparable to ophthalmoscopy with mydriasis in routine clinic screening for early, treatable diabetic retinopathy. DESIGN: Prospective study of ophthalmoscopic findings according to retinal camera screening and ophthalmoscopy and outcome of referral to ophthalmologist. SETTING: Outpatient diabetic clinics of three teaching hospitals and three district general hospitals. PATIENTS: 2159 Adults selected randomly from the diabetic clinics, excluding only those registered as blind or those in wheelchairs and unable to enter the screening vehicle. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers of patients and eyes correctly identified by each technique as requiring referral with potentially treatable retinopathy (new vessel formation and maculopathy) and congruence in numbers of microaneurysms, haemorrhages, and exudates reported. RESULTS: Camera screening missed two cases of new vessel formation and did not identify a further 12 but indicated a need for referral. Ophthalmoscopy missed five cases of new vessel formation and indicated a need for referral in another four for other reasons. Maculopathy was reported in 147 eyes with camera screening alone and 95 eyes by ophthalmoscopy only (chi 2 = 11.2; p less than 0.001), in 66 and 29 of which respectively maculopathy was subsequently confirmed. Overall, 38 eyes received laser treatment for maculopathy after detection by camera screening compared with 17 after ophthalmoscopic detection (chi 2 = 8.0; p less than 0.01). Camera screening underestimated numbers of microaneurysms (chi 2 = 12.9; p less than 0.001) and haemorrhages (chi 2 = 7.4; p less than 0.01) and ophthalmoscopy underestimated hard exudates (chi 2 = 48.2; p less than 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Non-mydriatic Polaroid retinal photography is at least as good as ophthalmoscopy with mydriasis in routine diabetic clinics in identifying new vessel formation and absence of retinopathy and is significantly better in detecting exudative maculopathy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Screening for malignant melanoma using instant photography.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of instant photography, in addition to clinical grading, as a method of screening for malignant melanoma during routine health examinations. SETTING: A health screening clinic with an average throughput of about 12,000 patients a year. METHODS: Suspicious pigmented skin lesions were judged clinically using the revised seven point checklist scoring system. They were then photographed with a Polaroid camera and the prints were graded independently by two consultant dermatologists with a special interest in malignant melanoma. A copy of the print was also given to the patient to keep for observation of any change in the lesion. RESULTS: Over a 45 month period 39,922 patients of both sexes were screened and 1052 skin lesions were clinically assessed and photographed. Fourteen malignant melanomas were diagnosed--all, except one, were thin lesions with a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical opinions of non-dermatologists using the revised seven point checklist proved disappointing in screening because of the large number of benign lesions that were given high scores. Photography, on the other hand, detected 11 melanomas and succeeded in separating the majority of banal lesions from potentially malignant ones, thus greatly reducing the need for specialist referral. Nevertheless, three melanomas were missed on purely photographic grading, which emphasises the danger of placing too much reliance solely on a two dimensional image. Finally, the possession of a personal copy of the photograph by the patient proved popular and led to a diagnosis of melanoma in two instances. This procedure merits further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Image analysis of implanted rigid and foldable intraocular lenses in human eyes using Scheimpflug photography.

We evaluated the quality of imaging posterior chamber intraocular lenses (PC IOL) by Scheimpflug photography. We took photographs of 190 rigid or foldable PC IOLs using the Scheimpflug system EAS-1000 from Nidek and provided digital image analysis. We found a good imaging of PC IOLs and the cristalline lens capsule, data obtained by digital image analysis were reliable and reproducible and Scheimpflug photography could be demonstrated as a sensitive tool to show any irregularities of IOL material. Thus, we found in foldable IOLs 'glistenings', which did not have any influence on functional results and we could distinguish them from lens damage. We propose to use Scheimpflug tests regularly for the examination of implanted new types of IOLs.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Universal opacity standard for Scheimpflug photography.

PURPOSE: To develop a universal standard for comparison of the results from different studies using Scheimpflug photography. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A suspension including polystyrene spheres was selected as the universal standard. The polystyrene suspension was diluted into 10 concentrations by adding spectroscopic quality water. An artificial eye chamber was designed to hold the diluted suspension for photography. Each concentration was photographed by both a Topcon SL-45 slit-lamp camera and a Nidek EAS-1000 system. The intensity of back-scattered light was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: The relationship between the concentration of the polystyrene suspension and the internal gray scale step within the Topcon SL-45 camera can be described by a second-order polynomial. The relationship between the concentration of the polystyrene suspension and the measurement of the Nidek EAS-1000 system can also be expressed by a second-order polynomial. The relationship between the Topcon SL-45 camera and the Nidek EAS-1000 system is linear. CONCLUSIONS: The results of lens nuclear opacity measured with different Scheimpflug cameras can be compared using the method established in the study. The linear relationship between the Topcon SL-45 and Nidek EAS-1000 systems can be used to convert measurements from one system to the other.

Anterior Chamber↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting postoperative anterior chamber depth in cataract patients using Scheimpflug slit photography.

PURPOSE: To predict the postoperative anterior chamber (AC) depth from the preoperative in situ position of the lens central clear zone (CCZ) using Scheimpflug slit photography. METHODS: 111 eyes of 78 cases that underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were examined. 748 eyes of 383 healthy subjects with transparent lenses were used as the control. Scheimpflug slit photography was done under maximal mydriasis, and biometry was performed on the photographs. Two types of acrylic IOLs (MA30BA and MA60BM, both from Alcon) were used in this study. The preoperative AC depth (L1), the distance between the anterior lens capsule and lens CCZ (L2) and the postoperative AC depth (I1) were determined. I2, the predicted postoperative AC depth, was then determined from a linear regression of L1 + L2 and I1. RESULTS: L2 thickened by 0.014 mm/year, and L1 decreased by 0.016 mm/year in the transparent lenses. L1 + L2 changed little with aging in both cataractous and transparent lenses. L1 + L2 and I1 showed a linear correlation with r = 0.80 in the MA30BA and r = 0.77 in the MA60BM groups. The mean error values between I1 and I2 were 0.095 +/- 0.096 and 0.123 +/- 0.114 mm in MA30BA and MA60BM, respectively. The error between I1 and I2 was within +/- 0.17 and +/- 0.33 mm or less in 72.9 and 91.5% of MA30BA and in 82.7 and 96.2% of MA60BM. In contrast, the error between I2 and I1 when calculated using the SRK/T formula was much larger - in excess of +/- 0.33 mm in 38.7% of the eyes. CONCLUSIONS: L1 + L2 changes little with aging and is considered a useful marker of the position of the crystalline lens in situ. There was a high correlation between I1 and L1 + L2. These allow a far more accurate prediction of I1 than previous methods. In combination with the conventional regression formula and ray tracing, a highly accurate IOL power calculation can be attained.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Monitoring lens transparency during in vitro incubation by Scheimpflug photography and densitometric image analysis.

Dragomirescu et al. [1983] described a 2-chamber flow system for the incubation of lenses with an inserted photometer to measure changes in lens transparency. Mester et al. [1984] applied the method to simulate conditions occurring during vitrectomy, which occasionally leads to reversible lens opacification. Using Scheimpflug photography (a modified SL 45 Topcon camera) instead of the transmission measurements of incubated lenses has the advantage that disorders in lens transparency can be exactly localized and the sensitivity is much higher than the photometer readings. Application of Scheimpflug photography required a modification of the incubation chamber. The application of the experimental set-up was demonstrated with pig lenses under various incubation conditions. The results obtained by densitometric image analysis of Scheimpflug photos were compared with transmission measurements by photometer.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Usefulness of Scheimpflug photography to follow up Wilson's disease.

A 24-year old female with ocular changes (Kayser-Fleischer ring and sunflower cataract) indicating Wilson's disease was followed up from 9 years of age with anterior eye segment image documentation by Scheimpflug photography. A low copper diet and systemic D-penicillamine were administered after the initial diagnosis of Wilson's disease. During a 15-year follow-up period, the yellowish/brown-colored granular opacification on the anterior lens capsule and/or in the capsule has mostly disappeared and instead, the same type of opacification has emerged on the posterior lens capsule, showing rather progressive changes compared with the initial findings. These changes which had developed in the lens during the past 15 years were difficult to detect by slit lamp examination alone, but they were clearly revealed by Scheimpflug slit images. To our knowledge this is the first case report on ocular changes disclosed through the application of a newly developed anterior eye segment examination. Ergo, Scheimpflug photography is valuable for follow-up studies of ocular complications seen in patients with Wilson's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Photography of severe laryngeal obstruction.

Thirty-five-millimeter photography using rigid rod lens telescopes at direct laryngoscopy is the most versatile and reliable method of laryngeal documentation. Photography of severe laryngeal obstruction, whether in pediatric or adult patients, mandates a method of anesthesia chosen for maximum patient safety, a laryngoscope selected for optimal exposure, confidence in controlling the airway, and a technique that does not jeopardize the safety of the patient.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Quantitative assessment of mouse skin transplant rejection using digital photography.

Mouse skin transplantation is an established in vivo model used to investigate the T-cell-mediated immune response of acute allograft rejection. The critical endpoint of this model is complete rejection of the allograft. However, visual judgement of this end stage of rejection is an arbitrary process and difficult to standardize. To overcome this problem, we established a monitoring method based on digital photography. Serial pictures from skin allografts of individual animals (C57BL/6 on BALB/c) were taken with a digital camera mounted on a microsurgical microscope. Thereby, the description and the correct assessment of early stages of rejection were possible due to the magnification of grafts by the microscope. Rejection scores were introduced to describe different stages from retained to completely rejected grafts. With cyclosporine A as a standard immunosuppressive treatment, we showed that early stages of skin rejection were unambiguously identified. This procedure allows the earlier termination of the experiment and reduction of animal distress, and it can be re-evaluated anywhere and any time after completion.This study demonstrates the suitability of monitoring experimental skin allograft rejection by digital photography, entailing several refinements in animal experimentation, both for the researcher and for the animal.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Speckle photography with different pupils in a multiple-exposure scheme.

The use of different multiple-aperture pupils for recording each image in speckle photography is proposed. The introduction of suitable spatial frequency carriers, by internally modulating imaged speckles, allows one to selectively isolate or combine the spectral content of different images into spatially separated regions in the Fourier plane. Theoretical and experimental results extend the speckle photography technique to the depiction of several specklegrams of multiple uniform in-plane displacements. In this case, because different pupils are considered for recording, the cross-correlation functions for the amplitudes and intensities in the image plane are calculated on the basis of the statistical properties of the object. Also, the ensemble-average intensity in the Fourier plane is analytically derived, and fringe visibility is investigated.

Light↗
PubMed2000

Standardized facial photography of cleft patients: just fit the grid?

OBJECTIVE: The objective results of craniofacial surgery are usually evaluated by comparing pre- and postoperative photographs. To allow for optimal comparison, these photographs should be of constant and reproducible lay-out and quality. For this, various techniques to standardize photography have been suggested. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: A review of the literature on standardization of medical photography is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of standardizing techniques are evaluated. The difficulty to achieve standardization in cleft patients is illustrated using clinical photographs. Our personal protocol is presented as it tries to optimize comparability of photographs. RESULTS: Use of a grid or cephalostat will not lead to comparable photographs in cleft patients. Personal protocols also have shortcomings, but they offer reproducible and comparable results. A personal effort of the photographer is essential to adjust any allegedly standardizing protocol to the individual patient. CONCLUSION: Photographs are only as good as the photographer. True standardization of facial photographs is a utopia in cleft patients.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed1991

Two new macro-stereo cameras for medical photography with special reference to the eye.

Information is given on two new macro-stereo cameras for simultaneous stereo photography designed by members of the Dutch Stereo Society. These cameras can be used for medical photography. The first camera takes half frame stereo pictures and utilizes frames for positioning and focusing. The second camera takes full frame stereo pictures and utilizes spots projection for positioning and focusing. Examples are shown.

Eye Diseases↗
PubMed1994

A guide to medico-legal photography for personal injury claims.

Clinical photographs are in essence medico-legal records but when instructions are given to take photographs for litigation the requirement is for a more specialized approach than when producing a clinical record for the notes. There are special considerations when providing a medico-legal photographic service, from clients' instructions, preparations before photography, and the photography itself to presenting the photographs and handling the administration. As photographs are taken in support of claims for compensation for personal injury many of them can have far greater impact, financially and psychologically, on the client than clinical photographs. Inadequate coverage could be construed as professional negligence.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed1996

Photography of dermatological conditions using polarized light.

The author set up a photographic trial in order to determine the practicality of using photography with parallel- and cross-polarized light alongside routine clinical photography, and the usefulness of the resultant images in comparison with conventional photographs. It was found that the technique added no more than 5 min to patient contact time, and that the attendant cost was minimal. Parallel-polarization has proved relatively valueless, but cross-polarization significantly enhanced the definition of pigmented lesions, and has considerable potential as a technique for documenting specific conditions, and as a teaching aid.

Humans↗
PubMed1980

Feeding behavior of lactating dairy cows as measured by time-lapse photography.

Evaluation of feeding behavior of ad libitum-fed lactating dairy cows by time-lapse photography revealed 68% of the total feeding activity occurred between the daylight hours of 0600 and 1800. Cows consumed an average of 12.1 meals/day, each 20.9 min in duration. Only 58% of the total defined meal time actually was spent eating, or 253.6 min/cow per day. Estimated meal size and rate of eating, as well as total daily time spent eating, were greater for cows as compared to animals with lower energy demand. Certain feeding characteristics, such as meal frequency and duration, were variable among animals, suggesting that these behaviors may be characteristics of individual cows. Results by time-lapse photography compared well with direct measurement by weigh-cell apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[The pharmacist Léopold Mathet and the photography].

From 1872 and during half-century , the pharmacist Léopold Mathet (1850-1922) was interested in theoretical and practical faces of photography whose he was a talented popularizer by means of his many books and publications. He specially got enthusiastic over colour photography by additive trichromy and he made sensitized plates including polychromatic net which, as early as 1904, he achieved successfully fine colour photographs.

France↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Monoscopic versus stereoscopic photography in screening for clinically significant macular edema.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether monoscopic photography could serve as an accurate tool when used to screen for clinically significant macular edema. In a masked randomized fashion, two readers evaluated monoscopic and stereoscopic retinal photographs of 100 eyes. The photographs were evaluated first individually for probable clinically significant macular edema based on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study criteria and then as stereoscopic pairs. Graders were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity individually and in combination. Individually, reader one had a sensitivity of 0.93 and a specificity of 0.77, and reader two had a sensitivity of 0.88 and a specificity of 0.94. In combination, the readers had a sensitivity of 0.91 and a specificity of 0.86. They correlated on 0.76 of the stereoscopic readings and 0.92 of the monoscopic readings. These results indicate that the use of monoscopic retinal photography may be an accurate screening tool for clinically significant macular edema.

Diabetic Retinopathy↗
PubMed2000

Implementation of a practical digital imaging system for routine gross photography in an autopsy environment.

BACKGROUND: The autopsy environment places stringent requirements on a digital imaging system. These requirements must be addressed if the system is to be functional, easy to use, and reliable. DESIGN: After clearly defining the requirements for such a system, we implemented routine digital imaging in a busy academic autopsy suite. RESULTS: The new technology was immediately accepted by both the resident staff and the technical staff. Although a 35-mm camera was always available for traditional photography, it was rarely used. An interesting side effect of implementing digital imaging was a nearly twofold increase in the number of images taken per autopsy case. The requirements, features, and utility of a digital imaging system are discussed. CONCLUSION: Digital imaging in an autopsy environment can be both practical and cost-effective. It provides many advantages over traditional 35-mm photography and can be the first step toward numerous additional improved services.

Autopsy↗