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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

New designs for cancer vaccine and artificial veto cells: an emerging palette of protein paints.

Antigen-presenting cells (APC) can be refaced with "protein paints" that change the appearance of their T cell-oriented trans signal arrays. Our group has developed three categories of protein paints suitable for this kind of APC engineering: artificial glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) proteins, palmitated-protein A:Fc*1 fusion protein conjugates, and trans signal converter proteins. Protein paints have been devised with either immune enhancement or suppression in mind. Costimulator * GPI and palmitated-protein A costimulator * Fcgamma1 conjugates can be used to augment the immune-activating potential of tumor cells. Alternatively, protein paints can be designed to transform APC into artificial veto cells, in essence creating Trojan horses capable of inhibiting pathogenic T cells. Trans signal converter proteins (TSCP) have been devised for this purpose. Our first paradigmatic inhibitory TSCP, CTLA-4 * Fas ligand, binds to APC, and in so doing, simultaneously blocks B7 costimulation (via CTLA-4) and sends inhibitory trans signals (via Fas ligand) to T cells with dramatic efficacy. Protein transfer offers a number of advantages over gene transfer in facilitating quantitative and combinatorial protein expression and simplifying in vivo applications; the palette of protein paints with immunotherapeutic potential will undoubtedly continue to evolve.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Fast-painting of human metaphase spreads using a chromosome-specific, repeat-depleted DNA library probe.

For chromosome painting, in situ suppression of repetitive DNA sequences has been well established. Such standard protocols usually require large amounts of Cot-I DNA. Recently, it has become possible to deplete repetitive DNA sequences from library probes by magnetic purification and PCR-assisted affinity chromatography. These "repeat-depleted library probes" appear to be extremely useful for Fast-FISH, a technique that omits denaturing chemical agents such as formamide in the hybridization buffer, resulting in a substantial acceleration and simplification of the complete protocol. Shown here is the application of Fast-FISH to a repeat-depleted, directly fluorochrome-labeled library probe of the q-arm of chromosome 15 (Fast-Painting) for human lymphocyte metaphase spreads. Following painting without Cot-I DNA and without formamide, visual inspection revealed sufficient chromosome painting after a few hours of hybridization. The fluorescence signals of the labeling sites were analyzed after hybridization times of 1 and 2 h (in one case, 4 h) using digital fluorescence microscopy. The painting efficiency expressed in values of relative fluorescence signal ratios was quantitatively evaluated by image analysis using line-scan procedures and area-morphometry of mean luminance. Two preparation protocols (ethanol dehydration without and with RNase A treatment followed by pepsin digestion for four different exposure times) were compared. These results indicated that RNase A treatment and pepsin digestion are steps that can be omitted.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Optical properties of paint-on resins for shade modification of crown and bridge resins--light transmittance characteristics--.

The purpose of this study was to examine the light transmittance characteristics of the paint-on resins for shade modification. Three shades of paint-on resin, one crown and bridge resin, and human enamel were used. Specimens with four different thicknesses (75-150 microm) were prepared. The light transmittances including its wavelength distribution and diffusion characteristics were measured. The color values and the color differences among thicknesses of specimens were also determined. The light transmittance values of the paint-on resins ranged from 60.3% to 88.3% at 100 microm thickness, which were lower or nearly equal in comparison with the crown and bridge resin and enamel. Although differences in the wavelength distribution of transmittance among materials were found at lower wavelengths, all materials showed similar diffusion characteristics. The thin layer of paint-on resin effectively changed the color of restorative resin. The paint-on resin may be an effective material for the modification of the color appearance matching required.

Color↗
PubMed1992

[Exposure to organic solvent vapors during production of lacquers for automobile painting].

This study was aimed at the development and improvement of the methods for determining solvent vapours to estimate occupational exposure in paint and varnish shops. Gas chromatographic method and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were applied respectively for quantitative determination and identification of toxic substances in the work-room air in plants manufacturing carbamide car paints and commonly used phthalic paints. Particular attention was paid to aromatic hydrocarbon components of farbasol: ethyltoluenes, propylbenzene, isopropylbenzene, mesitylene, hemimelitene, pseudocumene, diethylbenzenes and cymene. These hydrocarbons constitute about 95% of farbasol. At present, the evaluation of exposure in paint and varnish factories and in paint shops in Poland is insufficient because of the lack of TLV values for the above solvents, as well as inadequate methods of determination used in majority of laboratories.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed2003

Clinical response of three direct-to-consumer whitening products: strips, paint-on gel, and dentifrice.

A randomized, examiner-blind, parallel-group, 3-week clinical trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of 3, popular, direct-to-consumer whitening products: a paint-on gel, a whitening dentifrice, and whitening strips. Both the paint-on gel (18% carbamide peroxide) and the whitening strips (6% hydrogen peroxide) were peroxide-based systems, while the dual-phase whitening dentifrice incorporated surface cleaning agents and sodium fluoride, but contained no peroxide. Treatment consisted of twice-daily use over 3 weeks following label instructions, except that strips were applied only during the first 14 days as per the manufacturer's instructions. Tooth color was measured on the maxillary anterior teeth from polarized digital images. Safety was assessed by examination and subject report. A total of 48 healthy adults were randomized, and 42 completed 1 or more post-baseline visits. For the primary efficacy variable delta b*, the adjusted mean +/- standard error reduction in yellowness was -0.06 +/- 0.131 for the dentifrice with no peroxide and -0.21 +/- 0.109 for the 18% carbamide peroxide paint-on gel, compared with -2.53 +/- 0.244 for the whitening strip control. Only the strip group exhibited significant (P < 0.0001) delta b* improvement. Between-group comparisons demonstrated significant and improved whitening for the strip treatment compared with the whitening dentifrice or paint-on peroxide gel, as evidenced by the more than 2-unit improvement in delta b* at week 3. Regardless of the parameter (delta b*, delta L*, delta a*, or delta E*), this represented a significant (P < 0.0001) color improvement for the whitening strips relative to both of the comparative treatments. There were no significant differences in color improvement for the 18% carbamide peroxide paint-on gel used for up to 3 weeks continuously, compared with normal brushing with a dual-phase whitening dentifrice. All products were well tolerated, with no subjects discontinuing treatment early because of adverse events. In head-to-head testing conditions, 14-day use of the 6% hydrogen peroxide whitening strips resulted in superior improvement in tooth color compared with either of the experimental controls.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Tooth whitening effects of an experimental power whitening toothbrush relative to an 8.7% hydrogen peroxide paint-on gel control.

PURPOSE: To assess the whitening efficacy of a new whitening power toothbrush, designed specifically for the removal of extrinsic stains, relative to an 8.7% hydrogen peroxide paint-on gel control. METHODS: This study was a randomized, single center, two-treatment, parallel design, 4-week, controlled study (n = 27) conducted to measure the whitening ability of an experimental power toothbrush relative to a peroxide paint-on gel control used in conjunction with a manual toothbrush. Subjects were randomized to the experimental battery-powered toothbrush group (twice a day brushing with Crest Cavity Protection dentifrice for 2 minutes each time) or the peroxide paint-on gel control group who applied Colgate Simply White Night per manufacturer's instructions once a day prior to bedtime for the first 14 days of the study as well as brushed twice a day with Crest Cavity Protection dentifrice for 2 minutes using the ADA manual reference toothbrush over the 4-week study period. Study evaluations included objective digital image analysis (L* a* b*) and oral soft tissue examinations at baseline, Week 2 and Week 4. In addition, a pilot, single center, 1-week study (n = 9) was conducted to measure the absolute whitening ability of the experimental power toothbrush as measured by digital imaging analysis in a high stain population, induced by 1 week of rinsing with tea. Study evaluations included digital image analysis (L*a*b*) and oral soft tissue examinations at baseline and Week 1 following brushing with the experimental power toothbrush. RESULTS: In the comparative study, the average baseline L*, b*, and W* values were well-balanced across treatment groups. At the Week 2 visit, adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of 0.08, -0.41, -0.08, and -0.28, respectively, were observed in the peroxide paint-on control group, relative to adjusted mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of 0.16, -0.19, -0.38, and -0.33, respectively, in the experimental power toothbrush group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two treatment groups for any of the endpoints. However, delta(b)* and deltaW* values for the experimental power toothbrush group were statistically significantly improved relative to baseline. At the Week 4 visit, adjusted (via ANCOVA) mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of -0.15, -0.24, -0.14, and -0.04, respectively, were observed in the peroxide paint-on control group, relative to adjusted mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)* and deltaW* values of 0.02, -0.12, -0.22, and -0.15, respectively, in the experimental power toothbrush group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two treatments groups for any color endpoints of deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)*, or deltaW*. In the induced stain study, the average baseline L*, a*, b*, and W* values were 71.21, 8.28, 19.01, and 35.52, respectively. At the Week 1 visit, the mean deltaL*, delta(a)*, delta(b)*, and deltaW* values were 0.55, -0.27, 0.00, and -0.51 respectively. The deltaL* and deltaW* were statistically significantly improved (P < 0.05) relative to baseline.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Dendritic cells and T cells transfer sensitization for delayed-type hypersensitivity after skin painting with contact sensitizer.

The cells involved in the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to the contact sensitizer fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were examined. Cells used for transferring sensitization were obtained from donor mice up to 5 days following skin painting with FITC. Recipient mice were sensitized by footpad injections of dendritic cells (DC) obtained from donor lymph nodes up to 3 days following skin painting, when DC expressed high levels of antigen. DTH, assessed by ear swelling 24 hr following ear challenge with FITC, was detected when recipient mice were challenged 5 days after transfer of DC, but not when ear challenged immediately after transfer. Removal of donor DC using the cytotoxic antibody 33D1, plus complement, either from the DC-enriched population or from whole lymph node cells 24 hr after skin painting, abolished the capacity to transfer DTH. Purified T lymphocytes obtained from donor mice between Days 3 and 5 after skin painting, transferred DTH when recipients were ear challenged with FITC 5 days after footpad injections. DTH also occurred in mice ear challenged with antigen immediately after receiving footpad injections of either normal or irradiated T cells obtained from donors 4 days after skin painting. B cells and macrophages did not transfer sensitization for DTH throughout the time-course. Therefore an early stage in the immune response, where antigen-bearing DC initiated DTH, was distinguished from a later stage, where T cells transferred sensitization.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

Forensic applications of infrared chemical imaging: multi-layered paint chips.

This paper examines the potential of infrared chemical (hyperspectral) imaging as a technique for the forensic analysis of automotive paint chips in particular, and multicomponent (e.g., layered) samples in general. Improved sample preparation procedures for the infrared analysis of paint chips are detailed, with the recommendation that where mounting resins are chemically incompatible with the sample, it is better to mount and section the sample in a soft wax from which the sections can be removed and pressed into a KBr disk for transmission analysis. Infrared chemical images of multilayered paint chips have been successfully obtained, with the chief advantage over conventional infrared analysis being that thousands of infrared spectra are collected in a few minutes across the whole sample, at a spatial resolution of around 5 microm. As with conventional infrared spectroscopy, chemical species can be identified from their spectra, but the wealth of information available can be also extracted in a number of different ways that make multicomponent spectral (and hence chemical) comparisons between two samples easy to visualize and understand. In one approach, the infrared chemical images of two paint chips being compared side-by-side can be viewed as a "movie," in which each frame is an intensity map of the two samples at a given wavenumber (frequency) value. In another approach, the spectra (pixels) in the image files are classified into chemically similar groups, resulting in a "cluster" image that makes it possible to simultaneously compare all of the layers in two paint chips. These methods are applicable to other multicomponent samples, and also to other chemical imaging techniques.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

The inhibitory effect of oral administration of garlic on experimental carcinogenesis in hamster buccal pouches by DMBA painting.

The inhibitory effect of oral administration of garlic on experimental carcinogenesis in buccal pouches induced by painting 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was studied on 40 golden Syrian hamsters. The animals were grouped at random into four experimental groups (oral administration of garlic, NTP, BP or mineral oil followed by DMBA painting on buccal pouches), three chemical control groups (oral administration of garlic, NTP or BP without DMBA painting) and a DMBA control group (only painted DMBA on buccal pouches). Starting from the fourth week after DMBA painting, the pouch mucosae were examined biweekly for its tumor formation and blood vessel architecture. Animals were sacrificed 25 weeks after DMBA application. Tumors and pouch mucosae were dissected to examine tumor nature and biochemical reactions of DNA synthesis and GGTase activity. The inhibitory efficacy of garlic, BP and NTP were evaluated according to the results of these examinations. Garlic was found to have a higher inhibitory efficacy than BP and NTP through the probable mechanism of competitive binding with nuclear DNA and diminishing the opportunity of DMBA to initiate carcinogenesis. Other factors related to cancer inhibition included insufficient local blood flow, low GGTase activity and lesser DNA synthesis. The inhibitory effect of fractions of garlic on experimental carcinogenesis should be a reasonable and necessary continuation in future studies of the series of cancer prevention by garlic.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1979

Suppression of antibody responses by cells from mice painted with picryl chloride.

T cells from mice painted with picryl chloride inhibit secondary IgG anti-TNP antibody responses of normal mice to the sensitizer. Like other suppressor T cells produced after painting which inhibit DNA synthesis and the generation of cytotoxic T cells, these cells could be produced in adult thymectomized mice but not by mice treated with high doses of cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg). The cells had to be injected within 48 h of a primary painting to inhibit the response to challenge 2-3 weeks later. This associated with their ability to inhibit DNA synthesis in draining lymph nodes after a primary painting. Double transfer experiments using spleen and lymph node cells failed to show any further activation or induction of suppressor function after challenge with antigen. As judged by the ability of anti-theta treated cells from suppressed mice to function as anti TNP primed B cells in adoptive responses to TNP-KLH no defect in B-cell memory was found. When, however, the ability of painting with picryl chloride to prime for challenge with TNP-KLH was used as a measure of B-cell function in situ it was found that the cells could inhibit responses. Responses to primary and secondary injections of TNP-KLH were not inhibited.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2004

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a tool for fast identification of protein binders in color layers of paintings.

Identification of materials in color layers of paintings is necessary for correct decisions concerning restoration procedures as well as proving the authenticity of the painting. The proteins are usually important components of the painting layers. In this paper it has been demonstrated that matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) can be used for fast and reliable identification of proteins in color layers even in old, highly aged matrices. The digestion can be easily performed directly on silica wafers which are routinely used for infrared analysis. The amount of material necessary for such an analysis is extremely small. Peptide mass mapping using digestion with trypsin followed by MALDI-TOFMS and identification of the protein was successfully used for determination of the binder from a painting of the 19th century.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The wall paintings in the Oratorio of San Giovanni Battista in Urbino: a study finalized to a correct conservation project.

The walls of the Oratorio of San Giovanni Battista in Urbino are decorated with outstanding mural paintings dating back to the 15th century. Due to degradation processes that have occurred in the past years, such paintings require a conservative restoration project. In order to evaluate reasons of the decay, some scientific studies have been performed. They consist of macroscopic observations and chemical (EDS), morphological (SEM) and mineralogical (XRD) analyses of samples both from the original preparatory layers under the painted layers and from the restored plasters at the surbase of the wall. In addition, environmental studies have been performed to verify microclimatic conditions of the church in which the mural paintings are located. Finally, a conservative restoration project was proposed.

Architecture↗
PubMed1999

Reverse chromosome painting for the identification of marker chromosomes and complex translocations in leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Chromosome banding techniques and in situ hybridization reveal the majority of chromosomal aberrations. However, difficulties remain in cases of highly contracted chromosomes, poor quality of the metaphases or the presence of markers with the involvement of several chromosomes. Here, it is demonstrated that reverse painting can be applied successfully starting with bone marrow cells from primary acute myelocytic leukemias (AML). METHODS: This was accomplished by culturing the leukemic cells with a cocktail of various growth factors, which yielded sufficient numbers of cells in cycle to harvest chromosomes for sorting. Aberrant chromosomes were flow-sorted and amplified by degenerate oligonucleotide-primed PCR. The resulting products were labeled by nick-translation and hybridized on normal metaphase spreads. RESULTS: Two patients with marker chromosomes in their leukemia cells were analyzed in detail. The hybridization pattern displayed the composition of the aberrant sorted chromosome. Results were compared with conventional cytogenetic analyses that were performed on material obtained from the same aspirate. The reverse-painting technique enabled identification of aberrations that were not detected by conventional cytogenetic analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Primary AML cells can be cultured in vitro, using optimal culture conditions, facilitating the production of high quality flow karyotypes, suitable for sorting of marker chromosomes to produce DOP-PCR derived chromosome painting probes for reverse painting. Valuable additional cytogenetic information can thus be obtained about complex chromosomal rearrangements or structural aberrations that could not be completely resolved by conventional cytogenetic analysis.

Bone Marrow↗
PubMed2004

Spray-painting and chronic airways obstruction.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate the respiratory response of HDI-based paint aerosol within the context of the protection afforded by current exposure guidelines. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 240 painters spraying polyurethane enamels was undertaken at four aircraft maintenance plants. Questionnaire and spirometric data were related to gravimetric measures of cumulative total and respirable paint aerosol (TPA and RPA) and estimated isocyanate in total and respirable aerosols (TIA and RIA). RESULTS: Average cumulative exposures in mg/m(3)-years +/- SD were 159.0 +/- 115.2 TPA, 19.1 +/- 13.8 RPA, 15.8 +/- 11.5 TIA, and 1.9 +/- 1.4 RIA. After adjusting for smoking and asthma symptoms, higher exposures were associated with statistically significant reduction in expiratory flowrates. Significant smoking-related reductions were also observed, without exposure interactions. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest important respiratory effects from exposures to spray paint aerosols at levels generally in compliance with existing standards for otherwise unregulated particulates and for the isocyanate component of the paint.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Preparation of a colored conductive paint electrode for electrochemical inactivation of bacteria.

In this study we describe the preparation of a colored conductive paint electrode containing In(2)O(3), SnO(2), or TiO(2) for the electrochemical inactivation of marine bacteria. When each colored conductive paint electrode was immersed in seawater containing 10(6) cells/mL for 90 min, marine microbe attachment to the TiO(2)/SnO(2)/Sb electrode surface was minimal. Preparation of electrodes coated with 40% particles is shown to be more cost-effective, and because of their more translucent coatings they can be painted over with bright colors. When a potential of 1.0 V was applied for 30 min to the colored conductive paint electrode (40 wt% TiO(2)/SnO(2)/Sb) in sterile seawater, the survival ratio decreased to 55%. When 1.5 V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was applied, all attached cells were inactivated. Chlorine was not detected below an applied potential of 1.5 V. A change in pH was not observed in the range of 0 to 1.5 V. This method might be effective for preventing bacterial cell accumulation and the formation of biofilms.

Bacterial Adhesion↗
PubMed2004

Paint-assisted microdissection-FISH: Rapid and simple mapping of translocation breakpoints in the embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD.

BACKGROUND: Spectral karyotyping and multiple fluorophore fluorescence in situ hybridisation (M-FISH) facilitate identification of inter-chromosomal rearrangements, but are of low cytogenetic resolution in mapping translocation breakpoints. Reverse chromosome painting yields increased cytogenetic information but isolation of aberrant chromosomes is technically difficult. We have developed the technique of paint-assisted microdissection FISH (PAM-FISH), which enables microdissection of aberrant chromosomes to be carried out easily and rapidly using relatively simple apparatus. METHODS: A selected chromosome paint is hybridised to abnormal metaphases to label a chromosome of interest, which is then microdissected, amplified, labelled by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse painted onto extended normal metaphases. RESULTS: PAM-FISH was used to reassess structural chromosomal abnormalities identified by molecular cytogenetics in the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD. PAM-FISH improved the analysis of virtually all structural abnormalities, identifying six novel translocations and indicating that seven previously described rearrangements were in fact not present in RD. Accuracy of the breakpoint mapping obtained was confirmed by bacterial artificial chromosome-FISH. CONCLUSIONS: PAM-FISH is ideally suited to analysis of tumour metaphases as it is not affected by poor chromosome morphology. Reagents generated by PAM-FISH are also suitable for other investigations, such as mapping using sequence tagged-site PCR or genomic microarrays. PAM-FISH is technically straightforward and could readily be adopted in a routine cytogenetics laboratory for accurate high-throughput analysis of chromosome breakpoints.

Cell Line, Tumor↗
PubMed2001

Polyanions protect against the in vitro pulmonary toxicity of polycationic paint components associated with the Ardystil syndrome.

The polycationic paint components of the Acramin F system have led to severe pulmonary disease in textile printing sprayers in Spain and Algeria (Ardystil syndrome). In order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the toxicity of these nitrogen-containing polymeric paint components, Acramin FWR (FWR), Acramin FWN (FWN), and Acrafix FHN (FHN), we have studied the effect of coincubation with polyanionic compounds, Sulodexide (heparin-like substance), DNA and poly-l-glutamic acid (of different lengths) in different pulmonary cell types. This study shows that the cytotoxicity of the three polycationic paint components FWR (a polyurea), FWN (a polyamide-amine), and FHN (a polyamine) is markedly decreased in the presence of the polyanions. It is concluded that the paint components FWR, FWN, and FHN execute their cytotoxicity at least partly by the abundant positive charges these molecules carry at physiological pH.

Adipates↗
PubMed2006

Reciprocal chromosome painting between three laboratory rodent species.

The laboratory mouse (Mus musculus, 2n = 40), the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus, 2n = 22), and the golden (Syrian) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus, 2n = 44) are common laboratory animals, extensively used in biomedical research. In contrast with the mouse genome, which was sequenced and well characterized, the hamster species has been set aside. We constructed a chromosome paint set for the golden hamster, which for the first time allowed us to perform multidirectional chromosome painting between the golden hamster and the mouse and between the two species of hamster. From these data we constructed a detailed comparative chromosome map of the laboratory mouse and the two hamster species. The golden hamster painting probes revealed 25 autosomal segments in the Chinese hamster and 43 in the mouse. Using the Chinese hamster probes, 23 conserved segments were found in the golden hamster karyotype. The mouse probes revealed 42 conserved autosomal segments in the golden hamster karyotype. The two largest chromosomes of the Chinese hamster (1 and 2) are homologous to seven and five chromosomes of the golden hamster, respectively. The golden hamster karyotype can be transformed into the Chinese hamster karyotype by 15 fusions and 3 fissions. Previous reconstructions of the ancestral murid karyotype proposed diploid numbers from 2n = 52 to 2n = 54. By integrating the new multidirectional chromosome painting data presented here with previous comparative genomics data, we can propose that syntenies to mouse Chrs 6 and 16 were both present and to hypothesize a diploid number of 2n = 48 for the ancestral Murinae/Cricetinae karyotype.

Animals↗