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PubMedDate not supplied

Medical informatics and the science of cognition.

Recent developments in medical informatics research have afforded possibilities for great advances in health care delivery. These exciting opportunities also present formidable challenges to the implementation and integration of technologies in the workplace. As in most domains, there is a gulf between technologic artifacts and end users. Since medical practice is a human endeavor, there is a need for bridging disciplines to enable clinicians to benefit from rapid technologic advances. This is turn necessitates a broadening of disciplinary boundaries to consider cognitive and social factors pertaining to the design and use of technology. The authors argue for a place of prominence for cognitive science. Cognitive science provides a framework for the analysis and modeling of complex human performance and has considerable applicability to a range of issues in informatics. Its methods have been employed to illuminate different facets of design and implementation. This approach has also yielded insights into the mechanisms and processes involved in collaborative design. Cognitive scientific methods and theories are illustrated in the context of two examples that examine human-computer interaction in medical contexts and computer-mediated collaborative processes. The framework outlined in this paper can be used to refine the process of iterative design, end-user training, and productive practice.

Cognitive Science↗
PubMed1998

Controversy and the state: lord ARPA and intelligent computing.

This is a study of a well-known controversy in computer science, between artificial intelligence and neural networks researchers. It examines claims made by participants in the field that the controversy was triggered, shaped and finally resolved in connection to activities of state research agencies, particularly the US Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). In contrast to these claims, this account concludes that, although ARPA's relations to the controversy among researchers were important, they were indirect. This study thus beings the analytical resources of studies of scientific controversy to bear on a domain which has so far gone largely unexamined in studies of 20th-century controversies - namely, state research policy and management. The account is based on contemporary documents, historical literatuare, and interviews with researchers and ARPA officials.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2006

In-tandem insight from basic science combined with clinical research: CD38 as both marker and key component of the pathogenetic network underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

The absence of mutations in the IgV genes, together with the presence of ZAP-70 and CD38, are the most reliable negative prognostic markers for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Several lines of evidence indicate that CD38 may be not only a diagnostic marker but also a key element in the pathogenetic network in CLL. First, CD38 is a receptor that induces proliferation and increases survival of CLL cells. Second, CD38 signals start upon interaction with the CD31 ligand expressed by stromal and nurse-like cells. Third, CD38/CD31 contacts up-regulate CD100, a semaphorin involved in sustaining CLL growth. Fourth, evidence that nurselike cells express high levels of CD31 and plexin-B1, the high-affinity ligand for CD100, offers indirect confirmation for this model of receptor cross-talk. Elements of variation in the clinical course of CD38(+) CLL patients include (1) potential intersection with ZAP-70, a kinase involved in the CD38 signaling pathway in T and natural killer (NK) cells, and (2) the effects of genetic polymorphisms of the receptors involved, at least of CD38 and CD31. Consequently, CD38 together with ZAP-70 appear to be the key elements of a coreceptor pathway that may sustain the signals mediated by the B-cell receptor and potentially by chemokines and their receptors. This would result in acquisition of increased survival potential, providing clues to the poorer prognosis of CD38(+) patients.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1↗
PubMed1976

[International strategies in medical education: technical assistance and technical cooperation].

This article reviews the evolution of international activity for national development in general and for medical education in particular. The concepts of traditional technical aid and the new method of technical cooperation are studied. That method appeared just before the beginning of this decade as a response to needs existing at the time to coordinate development with the emerging international economic order. This article discusses the emphasis given to strategy in this new concept of international activity. Strategy, in this sense, consists of a clear definition of goals and objectives by the countries themselves, mobilization of local resources, and full participation of national personnel in all phases of the process. The projects promoted by the Pan American Health Organization in applying technical cooperation to the field of health manpower training are discussed. Such activities include: coordinating the above mentioned training, providing overall support for institutional development, training professors and administrators, developing educational technology, creating and developing a network of biomedical information, developing social sciences as applied to medicine, and encouraging medical, epidemiological, social, and operational research.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1999

Interactive computer technology, behavioral science, and family practice.

In this paper we discuss conceptual and practical uses for interactive computer applications (ICAs) for family practice, with an emphasis on implications for patient self-management, physician-patient relationships, primary care research, and health care systems quality improvement. We discuss recent behavioral science advances in patient self-management and the advantages and potential limitations of ICAs for medicine. We describe the benefits and risks of using ICAs for providing information, coping-skills training, and social support for patients and for improving the consistency and quality of care given by physicians. There are currently many effective ICAs, and they will play a central role in future health care. There is also the risk of inappropriate use of ICAs. We provide a summary of the empirical literature examining the use of ICAs to aid patients and providers in behavioral change and guidelines adherence efforts. We advise those people researching and applying ICAs in health care to be bold in what they attempt, but cautious in what they claim. Rigorous scientific evaluation and standardized reporting criteria can help quicken this advance, and there are important policy and ethical issues to consider. We conclude with a list of issues for family practices to consider when selecting and using ICAs.

Ambulatory Care Information Systems↗
PubMed2001

Public health training and research collaboration in South Eastern Europe.

The health care systems in South Eastern Europe are characterized by a predominantly curative orientation. During the last decade public health became insufficient due to war as well as economic and political changes. Today there is a lack of competence in public health above all in health management and strategy development, but also in the fields of health surveillance and prevention. The great need for a sustainable collaboration and support in advanced training and continuous education of qualified professionals to reach required conditions was recognized. Therefore, the project for the development of training modules and research capabilities in public health in South Eastern European countries (SEE) was proposed to the Stability Pact (PH-SEE Project). The project is to support the reconstruction of postgraduate public health training through development of teaching materials in English for the Internet. A regional network of lecturers in the health sciences will be established. The up to date texts should be of international standard but also be of regional specificity.

Croatia↗
PubMed2000

A recurrent neural network for solving linear projection equations.

Linear projection equations arise in many optimization problems and have important applications in science and engineering. In this paper, we present a recurrent neural network for solving linear projection equations in real time. The proposed neural network has two layers and is amenable to parallel implementation with simple hardware. In the theoretical aspect, we prove that the proposed neural network can converge globally to the solution set of the problem when the matrix involved in the problem is positive semidefinite and can converge exponentially to a unique solution when the matrix is positive definite. In addition, we analyze the stability of the related dynamic system in detail. As an application, we show that the proposed neural network can be used directly to solve linear and convex quadratic programming problems and linear complementary problems with positive semidefinite matrices. The validity and transient behavior of the neural network are demonstrated by using three numerical examples.

Linear Models↗
PubMed2006

The greater Denver Latino Cancer Prevention/Control Network. Prevention and research through a community-based approach.

The Latino/a Research & Policy Center (LRPC), at the University of Colorado (UC) at Denver and Health Sciences Center built the Greater Denver Latino Cancer Prevention Network, a successful cancer prevention network, in 6 Denver metro area counties. The Network consisted of 23 Latino community-based organizations, health clinics, social service agencies, faith-based groups, and employee-based organizations; 2 migrant health clinics; and 14 scientific partners including the UC Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, and the American Cancer Society. The Network focused on 5 significant cancers: breast, cervical, lung, colorectal, and prostate cancer. The Steering Committee initiated a review process for junior researchers that resulted in 5 NCI-funded pilot projects. Pilot projects were conducted with various Latino populations. The Network developed community education and health promotion projects including the bilingual outreach play The Cancer Monologues. The Network's partnership also started and held 2 annual health fairs, Dia de la Mujer Latina/Day of the Latina Woman, and annual health prevention summits. The Special Population Network (SPN) adapted and revised a clinical trials education outreach module that reached Network community partners. SPN partners recruited Latino/a students to cancer research through a6-week NCI training program held yearly at the UCHSC campus. The Network methodology of bringing together the Latino community with the scientific community increased the level of awareness of cancer in the Latino community and increased cancer research and the level of engagement of the scientific partners with the Latino community. Cancer 2006. (c) 2006 American Cancer Society.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Automated continuing education and patient education.

This article discusses the use of a computer network to provide instruction for health care providers and patients and provides examples of screens from the educational modules developed for the project. The continuing nursing education and patient education modules were developed as a portion of the components for KARENET (Kellogg Affiliated Remote Environments Network), linking rural Morton, Texas, and the Health Sciences Center at Lubbock, Texas. Both health care providers and patient participants are benefiting from knowledge provided by the methodology of CAI/CMI provided by the network.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed2006

Organization of the state space of a simple recurrent network before and after training on recursive linguistic structures.

Recurrent neural networks are often employed in the cognitive science community to process symbol sequences that represent various natural language structures. The aim is to study possible neural mechanisms of language processing and aid in development of artificial language processing systems. We used data sets containing recursive linguistic structures and trained the Elman simple recurrent network (SRN) for the next-symbol prediction task. Concentrating on neuron activation clusters in the recurrent layer of SRN we investigate the network state space organization before and after training. Given a SRN and a training stream, we construct predictive models, called neural prediction machines, that directly employ the state space dynamics of the network. We demonstrate two important properties of representations of recursive symbol series in the SRN. First, the clusters of recurrent activations emerging before training are meaningful and correspond to Markov prediction contexts. We show that prediction states that naturally arise in the SRN initialized with small random weights approximately correspond to states of Variable Memory Length Markov Models (VLMM) based on individual symbols (i.e. words). Second, we demonstrate that during training, the SRN reorganizes its state space according to word categories and their grammatical subcategories, and the next-symbol prediction is again based on the VLMM strategy. However, after training, the prediction is based on word categories and their grammatical subcategories rather than individual words. Our conclusion holds for small depths of recursions that are comparable to human performances. The methods of SRN training and analysis of its state space introduced in this paper are of a general nature and can be used for investigation of processing of any other symbol time series by means of SRN.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed2000

On impulsive autoassociative neural networks.

Many systems existing in physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and information science can be characterized by impulsive dynamics caused by abrupt jumps at certain instants during the process. These complex dynamical behaviors can be modeled by impulsive differential systems or impulsive neural networks. This paper formulates and studies a new model of impulsive autoassociative neural networks. Several fundamental issues, such as global exponential stability and existence and uniqueness of equilibria of such neural networks, are established.

Models, Neurological↗
PubMed2002

Optimal network topologies for local search with congestion.

The problem of searchability in decentralized complex networks is of great importance in computer science, economy, and sociology. We present a formalism that is able to cope simultaneously with the problem of search and the congestion effects that arise when parallel searches are performed, and we obtain expressions for the average search cost both in the presence and the absence of congestion. This formalism is used to obtain optimal network structures for a system using a local search algorithm. It is found that only two classes of networks can be optimal: starlike configurations, when the number of parallel searches is small, and homogeneous-isotropic configurations, when it is large.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

The health sciences librarian as Internet navigator and interpreter.

Over the past several years, thousands of networked information resources have become available to individuals and institutions with access to the Internet. Unfortunately, the dizzying array of computing and networking environments often frustrates end users' attempts to navigate the Internet. Librarians have begun to take responsibility not only for instructing users in the use of basic network tools such as file transfer, remote log-in, and electronic mail, but also for answering questions concerning network access and even information system design. The authors show how, by continuing to adapt to this new and volatile environment, health sciences librarians find themselves playing increasingly important roles in shaping the information policies and practices of their institutions. To illustrate these new roles, the authors review the experiences of health sciences librarians at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of California, San Diego. These institutions have varying and complex networking environments, and their biomedical libraries have taken lead roles in clarifying and interpreting their particular Internet features.

California↗
PubMed2006

mtDB: Human Mitochondrial Genome Database, a resource for population genetics and medical sciences.

The mitochondrial genome, contained in the subcellular mitochondrial network, encodes a small number of peptides pivotal for cellular energy production. Mitochondrial genes are highly polymorphic and cataloguing existing variation is of interest for medical scientists involved in the identification of mutations causing mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as for population genetics studies. Human Mitochondrial Genome Database (mtDB) (http://www.genpat.uu.se/mtDB) has provided a comprehensive database of complete human mitochondrial genomes since early 2000. At this time, owing to an increase in the number of published complete human mitochondrial genome sequences, it became necessary to provide a web-based database of human whole genome and complete coding region sequences. As of August 2005 this database contains 2104 sequences (1544 complete genome and 560 coding region) available to download or search for specific polymorphisms. Of special interest to medical researchers and population geneticists evaluating specific positions is a complete list of (currently 3311) mitochondrial polymorphisms among these sequences. Recent expansions in the capabilities of mtDB include a haplotype search function and the ability to identify and download sequences carrying particular variants.

Databases, Nucleic Acid↗