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PubMed1983

[Non-specific angiitis and the central nervous system].

Central nervous system manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus are reported in 25 to 60 p. cent of cases and include mental disturbances, epilepsy, focal deficits, and headache. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes are inconstantly observed. Cerebral scintigraphy may be useful. CT Scan imaging shows infarcts, hemorrhages, or cortical atrophy. Cerebral angiography is usually normal. Pathological examination shows frequent arteriolar lesions in the CNS but their appearance is rarely that of an angiitis. The mechanism of the CNS lesion involves both angiitis and antineuronal antibodies. Diagnosis is difficult when presenting signs are those of CNS involvement, particularly as the ESR can be normal. Serum complement and anti-DNA antibody levels are frequently normal when there is an isolated CNS involvement. Overall prognosis is poor in cases with CNS lesions. The use of corticoids is discussed. Cerebral angiitis is an exceptional finding during the course of rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma. Central neurological manifestations of Sharp's and Gougerot-Sjögren's syndromes have recently been reported. CNS lesions are reported in 10 to 20 p. cent of patients with panarteritis nodosa and include mental disorders and disturbance of vigilance, epilepsy, focal deficits, meningeal signs and headache. The CSF is often normal. The CT scan provides images of infarcts, hemorrhages or cortical atrophy. Cerebral angiography may show segmental stenoses and distal occlusions. Pathological examination of the CNS shows mainly lesions in the intracerebral and leptomeningeal arterioles and small caliber arteries. Treatment is by corticoids and immunosuppressors. Angiitis of the CNS is rare and of late onset in Wegener's granulomatosis. Hypersensitivity angiitis rarely affects the CNS, those cases where it is involved being of poor prognosis and probably related to panarteritis nodosa. CNS manifestations in giant cell arteritis and Takayasu's arteritis result from neck artery lesions. The CNS is affected in 20 p. cent of cases in Behcet's disease with resulting isolated aseptic meningitis or a meningo-encephalomyelitis, and intracranial hypertension. The CSF is nearly always abnormal. Cerebral angiography should be directed towards the search for cerebral thrombophlebitis. Pathologically lesions predominate in the brain stem. Meningeal lesions are almost constantly present. Neurological involvement is of poor prognosis, and early corticotherapy must be instituted. The nosological autonomy of Buerger's thromboangiitis obliterans is questioned. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a particular type of angiitis in which malignant cell infiltration occurs. The CNS is affected in 20 p. cent of cases, and whatever the treatment the prognosis is poor. Granulomatous angiitis of the CNS has the distinctive feature of lesions affecting the CNS vessels either exclusively or predominantly. The antemortem diagnosis is based on biopsy of the leptomeninges, and treatment with corticoids and immunosuppressors may prove effective.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗
PubMed1993

Characterization of the tyraminergic system in the central nervous system of the locust, Locusta migratoria migratoides.

Tyramine occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratoides. The distribution of tyramine within the CNS does not parallel that of octopamine. Tyramine is synthesised from tyrosine in the presence of tyrosine decarboxylase. A second decarboxylase in the CNS is active against 5HTP and DOPA. The locust ganglia incorporate tyramine by high- and low-affinity uptake processes that appear to be independent of dopamine and octopamine. Depolarisation of the locust ganglia by high potassium concentration results in calcium-dependent release of incorporated [3H]tyramine.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

JC virus can infect human immune and nervous system progenitor cells: implications for pathogenesis.

Recent advances in stem cell biology have called attention to the role these cells may play in the pathogenesis of systemic and nervous system diseases. Although not capable of indefinite self renewal and pluripotentiality as stem cells are, progenitor cells can give rise to cells of different lineages. It is infection of these differentiated cells that has traditionally been associated with the pathology and symptoms of viral-induced disease. However, neural progenitor cells have been shown, in vitro, to be susceptible to infection by neurotropic viruses such as the human polyomavirus, JCV, and the lentivirus, HIV-1. These progenitor cells, which exist during development as well as in the fully developed adult brain, could therefore be involved in neuropathogenesis. Morever, JCV can also infect progenitor cells of the hematopoietic system, derivatives of which have been implicated in the trafficking of virus from the periphery to the brain. Interestingly, susceptibility to and molecular regulation of JCV infection in hematopoietic cells closely parallels what has been observed in glial cells. The biological interaction between the immune and nervous systems that exists in the dissemination of virus from periphery to nervous system and the susceptibility of both systems to JCV infection provide potential for hematopoietic and neural progenitor cell involvement in JCV pathogenesis.

B-Lymphocytes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Midbrain structures and the cerebrospinal fluid circulation system in central nervous system disease].

The author offers an original method of the study of the midbrain structures and liquor circulation system (the third ventricle, brain water-pipe, the fourth ventricle) in the small cavity in the course of autopsy. The position of the middle structures is characterized by means of the angle measuring of their borders against bone structures of the base and vault of the skull. The method allows to assess morphometrically the degree of dislocation of the middle structures in pathological conditions accompanied by brain edema.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1982

Cytofluorescence localization of adriamycin in the nervous system. I. Distribution of the drug in the central nervous system of normal adult mice after intravenous injection.

By a fluorescence-microscopic technique the distribution of the antineoplastic glycoside, adriamycin (doxorubicin), was studied in the CNS of normal adult mice after i.v. injection. Doses comparable to those used in patients for the treatment of malignant diseases were used. The drug did not have access to areas of the brain within the blood-brain barrier but, except for the subcommissural organ, it was consistently localized in the nuclei of neurons and/or glial cells of the circumventricular organs (postremal area, subfornical organ, median eminence, neurohypophysis) as well as in cells of the choroid plexus and lamina cribrosa of the optic nerve. The nuclear fluorescence was accompanied by a less intense extracellular fluorescence when the survival time was shorter than 1 min after the injection. The fluorescence emitted by adriamycin was seen as early as 15 s after injection and showed its highest intensity at 1 and 15 min later. After 24 h fluorescence was no longer observed except for the ependymal zone of the median eminence. Our study thus shows that adriamycin passes from the blood into the nervous parenchyma in those areas of the brain located outside the blood-brain barrier. This finding raises the question whether in such regions there are any neurotoxicologic effects produced by the drug which have not yet been detected.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[The renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system in essential hypertension].

In 112 patients with essential hypertension (HTA), free of any therapeutic and receiving the standard ward, a significant inverse relationship was found between age and plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone (PA), measured in the supine and upright position. Urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine were not related with age. When dividing the patients in 4 different age groups, it appeared that those younger than 30 years exhibited a significantly higher PRA and PA values and a higher frequency of borderline hypertension (45 p. 100) than the older ones (12 p. 100). So as to determine the characteristics associated with borderline HTA, it was necessary to eliminate the influence of age. This was achieved by comparing two groups of carefully age-matched patients, one with borderline HTA and the other with stable HTA. The only significant difference found was a significantly more marked increase in PRA in response to orthostatism, in patients with borderline HTA. Since renin responses to an orthostatic stress are largely mediated by renal nerves, this result suggest that borderline HTA could be associated with an increased reactivity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Syncope and the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in the maintenance of hemodynamic stability. Dysfunction of this complex regulatory system can lead to the development of loss of consciousness. This article summarizes our current understanding of the role of the autonomic nervous system in maintaining a stable blood pressure and heart rate under normal and abnormal physiologic conditions. The role of baroreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, vascular reactivity, and the interaction of these sensor systems with the central nervous system as a whole are reviewed. Current concepts related to the mechanisms of unexplained syncope and the "state-of-the-art" diagnostic and treatment options are also discussed.

Aging↗
PubMed1993

[Age-related changes in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and the sympathetic nervous system in patients with essential hypertension].

The aim of this study was to evaluate age, plasmatic renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone levels and the total quantity of urinary catecholamines (TOT. UR. CAT.) in a large population of out-patients suffering from essential arterial hypertension (EAH). A total of 986 patients were examined (540 women and 426 men aged between 15 and 87 years) suffering form slight or moderate EAH (WHO stage 1-2). After a wash-out period of two weeks, systolic and diastolic arterial pressure was measured together with heart rate in clino- and orthostatism. Blood samples were collected to determine PRA and plasma aldosterone, and lastly a 24-hour urine collection was made to measure the total quantity of catecholamines. It emerged that there was a significant increase in systolic pressure, whereas heart rate and PRA diminished significantly when correlated with age; diastolic pressure was also considerably lower, but did not reach statistical significance. Moreover, it was found that there was a significant positive correlation between PRA and TOT. UR. CAT., whereas no correlation was found between age and plasma aldosterone and between blood pressure and the various endocrine parameters examined. These data confirm the changes in the biological, hemodynamic and endocrine profiles observed in elderly hypertensive patients in comparison to young hypertensive patients, and suggests that age may be an important predictive factor of the activity of both the renin-angiotensin and sympathetic nervous system which appear to be closely connected and gradually attenuated by age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Functional anatomy of the central nervous system].

The central nervous system (CNS) has a particular regional functional anatomy. The morphological support of cognitive functions can now be depicted using functional imaging. Lesions of the central nervous system may be responsible of specific symptoms based on their location. Current neuroimaging techniques are able to show and locate precisely macroscopic lesions. Therefore, the knowledge of functional anatomy of the central nervous system is useful to link clinical disorders to symptomatic lesions. Using radio-clinical cases, we present the functional neuro-anatomy related to common cognitive impairments.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1997

[The present state of knowledge concerning the effect of electromagnetic fields of 50/60 Hz on the circulatory system and the autonomic nervous system].

Diseases of the circulatory system together with neoplastic diseases are recognised as the major health problem in the contemporary world. Their origin and aggravation may be related to the exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) since theoretically, disorders in the functioning of the circulatory system are most likely due to electric impulses generated in it by external magnetic fields. The nervous system, including its autonomic part which regulates, among others, the functioning of the circulatory system, because of its electric nature is another system which may be disturbed by EMFs. From the 1960s, biological studies on the effects of power-line frequency EMFs have been carried out in many countries. In view of the applied study model, four main directions of these studies can be identified: in vitro and in vivo animal experiments, experimental studies on humans, clinical and epidemiological studies. Experimental studies on animals and humans have yielded ambiguous and very often contradictory results. Some of them indicate that EMF contributes to slowing down the cardiac rhythm and the stroke volume of the left ventricle, other results suggest their acceleration, and still other show no differences. The results of clinical studies performed in many countries in different groups of workers exposed to power-line frequency EMFs have not produced the evidence for drawing unequivocal conclusions. Again some studies reveal that those exposed show disorders in neurovegetative and blood pressure regulations (hypotension or hypertension) as well as in cardiac rhythm (bradycardia or tachycardia). Other studies do not confirm harmful effect of EMF on the circulatory system. Therefore, it is not feasible to find out, on the basis of these studies, whether and how chronic exposure to power-line frequency EMFs influences the functioning of the circulatory system, the more so as ECG standard recording has been to date the only diagnostic method, and according to the present state of knowledge it is not sufficient to assess the functioning of the circulatory system. Epidemiological studies play the most important role in the evaluation of health effects of the exposure to power-line frequency EMFs. These studies have been carried out for fifteen years, however, they do not consider the effect of chronic exposure to EMF of 50 Hz frequency on the circulatory system.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Development of the dopamine-immunoreactive system in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey.

The development of dopamine-immunoreactive (DAir) populations in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey, a modern representative of the earliest vertebrates, was studied to achieve further understanding of dopaminergic systems in vertebrates. The first DAir cell groups appeared in the spinal cord, the posterior tubercle nucleus and the dorsal hypothalamic nucleus of prolarval stages. In larvae, new DAir cell groups were observed in the caudal preoptic nucleus, the postoptic commissure nucleus, the postinfundibular commissure nucleus and the caudal rhombencephalon. All these DAir cell groups observed in larvae were also DA-positive in adults, which showed only one new DAir cell group found in the ventral hypothalamic nucleus. Occasional DAir cells were observed in the telencephalon, the ventral thalamus and/or the isthmus of large larvae and adults. From medium-sized larvae to adults, the regions most richly innervated by DAir fibers were the neurohypophysis, the striatum, the pretectum and the midbrain tegmentum. Striking differences are observed between lampreys and other vertebrates in regard to the relative time of appearance of DAir cells, which is probably related with the complex life cycle of the sea lamprey.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in the central nervous system of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus).

The distribution of the noradrenaline (NA)- and dopamine (DA)-containing neuronal structures in the central nervous system of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), a phylogenetically old mammalian species, was immunocytochemically studied employing antibodies directed against the catecholamines (CA) themselves. Groups of DA cell bodies observed in this study were similar to those present in other species but the distributional map of the NA-containing cell bodies exhibited some peculiarities. Prominent among them were the absence of the A3 group and the paucity of CA cells in the A2 group. DA neurons in the hypothalamus, apart from the densely populated paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, were fewer and less widely distributed than in other species. In the hedgehog mesencepha- Ion, in contrast to what has been described in other species, the major DA cell group was present in the ventral tegmental area. CA immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed in the CNS of the hedgehog. However, similarly to what has been observed in other species, terminal fields of DA neurons were much more restricted when compared to those of the NA neurons. The neocortical DA projection system of the hedgehog appeared less developed but organized similar to that of the rat, and even less developed than that of the primates. The lack of profound regional and laminar variations in the density of cortical NA fibers in the hedgehog enhances the suggestion that the elaboration and differentiation of the NA cortical system parallels the phylogenetic development of the cortex. In the brainstem, interspecies differences in the distribution of the CA fibers were found to concern primarily some hypothalamic areas (medial preoptic area, suprachiasmatic nucleus, arcuate nucleus). Such differences in the thalamus concerned the NA innervation and they were notably present in the visual thalamic nuclei (dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, lateral posterior thalamic nucleus). In the spinal cord, which was found to receive fewer CA afferents than those found in other species, the density of the DA fibers was much lower than that of the NA axons. In addition to the CNS areas that have been described in other species to receive catecholaminergic innervation, the present study showed that both types of catecholaminergic fibers are distributed in the choroid plexus and along the ventricular wall of the brain ventricles and the central canal of the hedgehog.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1993

A system approach to pharmacodynamics. Input-effect control system analysis of central nervous system effect of alfentanil.

Virtually all biological variables, including those affected by drugs, are subject to adaptive self regulation. In the description of the pharmacodynamics (PD) of drugs, it may be necessary to consider the endogenous control system (ECS) as an integral part of the PD. A PDECS model based on system analysis principles is presented and tested on PD data for alfentanil considering the central nervous system activity quantified by a power spectrum analysis of the electroencephalogram. The model was tested in terms of a proposed relative prediction performance criterion that measures the accuracy of future predictions relative to how well the model describes (fits) the past effect data. A mean value of 80% (standard deviation, 28) for relative prediction performance indicates that the model performs well when challenged by the complex multiple infusion scheme used in the test. The overshoot phenomenon observed in the data is considered by the PDECS model as a ECS-based tolerance phenomenon. The proposed development of tolerance is modeled as a variable gain in the ECS processing that influences the effect. Although the development and loss of tolerance is determined by a single rate constant in the tolerance model, the rates of increase and decrease of tolerance may be substantially different. Contrary to other PD tolerance models, the proposed PDECS approach models the tolerance in terms of an effect deviation from an ECS set point. The intrinsic (no tolerance) effect of the drug is isolated in terms of an open loop (no feedback) effect.

Alfentanil↗