In vitro diagnosis and studies on the mechanism(s) of anaphylactoid reactions to muscle relaxant drugs.
By covalently coupling alcuronium, d-tubocurarine and the pancuronium analogue, vecuronium, and using the resultant complexes in radioimmunoassays with patients' sera, we have found high levels of drug-reactive IgE antibodies in some subjects who reacted to these muscle relaxants. This is the first demonstration of IgE antibodies to such compounds. Assays were also developed for the detection of drug-reactive IgE antibodies to the muscle relaxant drugs succinylcholine, decamethonium and gallamine. They involved the coupling of choline and its ethyl analogue, triethylcholine to activated Sepharose. Results of direct binding and inhibition experiments and correlations with clinical findings demonstrated that the assays are relevant to the detection of succinylcholine-, decamethonium- and gallamine-reactive IgE antibodies in patients who experienced adverse reactions to these drugs. Quantitative inhibition studies revealed that IgE antibodies from most patients cross-reacted with all muscle relaxants tested, other quaternary ammonium compounds and some pharmacologically unrelated drugs including promethazine, morphine, neostigmine and pentolinium. Results showed that the specificities of the IgE antibodies are directed towards quaternary or tertiary ammonium ions on the drugs that bind the antibodies. As these ions occur widely in man's environment in drugs, cosmetics, disinfectants, foods and industrial materials, it seems possible that sensitization of patients may occur without previous exposure to muscle relaxant drugs. Thus, we now have assays that will detect antibodies to all six muscle relaxant drugs --alcuronium, d-tubocurarine, pancuronium, succinylcholine, decamethonium and gallamine-- and, for the first time since the work on penicillins, drug-specific IgE antibodies have been found in large numbers of patients and the allergenic determinants have been identified.