[Contribution to the study of the factors conditioning the fecundity of adults and the pullulations of Pegomyia betae Curt. (Diptera Muscidae)].
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Toxicological deterioration of some plant extracts on Fannia canicularis (Diptera: Muscidae).
The early third instar larvae of Fannia canicularis were treated with various concentrations of Rumex dentatus, Protulaca deracea and Piper cubebae extracts. The Rumex dentatus was more toxic than Protulaca deracea and Piper cubebae. The extract mixture of Rumex dentatus and Piper cubebae induced a high synergistic action against the treated larvae, but the mixture of Protulaca deracea and Piper cubebae indicated an antagonistic effect. The reproductive potential of treated insects together with the biochemistry of their ovaries and testes were determined. The results indicated that the tested mixtures had delayed effects represented by the decreased the ovarian and testicular protein and the disturbance of their amino acid contents. This might be due in part to the interference of these mixtures with gonadal development, which affected negatively the fecundity and fertility of adults.
Animals↗
[Post-embrionic development of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus,1758) (Diptera: Muscidae)feed in feces of treated bovines with different avermectins].
Stomoxys calcitrans is one of the most important ectoparasites of the livestock in Brazil. This dipteran transmits many pathogenic agents to domestic animals, and in Latin America the stable fly is a common vector of Dermatobia hominis eggs. The insecticidal effect of feces from treated bovines with different avermectins was tested against larvae and pupae of S. calcitrans and was studied at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Groups of bovines were, treated with eprinornectin, abamectin, ivermectin and doramectin, and one group was left untreated. Approximatly 100 g of feces was colleted frorn the recturri of each animal at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment. The animal feces were mixtured with basic diet 1:1 and inoculated with first instar larvae of S. calcitrans. The results of this trial showed that percentage of viability of S calcitrans, from larvae to adult, was reduced by 85,00; 84,00; 91,00 and 92,00 per cent for eprinornectin, abamectin, ivermectin, and doramectin, respectively after 14 days post-treatment.
Animals↗
Development of the nematode eyeworm, Thelazia skrjabini (Nematoda: Thelazioidea), in experimentally infected face flies, Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae).
The development of Thelazia skrjabini Erschow, 1928, was studied in experimentally infected laboratory-reared Musca autumnalis De Geer. Thelazia skrjabini developed to the infective third stage in a minimum of 9 days in M. autumnalis maintained at 27 +/- 2 C. First-stage larvae were not observed postinoculation, but second-stage larvae were first observed 3 days postinoculation. Development was asynchronous. Second- and third-stage larvae occur in capsules, occasionally in the head but primarily in the abdomen attached to fat bodies. First-stage larvae have anteriorly 1 ventral and 2 dorsal hooks, directed posteriorly. Second-stage larvae have 4 submedian cephalic papillae and faint annular striations. Third-stage larvae have 6 labial papillae, 4 submedian cephalic papillae and pronounced annulations. Morphometric studies of each larval stage were performed with specimens in glycerine.
Animals↗
Sex ratio, emergence and infection rates of Heterotylenchus-exposed Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae).
Experimental infections were produced with the host-specific nematode Heterotylenchus autumnalis, which sterilizes its host, the face fly (Musca autumnalis). The high infection rate achieved (means = 82.5%) was similar for male and female flies. The pupal emergence rate was significantly lower for fly larvae exposed to the nematodes than for unexposed controls. Heterotylenchus-exposed flies had a sex ratio skewed in favor of males. This indicates that in addition to sterilization, H. autumnalis has other deleterious effects on its host. Heterotylenchus autumnalis is therefore a candidate for use as a potential biological control agent of the face fly.
Animals↗
Epidemiology of wildebeest-derived malignant catarrhal fever in South Africa: inability to transfer the disease with an African face fly Musca xanthomelas (Diptera: Muscidae).
Under experimental conditions an African face fly (Musca xanthomelas) preferred to feed on cattle dung when provided with a choice of 3 different meals namely sucrose, cattle dung and blood. Flies starved overnight fed well on the eyes of cattle and rabbits, but were reluctant to feed again within 2 h after being allowed to feed on cell culture medium or on the eyes of wildebeest, and when they did feed, they preferred to feed on the external side of the eyelids and on the coagulated material in the medial canthus of the eye. Under field conditions flies were rarely seen to feed on the eyes of immobilized wildebeest. Although M. xanthomelas became infected with Alcelaphinae herpes virus 1 (AHV-1) when they fed on infective wildebeest tears or cell culture medium, they lost the virus within 5 h, and recovery of infective AHV-1 particles from regurgitated cell culture medium was limited to the first 30 min after feeding. AHV-1 could not be transmitted by flies to cattle or rabbits. The failure to transfer the virus with flies can be ascribed to their reluctance to feed on cattle or rabbits shortly after they have consumed a protein rich meal, the rapid inactivation of ingested virus and the relatively high titre of virus necessary to infect cattle via the ocular route. Furthermore, it is believed that under natural conditions flies that have emerged from cattle dung will be inclined to stay with cattle where food is freely available.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Cytochemical studies of oocyte development in Sarcophaga lineatocollis Macq. (Muscidae: Diptera).
The ovary of Sarcophaga lineatocollis is a typical polytrophic ovary. Each of its 25-30 ovarioles is composed of a small terminal filament, a small germarium and a vitellarium consisting of the egg follicle. The tunica propria is a noncellular, PAS-positive membrane. The ovarian follicle contains fifteen trophocytes and one oocyte. RNA is synthesized with the aid of the nuclei in the trophocyte cytoplasm, which are RNA- and PAS-positive. Protein is deposited intensively in the early stages of the trophocytes. The trophocytes of Sarcophaga lineatocollis synthesize RNA and protein more actively than the oocyte. In this fly, protein yolk precursor (PYP) bodies are supplied by the trophocyte cytoplasm to the ooplasm at an advanced stage of development. Nucleolar budding and vacuolation are observed in the trophocytes. RNA, DNA, protein and PYP bodies appear to be transported to the ooplasm from the trophocytes. Pyknotic trophocyte nuclei can be seen entering the ooplasm. The perinuclear Golgi bodies of the trophocytes help in the production and maturation of PYP bodies in the trophocytes before they are organized and passed on to the oocytes. Some RNA is contributed to the oocyte by the follicular epithelium. All these processes leading to maturation and development of the oocyte are discussed and interpreted.
Animals↗
Taxonomic studies of subfamily Phaoniinae (Muscidae, Diptera) in Egypt.
Subfamily Phaoniinae is represented in Egypt by 22 species under 9 genera. Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Wulp.) and Ophyra leucostoma (Wied.) are identified and recorded for the first time in Egypt.
Animals↗
[The distribution of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera, Muscidae) in stables].
Cowsheds and pigsties were studied for infestation with the stable fly. 81.5% of the cowsheds, but only 20% of the pigsties were found to be infested. Both people working in the sheds and sties and villagers felt molested. The control of the stable fly proved to be not difficult.
Animals↗
Prevalence and intensity of Thelazia spp. (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) in a Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae) population from Central Alberta.
A face fly (Musca autumnalis) population near Wetaskiwin, central Alberta, Canada, was sampled 9 times from 26 July to 29 September 1988 for the early larval stages of Thelazia spp. Of 426 female flies examined, 159 (37%) contained Thelazia spp. (almost exclusively T. skrjabini), with an average worm burden of 4.2 larvae per infected fly. Prevalence ranged from 17 to 56% over 9 collections. This is the first report of Thelazia skrjabini in flies from western North America and the highest Thelazia prevalence in face flies yet reported in North America. The face fly population was also parasitized by Heterotylenchus autumnalis, with a prevalence of 5.5%.
Alberta↗
The effect of treating beef cattle on pasture with ivermectin on the prevalence and intensity of Thelazia spp. (Nematoda: Thelazioidea) in the vector, Musca autumnalis (Diptera: Muscidae).
Trihedron sticky traps were used to monitor the prevalence and intensity of Thelazia spp. in face flies associated with 2 groups of cattle. Traps were set for 24 hr once a week beginning 2 wk before cattle were turned out to pasture following winter housing and continued until flies reached diapause in October. The 50 heifers in group 1 received 1 treatment with ivermectin (Ivomec Pour-On for cattle, 500 micrograms/kg body weight) on the day of turnout onto pasture. The 50 cows and their calves in group 2 were not treated. Treating cattle with ivermectin delayed the onset of infection in Musca autumnalis by 20 days and reduced the prevalence to 2.2% compared to 26.9% in flies from the control pasture. Although residues of ivermectin eradicate many fly larvae developing in cattle feces, there was no significant difference in the number of flies counted on the faces of cattle or in the number of flies caught on sticky traps on the 2 pastures (P > 0.05).
Alberta↗
Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma spp. by African Stomoxyinae (Diptera: Muscidae).
Ten taxa of Stomoxyinae were tested for their ability to transmit Trypanosoma brucei, T. vivax, T. evansi and T. congolense to mice within 3 min of interrupted feeding on highly parasitaemic blood. T. brucei was the easiest parasite to transmit with an 11.5% success rate, followed by T. vivax at 3.4%, and T. evansi at 0.9%. T. congolense was not transmitted in 129 attempts. Stomoxys niger sspp. and four unstudied species (S. varipes, S. taeniatus, S. pallidus, Haematobosca squalida) were capable of transmitting trypanosomes mechanically.
Animals↗
Skin lesions in dogs, horses and calves caused by the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae).
Specific skin lesions caused by Stomoxys calcitrans on the feeding sites of different species are described. Skin lesions appeared on dogs, horses and calves following bites of stable flies. Necrotic dermatitis was observed in 32 dogs of various breeds at the tip of the ears. Exudative dermatitis appeared on the legs of 45 adult horses and dermatitis was diagnosed in the "hair whirlpools" on the backs of 18 white calves.
Animals↗
Stability of equine infectious anemia virus in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae), Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera:Muscidae), and Tabanus fuscicostatus (Diptera:Tabanidae) stored at -70 degrees C.
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) was injected intrathoracically into Aedes aegypti, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Tabanus fuscicostatus, and fed to Ae. aegypti in suspensions of either artificial blood of Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium. Insects were stored at -70 degrees C for up to 9 months before testing for the presence of EIAV. The viral tissue culture titers detected from stored insects were similar to those from insects tested at time 0.
Aedes↗
Courtship dances in the flies of the genus Lispe (Diptera: Muscidae): from the fly's viewpoint.
Two predatory fly species, Lispe consanguinea Loew, 1858 and L. tentaculata DeGeer, 1776, inhabit the supralittoral zone at the shore of a fresh-water reservoir. Both species look alike and possess similar "badges," reflective concave silvery scales on the face. Flies occupy different lek habitats. Males of the first species patrol the bare wet sand on the beach just above the surf. Males of the second species reside on the more textured heaps of algae and stones. Courtship and aggressive behaviour of males was video-recorded and analysed frame by frame. Visual stimuli provided by the conspecific partner were computed in the body-fixed space of a fly observer. Males of L. consanguinea perform long pedestrian dances of pendulating circular arcs (frequency 2 s(-1), median radius 2.5 cm, linear velocity 0.130 m/s). Right and left side runs are equally probable. Circular runs are interrupted by standby intervals of average duration 0.35 s. The female views the male as a target covering 2 by 2 ommatidia, moving abruptly with the angular velocity over 200 degrees/s in a horizontal direction down the path of about 50 degrees till the next standpoint. Dancing is evenly distributed around the female. On the contrary, the male fixates the image of the female within the narrow front sector (median +/-10 degrees); the target in his view has 6-7 times less angular velocity and angular span of oscillations, and its image in profile overlays 6-8 by 2 ommatidia. If the female walks, the male combines tracking with voluntary circular dances. Rival males circle about one another at a distance shorter than 15 mm, but not in close contact. Males of L. tentaculata are capable of similar circular courting dances, but do so rarely. Usually they try to mount any partner immediately. In the latter species, male combat consists of fierce wrestling. Flies of both species often walk sideward and observe the partner not in front but at the side.
Aggression↗
Monitoring insecticide resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from New York dairies.
House flies were collected from dairies across New York state and the levels of resistance to seven insecticides were measured using standard laboratory assays with three to five diagnostic concentrations. The highest levels of resistance were found for tetrachlorvinphos, permethrin and cyfluthrin. Although levels of resistance to methomyl were somewhat lower, they were among the highest ever reported for field-collected house flies. Resistance to pyrethrins was limited primarily to the lowest diagnostic concentration. House flies were susceptible to fipronil at all dairies, suggesting that this material would be highly effective for fly control. The levels of resistance were similar at all the dairies, irrespective of their insecticide use, suggesting substantial movement of flies between facilities. Relative to resistance levels found at New York dairies in 1987, resistance levels had increased for permethrin, were unchanged for tetrachlorvinphos and had decreased for dimethoate. To identify a single diagnostic concentration that could be used in the laboratory assays to assess accurately resistance levels in future studies, we carried out a 'simulated' field bioassay using formulated materials. A diagnostic concentration for each insecticide is proposed on the basis of a comparison of our bioassays.
Adaptation, Physiological↗
Susceptibility of house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) exposed to commercial insecticides on painted and unpainted plywood panels.
House flies were collected from dairies in New York state and the levels of resistance to commercially available insecticide formulations were measured on painted and unpainted plywood panels. Dimethoate was ineffective on all surfaces. The wettable powder permethrin formulation was more toxic than the emulsifiable concentrate formulation. The wettable powder cyfluthrin formulation was also more toxic than the recently developed liquid formulation. In general, the best house fly control was obtained on flat latex painted plywood panels and the poorest control on gloss latex painted panels. It is highly unlikely that producers obtain adequate control with dimethoate and permethrin.
Animals↗
Assessing insecticide resistance and aversion to methomyl-treated toxic baits in Musca domestica L (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in southern California.
Progeny of house flies (Musca domestica L) from ten California poultry operations, three dairies and one horse-riding facility were tested for methomyl- and muscalure-treated bait resistance using up to three different assays: a topical assay, a no-choice feeding assay and a choice feeding assay. LD50 resistance factors from the topical assay, compared with a locally-derived susceptible colony, ranged between 1 and 4. LC50 resistance factors from the no-choice feeding assay ranged mostly between 2 and 5, with one value of 18. Measurable LT50 resistance ratios for female flies in the choice feeding assay ranged from 43 to 159; two populations had <10% mortality at 48h and could not be measured. LT50 resistance ratios for male flies in the choice feeding assay ranged from 26 to 96, and one population was too resistant to measure. A behavioral assay tested the feeding preference of male and female flies provided a dish of sugar and a dish of methomyl- and muscalure-treated bait. Of eight strains tested, females from seven strains and males from six strains showed significant preference for sugar over bait. Behavioral factors appear to be important in the severe resistance of house flies to baits in California.
Alkenes↗