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PubMed2005

Forensic analysis of nonlinear collusion attacks for multimedia fingerprinting.

Digital fingerprinting is a technology for tracing the distribution of multimedia content and protecting them from unauthorized redistribution. Unique identification information is embedded into each distributed copy of multimedia signal and serves as a digital fingerprint. Collusion attack is a cost-effective attack against digital fingerprinting, where colluders combine several copies with the same content but different fingerprints to remove or attenuate the original fingerprints. In this paper, we investigate the average collusion attack and several basic nonlinear collusions on independent Gaussian fingerprints, and study their effectiveness and the impact on the perceptual quality. With unbounded Gaussian fingerprints, perceivable distortion may exist in the fingerprinted copies as well as the copies after the collusion attacks. In order to remove this perceptual distortion, we introduce bounded Gaussian-like fingerprints and study their performance under collusion attacks. We also study several commonly used detection statistics and analyze their performance under collusion attacks. We further propose a preprocessing technique of the extracted fingerprints specifically for collusion scenarios to improve the detection performance.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2001

Multimedia analysis of PAHs and nitro-PAH daughter products in the Los Angeles Basin.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are released into the atmosphere may have health consequences that can be compounded by their nitro-PAH atmospheric transformation products. The available literature suggests that some of the atmospheric nitro-PAH daughter products may increase the overall environmental health risk associated with PAHs. Therefore, an important issue is whether there is merit in considering atmospheric transformation products of air toxins when conducting environmental health-risk analyses. To illustrate the above issue, a comparative analysis of the potential risk that may be imposed by PAHs and their daughter products was carried out for the Los Angeles Basin. The analysis consisted of first assessing the multimedia environmental concentration of selected PAHs and nitro-PAHs using a spatial-compartmental modeling approach coupled with available monitoring data. Multimedia concentrations were then used to estimate chemical media-specific mutagenic densities as well as average daily intake from multiple pathways, followed by cancer risk for the known carcinogens among the study chemicals. The analysis revealed that mutagenic densities of the nitro-PAH daughter products can significantly exceed those of the parent PAHs. The results of this study suggest that there is merit in further investigation of the potential contribution of nitro-PAHs to the overall environmental health risk associated with airborne PAHs.

Air Pollutants↗

PubMed2005

Validation of Acceptance of Coercive Sexual Behavior (ACSB): a multimedia measure of adolescent dating attitudes.

The psychometric properties of the Acceptance of Coercive Sexual Behavior (ACSB), a multimedia measure of adolescent dating attitudes, were examined. The ACSB is an interactive instrument that uses video vignettes to depict adolescent dating situations. Analyses of the measure's factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity were conducted with separate samples of male (n = 106) and female (n = 114) high school students. Validity was evaluated in relation to subscales on the Sexual Attitudes Survey and self-reports of dating and sexual experiences. Factor analyses on the ACSB yielded two factors, Coercion and Consent. The ACSB demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Advantages of using a multimedia assessment of sexually coercive attitudes with adolescents are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Some considerations concerning multimedia-multipollutant risk assessment methodology: use of epidemiologic data for non-cancer risk assessment in Russia.

The highly industrialized small town of Verkhnyaya Pyshma (in the Urals region of Russia) was chosen as the site of a multimedia-multipollutant risk assessment using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency methodology. The assessment was based on routine environmental pollution monitoring data for ambient air, soils, drinking water, and food, and the international environmental epidemiology literature. Using an a priori set of the preliminary health-based criteria, we selected nine pollutants for risk assessment: total suspended particles (TSP), sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), ammonia arsenic, copper, cadmium, and lead. We used dose-response functions derived from epidemiologic studies to assess individual and population risks for TSP, SO2, NO2, As, Cd, and Pb. We assessed both cancer (for BaP, As, and Cd) and non-cancer (for all the chosen pollutants but BaP) responses, but in this paper we discuss only the assessments of noncarcinogenic risks due to TSP, SO2, NO2, Pb, and Cd as examples of how the quantitative estimates of health effects can be produced by using a risk function approach. We also schematically present a modified conceptual model of multimedia-multipollutant risk assessment taking into account the experience gained with this study.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Analysis of students' perceptual styles and their use of multimedia.

The relationships between students' perceptual styles (field independence-dependence-neutral) and the students' preferences for visual images as well as written text and narrative sound within a multimedia lesson have been studied. Of particular importance was the students' study time (minutes) among three media. 70 students of historic costume completed the Group Embedded Figures Test and a multimedia lesson distinguishing costumes of 1875, 1880, and 1885. Significantly more time was spent studying both visual images and written text than in listening to narrative sound; however, visual images were selected significantly more often than text or sound, in that order. Subjects chose and studied detailed fashion illustrations significantly more than the simplified line drawings and significantly increased their knowledge about costumes of 1875 to 1885. No association of students' perceptual style with any assessment procedure was noted.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Let's get hyper! Interactive multimedia in EMS.

What's all this hoopla about interactive multimedia? You may have seen the headlines in the Wall Street Journal, Time, Newsweek or U.S. News and World Report. Their message: Brace yourself for the future--multimedia is going to change the world! And, while technology is ever-changing, here's an update on the EMS training products currently available, what they do and how they can be a part of your training program.

CD-ROM↗

PubMed1997

[A study of multimedia computer assistant instruction of forensic autopsy].

A study of software system for forensic autopsy teaching was carried on with multimedia computer and authour tool. This software system can meet the need of morphological instruction by combining the theory of forensic medicine with its practice. It also indicates that the multimedia computer is playing an impotant role in forensic medicine.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1992

CompuLung: a multimedia CBL on pulmonary auscultation.

Cardio-pulmonary auscultation, a time honored art, is suffering a declining interest caused by competing diagnostic technology and inadequate training of physicians. Overreliance on diagnostic technology is expensive, not cost-effective and bound to lead to loss of our clinical heritage. We need novel methods to teach and revive this art. Computer-Based Learning (CBL), particularly multimedia supporting graphics plus sound-and-motion pictures, appears to be ideally suited for teaching and sharpening this skill. We present in this paper a multimedia CBL ("CompuLung"), that provides the user with a comprehensive and interactive tutorial on pulmonary auscultation.

Auscultation↗

PubMed1996

Multimedia education in left ventricular ejection fraction assessment.

This paper reports the results of a small study that tested whether the skills of both trained and untrained observers could be quantitatively assessed and improved through multimedia computer-based instruction in the visual assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) through echocardiography. We found that multimedia educational applications can both speed the process of acquiring clinical skills in visual quantification of LVEF from echocardiography and also offer learners quantitative feedback on their progress toward acquiring these skills.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Providing an integrated clinical data view in a hospital information system that manages multimedia data.

The VA's hospital information system, the Decentralized Hospital Computer Program (DHCP), is an integrated system based on a powerful set of software tools with shared data accessible from any of its application modules. It includes many functionally specific application subsystems such as laboratory, pharmacy, radiology, and dietetics. Physicians need applications that cross these application boundaries to provide useful and convenient patient data. One of these multi-specialty applications, the DHCP Imaging System, integrates multimedia data to provide clinicians with comprehensive patient-oriented information. User requirements for cross-disciplinary image access can be studied to define needs for similar text data access. Integration approaches must be evaluated both for their ability to deliver patient-oriented text data rapidly and their ability to integrate multimedia data objects. Several potential integration approaches are described as they relate to the DHCP Imaging System.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1995

Multimedia presentation of lung sounds as a learning aid for medical students.

New educational technologies might help to compensate for the decrease in time and emphasis dedicated to physical examination in medical training. This may, in particular, be applicable for improving the skills in auscultation of the chest. We investigated whether a multimedia presentation of acoustic and graphic characteristics of lung sounds could improve the learning of pulmonary auscultation by medical students, in comparison with conventional teaching methods. We studied 48 medical students without clinical experience, who had received conventional formal teaching on chest examination. Chest auscultation skills were evaluated using an inaccuracy score for the student's auscultation report on three patients, selected according to a standardized procedure. After a baseline evaluation, 27 students in groups of 5-10, participated in a multimedia seminar on lung sounds during which digitized lung sounds were played and the corresponding time-expanded waveform and frequency spectrum were commented on and displayed on a computer. The remaining 21 students received conventional bedside training, acting as control group. The following week, all the students underwent a second evaluation of chest auscultation skills. No differences in the inaccuracy score were observed between the two groups in the preliminary test. However, in the second postintervention assessment, the inaccuracy score of the students who had followed the seminar (11.2 +/- 1.3 points) was significantly lower than that of the controls (16.6 +/- 1.6 points). The answers to a feedback questionnaire confirmed that the great majority of the students found the association of the acoustic signals with their visual image to be useful for learning and understanding lung sounds.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1994

Multimedia as part of the HELIOS SEE.

This paper discusses the approach taken in HELIOS towards defining a distributed multimedia component as part of the HELIOS Software Engineering Environment (SEE). A user requirements study, performed at the beginning of this project, led to a functional distinction between permanent kernel components and optional service components. The multimedia components cover audio and video capture, replay and synchronization. Medical imaging is considered as a separate service, developed by the German partner of the HELIOS consortium.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed1993

The side effects of antipsychotic drugs and patients' quality of life: patient education and preference assessment with computers and multimedia.

Determining the relative value of novel antipsychotics such as clozapine requires measures of the utility of their different side-effect profiles. Many of these side effects (SE) are complex and difficult to describe adequately. Schizophrenic patients are also difficult to interview reliably. Even in normal subjects, utility assessment can be tedious, inconsistent, and difficult for subjects to understand. We addressed these challenges by developing a multimedia patient education and utility assessment tool. SE were described using short video sequences accompanied by digitized voice descriptions. Patients' preferences were assessed using visual analog scales, pairwise comparisons, and standard gambles. These assessment techniques were carefully explained and logically integrated. Instructions were presented both by digitized voice and in print, and, if necessary, were clarified by a moderator. Animated displays were used to graphically display probability. Reminder pictures, comprehension tests and validation questions were used throughout the survey. Thirty-three patients from VA and public clinic inpatient and outpatient settings took the survey. Five psychiatrists were surveyed as a reference group. Patients understood the SE and the survey (92% mean comprehension) and their answers were internally valid and consistent (74% internal consistency). The standard gamble disutilities for the SE were substantial, ranging from 12-20% decrease in their quality of life. Computer-based, multimedia techniques are useful in conducting utility assessment and evaluating its validity. They allow effective patient education and elicitation of useful values, even in subjects with cognitive impairments.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Animating the curriculum: integrating multimedia into teaching.

At many medical schools, the medical library assists faculty in finding and integrating new technology into the classroom, student laboratories, and lecture or small group sessions. Libraries also provide faculty with a place to do development. This paper recounts the author's experience creating software-based educational materials. In the process of creating the Slice of Life videodisc and developing and distributing other medical education software, techniques that do and do not work in producing multimedia for medical education became evident. Use of multimedia features and new modalities not possible with books, rather than development of electronic versions of texts and atlases, should be emphasized. Important human factors include collaboration, continuity, evaluation, and sharing of equipment, software, code, effort, expertise, and experiences. Distribution and technical support also are important activities in which medical libraries can participate.

Curriculum↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Performance characteristics of a multimedia system for clinical data management.

This study describes a multimedia, computer-based system developed to record and retrieve clinical images, associated dictated commentaries, and textual and numeric data from patients with cancer or hematologic diseases. Objective performance was analyzed by (1) success rate for data input and retrieval, (2) speed of image retrieval, and (3) quality of stored images. During a 1-year period, 587 diagnostic images were recorded with dictated or typed summaries of pertinent clinical information. Subsequent retrieval of stored data was performed three times (n = 1761) with 100% reliability. The average time for retrieval of random images was 6.4 seconds (SD = 1.7 seconds), including operator time. Image quality was scored by a four-point scale: the average score was 3.58 (SD = 0.5), and all images displayed sufficient quality to represent a wide range of diagnoses. These data demonstrate that multimedia computer technologies can enhance the organization and management of clinical images needed for medical education, clinical trials, and daily care of patients with cancer and hematologic diseases.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1993

Image Engine: an object-oriented multimedia database for storing, retrieving and sharing medical images and text.

This paper describes Image Engine, an object-oriented, microcomputer-based, multimedia database designed to facilitate the storage and retrieval of digitized biomedical still images, video, and text using inexpensive desktop computers. The current prototype runs on Apple Macintosh computers and allows network database access via peer to peer file sharing protocols. Image Engine supports both free text and controlled vocabulary indexing of multimedia objects. The latter is implemented using the TView thesaurus model developed by the author. The current prototype of Image Engine uses the National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vocabulary (with UMLS Meta-1 extensions) as its indexing thesaurus.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed1995

IMPACT: an object-oriented graphical environment for construction of multimedia patient interviewing software.

This paper describes our software for rapid construction of multimedia computer interviews. The program, which we call IMPACT, was designed to measure preferences for health outcomes using the standard gamble and other decision analytic techniques. IMPACT is also a multimedia shell program that allows researchers to interactively construct patient interviewing instruments without programming or scripting. It supports the integration of text, graphics, synthesized speech, digital sound and QuickTime movies into interviewing instruments through a point-and-click interface. IMPACT also supports branching logic and randomizing the presentation order of materials within an instrument. This allows customization of the presentation based on patient responses and facilitates experimental designs. Validation studies show that preference assessments performed using IMPACT have high test-retest reliability (r = 0.83, n = 96). Post-test surveys (n = 52) show that most subjects understand valuation methods (86%) and believe that the explanations provided were clear (96%) and that methods were reasonable (80%). The majority of subjects thought the preference assessment methods were not difficult to use (53%) and would have been comfortable using such methods for medical decisions (53%).

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed1995

MCAT--a multimedia cardiac angiogram tool.

In this article, we present the prototype of the Multimedia Cardiac Angiogram Tool (MCAT). The MCAT provides capabilities for reviewing angiograms recorded at a cardiac catheterization laboratory. A doctor can use MCAT to annotate angiograms with audio, text, and graphics. He/she can selectively package the annotated multimedia angiograms into a document, save it as the record for the visit or use it for case presentations, or send it to another doctor over a network. MCAT streamlines data collection at a cath lab and is intended to improve the efficiency of communication and collaboration between doctors. This paper describes the design, implementation, and future directions of the prototype.

Computer Systems↗