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PubMedDate not supplied

The perceptual vowel spaces of American English and Modern Greek: a comparison.

Perceptually based vowel spaces are estimated for American English and Modern Greek by means of identifications of synthetic vowel sounds by native speakers of each language. The vowel spaces for American English appear to be organized in a sufficiently contrastive system, while Modern Greek vowels appear to be maximally contrastive. The spaces for the Modern Greek point vowels ([i], [a], [u]) fall within the spaces of their American English counterparts, while the intermediate Modern Greek vowels ([e], [o]) overlap the American English [epsilon]/[e] and [o]/[o] spaces, respectively. These results were relatively unaffected by mapping resolution and level of phonetic training and support the results of similar mappings using production data.

Female↗
PubMed2004

Modern concepts of caries measurement.

Following the consideration of several recent systematic and other reviews, there is a growing professional and scientific consensus that caries measurement methodology in caries clinical trials (CCT) should be updated to reflect progress made elsewhere in cariology. In this paper, therefore, "modern" means accepted in contemporary dental research and dental practice on the basis of sound research evidence--not necessarily new or requiring the use of new technology. Caries measurement should be seen in the context of the objectives of modern clinical caries management and the continuum of disease states, ranging from sub-surface carious changes through to more advanced lesions. Measurement concepts can be applied to at least three levels: the tooth surface, the individual, or the group/population. All are relevant to CCTs. Modern clinical caries management can be seen as comprised of seven discrete but linked steps (Steps 2, 3, and 4 are directly concerned with measurement.): (1) 'Caries detection' represents a yes/no decision as to whether caries is present; (2) lesion measurement assesses defined stages of the caries process, taking into account the histopatholgical morphology and appearance of different sizes and types of lesion and the diagnostic threshold(s) being used; (3) lesion monitoring by repeated measures at a series of examinations is used when lesions are less advanced than the stage judged to require operative intervention (A comparison of serial measurements permits the efficacy of preventive care aiming either to arrest or to reverse the lesion to be assessed.); (4) caries activity measures would be very valuable, but are relatively poorly developed and tested at present; (5) diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical decision-making are the important human processes in which all the information obtained from steps 1 to 4 is synthesised; (6) interventions/treatments, both preventive and operative, are now routinely used for caries management; and (7) outcome of caries control/management assesses caries management by examining evidence on the long-term outcomes. A challenge for the future is to define a range of optimal caries measurement methods--in use or in development in recent trials, in clinical practice, and/or in caries epidemiology--that will best contribute to more efficient, modern caries clinical trials.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1977

Further validation of a measure of individual modernity.

SUMMARY: Individual modernity may be defined as a cluster of beliefs and attitudes including progressivism, autonomy, secularism, and a sense of personal efficacy. An 8-item scale to assess this constellation was previously published. The present analysis reports new validational data. Factor analysis showed the scale to be significantly loaded (.74) on a modernity dimension, with minimal loadings (-.14 and -.16) on factors for alienationanomie and authoritarianism. For 60 assessees modernity correlated .35 with criterion u ratings by observers. Interviewers' Q sort and adjectival descriptions of 360 subjects stressed independence and breadth of interests for high-scorers versus conventionality and narrowness of interests for low-scorers. These descriptions also suggested that women ranking high on modernity will be less favorably perceived than men of comparable standing.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Modern humans did not admix with Neanderthals during their range expansion into Europe.

The process by which the Neanderthals were replaced by modern humans between 42,000 and 30,000 before present is still intriguing. Although no Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineage is found to date among several thousands of Europeans and in seven early modern Europeans, interbreeding rates as high as 25% could not be excluded between the two subspecies. In this study, we introduce a realistic model of the range expansion of early modern humans into Europe, and of their competition and potential admixture with local Neanderthals. Under this scenario, which explicitly models the dynamics of Neanderthals' replacement, we estimate that maximum interbreeding rates between the two populations should have been smaller than 0.1%. We indeed show that the absence of Neanderthal mtDNA sequences in Europe is compatible with at most 120 admixture events between the two populations despite a likely cohabitation time of more than 12,000 y. This extremely low number strongly suggests an almost complete sterility between Neanderthal females and modern human males, implying that the two populations were probably distinct biological species.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Tropics of risk discourse: risk-adventure as a metaphor in late modernity].

This article discusses new uses of interpretative repertoires of risk, especially those related to adventure. The author argues that the language of risk as adventure has multiple uses, as both a hedge against de-traditionalizing processes typical of late modernity and a figure of speech for new sensitivities stemming from the imperative of coping with the imponderability and volatility of modern risks. The article begins with an overview of the historical meanings of risk, seeking to argue that, as language in use, risk is a useful vantage point for understanding the transformations currently under way in the forms of social control, suggesting that we are experiencing a transition from disciplinary society, typical of classic modernity, to risk society. The discussion then focuses on recent transformations in images of risk, with special emphasis on the trend to use risk-adventure as a metaphor for late modernity.

Communication↗
PubMed1999

[Images in Venus' mirror: woman, nursing and modern times].

This paper discusses the process of nursing professional identity construction in modernity. We utilize the ideas of category gender (Lobo, 1991) and modern person (Duarte, 1986). The modernity as a historical process establishes the emergence of work as a central category in the public X private relationship. Understanding the profession as form of construction and public presentation of the modern person, we discuss the nursing professional identity process in relation to its female basis. Working on nursing ethnographic bibliography, we identify a picture that gives to the female basis of the profession the greater cause of dilemmas such as: technical competence, vocation and identity.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1975

Hypertension as a disease of modern society.

About 50 per cent of people in modern societies have blood pressure sufficiently elevated to result in increased mortality. This proportion is much smaller in undisrupted societies of hunter-gatherers. In most cases the elevated blood pressure in modern societies is associated with physiological changes characteristic of chronic stress. The difference between blood pressure in modern populations and that in undisrupted hunter-gatherer societies cannot be accounted for by genetic differences or differences in salt consumption. Two primary features of modern society which contribute to the elevation of blood pressure are community disruption and increased work pressure. Drug therapy and relaxation therapies for hypertension attempt to counteract the physiological effects of social stress. However, it is more appropriate to use the occurrence of hypertension as an indicator of fundamental social problems which need to be solved.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Affinity for the P-glycoprotein efflux pump at the blood-brain barrier may explain the lack of CNS side-effects of modern antihistamines.

First generation H1 receptor antagonists are often associated with adverse CNS effects such as sedation, whereas modern, second generation antihistamines are generally non-sedating. The difference in therapeutic profile is mainly due to the poor CNS penetration of the modern derivatives. Current explanations for the differential ability of classical and modern antihistamines to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), based on differences in lipophilicity or protein binding, are inadequate. We have tested the hypothesis that non-sedating antihistamines fail to enter the CNS due to recognition by the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) drug efflux pump expressed on the luminal surface of cerebral endothelial cells forming the BBB in vivo. The ability of several sedating and non-sedating antihistamines to affect the uptake of the Pgp model substrate [3H]-colchicine was examined using the immortalised rat brain endothelial cell line, RBE4, an established in vitro model of the BBB expressing Pgp. All second generation antihistamines tested, significantly increased net accumulation of [3H]-colchicine to a level similar to that caused by the Pgp inhibitor verapamil. By contrast, the first generation antihistamines showed no affinity for Pgp. The results indicate that differences in the ability of classical and modern antihistamines to interact with Pgp at the BBB may determine their CNS penetration and as a consequence the presence or absence of central side-effects.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of modern matrons in infection control.

This article discusses the effect of the role of the modern matron on healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) and hospital cleanliness. The way the modern matron's role is developing is examined in relation to HCAI in a large acute NHS trust. As set out in Implementing the NHS Plan: Modern Matrons (Department of Health (DH) 2001), the role of modern matron includes a responsibility to lead clinical teams in the prevention of HCAI.

Health Plan Implementation↗
PubMed1999

Clinical perspectives on the modern laboratory.

Clinicians depend daily on the clinical laboratory in the conduct of patient care. The modern clinical laboratory is a sophisticated network of people, machines, and processes tightly coupled with the clinicians it serves. The modern laboratory seeks to support a wide variety of encyclopedic information, collections, status information, and results effectively and efficiently. The modern laboratory integrates information management and quality improvement methods to retrieve and deliver needed information accurately and in a timely fashion. Ultimately, the modern laboratory achieves its information flow seamlessly, with the clinician improving overall cost-effectiveness of the health care system.

Clinical Laboratory Information Systems↗
PubMed1999

Modernization, stress, and blood pressure: new directions in research.

The relationship between modernization and blood pressure has been formally examined in anthropology for some 3 decades. A prominent hypothesis to account for the increase in blood pressure in more modernized (or economically developed) communities is the stressful nature of cultural and social change. Research has progressed from hypothesizing that culture change is stressful to trying to operationalize theoretical models of what it is about culture change that is stressful and in turn relating those more precise variables to blood pressure variability within and between communities. Here, I selectively review the literature on modernization and blood pressure, especially the research literature that explicitly uses models of the stress process to guide that research. The most interesting results have been obtained when the use of the stress model has been informed by careful ethnographic work. This has enabled researchers to adapt models of the stress process to be culturally appropriate in local populations. In addition, incorporating an explicit model of culture, especially one that is sensitive to intracultural diversity, has led to new hypotheses regarding the modification of the effects of stressors by social and cultural context. I conclude with a discussion of recent innovations in ethnographic methods, specifically the cultural consensus model, and the use of those methods in operationalizing relevant variables in culturally appropriate and sensitive ways. The utility of combining these methods in the study of modernization and blood pressure is illustrated by recent research in Brazil.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed2000

Between the modern and the postmodern. The possibility of self and progressive understanding in psychology.

Psychology assumes defensible notions of human subjectivity and understanding. Yet, some versions of postmodernism, including some of those currently influential within psychology, eschew the possibility of the kind of understanding-capable personhood on which modern psychology has depended. The authors argue for a skeptical, middle-ground position that might allow psychologists to resist a forced choice between modernism and postmodernism in their subject matter and understanding. The authors set up their argument with 2 stories of human development and change. These stories assume no fixed, essentialist foundations of the sort favored in classically modern psychologies, yet they maintain the possibility of both self and understanding within a real but contingent physical, biological, and sociocultural world. The authors then articulate a middle-ground position as one that avoids the fixed foundationalism, essentialism, and absolute certitude of modernity, without endorsing the radical arbitrariness, antisubjectivism, and anarchistic relativism of some versions of postmodernity.

Ego↗
PubMed1993

[History of professionalization of modern clinical pharmacist (1): pharmaceutical practices in hospice before the French Revolution].

The times around the French Revolution, as E. H. Ackerknecht pointed out, were especially epochmaking in that "the clinical medicine" or 'medicine in the hospital' was born and bred through the days by discarding the medicine of court physicians and the metaphysical medicine that had been dominant for centuries until then. This change is, therefore, very important from the viewpoints of sociopolitical, cultural and medical histories. The medicine practised and taught mainly in Paris in those days based politically on the newborn nationalistic centralization; technically on pathologicoanatomy and biostatistics; and conceptually on the modern medical epistemologoy that made it possible to abstract and see a 'disease' from the sick by observation, description and classification of their common signs and symptoms, and then to ignore a suffering specific to each individual patient instead. Thus those who could believe in the être (entity) of a 'disease' the clinical medicine made it 'visible' were trained for medical professionals such as modern physicians, surgeons and clinical pharmacists, which finally realized the professional monopolization of the medicine. The aim of this paper is to report and analyze the historical process how there came out the modern clinical pharmacist who was permitted by the nation as the only occupation to deal in ethical drugs in the hospital, while excluding many other people who had been treating 'traditional medicines' from the modern pharmacies of hospitals.

Clinical Medicine↗
PubMed2002

Problems of modern urban drainage in developing countries.

Socio-economic factors in developing countries make it more difficult to solve problems of urban drainage than in countries that are more advanced. Factors inhibiting the adoption of modern solutions include: (1) in matters of urban drainage, 19th-century sanitary philosophy still dominates; (2) both legal and clandestine land settlement limits the space that modern solutions require; (3) contamination of storm runoff by foul sewage, sediment and garbage prevents adoption of developed-country practices; (4) climatic and socio-economic factors favour the growth of epidemics where runoff is retained for flood-avoidance and to increase infiltration; (5) lack of a technological basis for adequate drainage management and design; (6) lack of the interaction between community and city administration that is needed to obtain modern solutions to urban drainage problems. Awareness of these difficulties is fundamental to the search for modern and viable solutions appropriate for developing countries.

Brazil↗
PubMed2001

[The history of modern andrology].

The beginning of the history of modern Andrology as a clinical science can be located at the mid-century of 1900. The term itself of "Andrology" was first proposed in 1951. At that time, basic scientists coming from different cultural backgrounds - the main roots were urology, endocrinology and in some cases dermatology - "discovered" their common interest in the field of the male reproductive system, whose pathology and even physiology have been for a long time ignored or disregarded, often considered a shame more than a clinical entity. Very soon, many other specialists joined the team; among these biologists, genetics, psychologists etc., under, for the first time in history, the common definition of "Andrologists". They organized themselves in National and International Societies whose members, at the moment, are more than 8,000; holding national and international Meeting Workshops and Conventions all around the world and editing Textbooks and Journals. On the educational ground, pre - and post graduated courses are held in several Countries, both for medical students and doctors. Although a melting-pot of different cultural basis, today Andrology can be defined an unitary medical discipline dealing with the pathophysiology of the male reproductive system during all the life course of the male subject, from development to maturity and senescence. Shortly, and according to the WHO definition, it deals with male reproductive health. Quite similar to what is Gynecology for the female subject. The late arrival of the andrological discipline on the stage of modern medicine gave it the advantage of utilizing all the modern achievements of basic and clinical science, from molecular biology to ultrastructure, to genetic etc., reaching levels of high quality. Today, modern andrology, according to the principles of Evidence-Based Medicine, and although much is left to do, can effectively manage all the main pathologies of the male organism, form infertility to erectile dysfunction, but taking care of problems of puberty and senescence ("andropause") as well; giving to the male subject the "quality of life" that must be granted to every human being.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

[Cultural hegemony of medicine in modern China].

The paper is to explore into how cultural hegemony had been established in modern China, focused on ideological debates and political conflicts between modernists and traditionalists. Relying upon historical, anthropological, and medico-historical researches respectively by Paul Cohen, Judith Farquhar and Paul Unschuld, I criticize free research paradigms that had prevailed in modern Chinese History: (i)the 'Chinese response to Western impact' perspective fails to explain how Chinese Western medical practitioners founded their own independent organization; (ii) a dichotomy of 'tradition versus modernity' is, from an epistemological viewpoint, incompatible with an ontological view of illness shared between traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine; and (iii) while those Weberian social scientists tend to consider culture as the system of meanings and symbols, separated from their temporal and spatial matrix, they neglect political and historical spheres that are inevitably represented in cultural hegemony. My arguments are divided into two parts. The first part investigates that whereas Chinese modernists aggressively supported an immediate institutionalization of Western medicine for getting adapted to social Darwinian world, neo- traditionalists tried to maintain medical identity through national essence backed up by Chinese civilization. In the second part, the paper illuminates how having emerged as a conceptual idea for moving beyond 'tradition versus modernity', 'state medicine' became popularized to solve public health problems in 1930s' rural China. In conclusion, cultural hegemony-oriented debates that were seriously staged in the 1920s and 1930s between modernists and neo-traditionalists were transformed to "scientification of traditional Chinese medicine and popularization of Western medicine" a slogan proposed by Mao Ze-Dong.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2004

Who is being served least by family planning providers? A study of modern contraceptive use in Ghana, Tanzania And Zimbabwe.

This study was conducted to identify the poorest and other vulnerable sub-groups being served least by family planning providers. The study was set in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa, namely, Ghana, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. This region generally has a low but increasing uptake of modern contraceptive methods. As the use of family planning providers increases, there is a need to understand who is not being served and why. Logistic regression analyses of demographic and health survey data were conducted to identify the characteristics and geographical areas of women who are not using modern contraceptive methods. The results show some similarities among the countries in those using modern methods the least. However, a number of groups were country specific. Identifying the poorest women with the lowest use of modern methods is best done by assessing their household amenities or their partner's status rather than theirs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Investigating access to reproductive health services using GIS: proximity to services and the use of modern contraceptives in Malawi.

This paper attempted to identify whether access to reproductive health services partly explains use of modern contraception in Malawi. Recent changes in Malawi's population policy have brought the state's population ambitions into alignment with the consensus reached at the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994. Concurrently, Malawi witnessed a large increase in the use of modern contraceptives from 7% in 1992 to 26% in 2000. A geographic information system (GIS) was employed to integrate health facility data from the Malawi health facilities inventory and global positioning data from the 2000 Malawi demographic and health survey. An effort to detect a plausible causal pathway was made by using distance to health services as a proxy variable for access to services. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, after controlling for background variables traditionally associated with use of modern contraception, access could not be shown to explain use of modern contraception in Malawi.

Attitude to Health↗