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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

The relationship of the acquisition of manual signs to severity of aphasia: a training study.

To investigate the relationship between success in the acquisition of signs and the degree of severity of aphasic impairment 12 chronic severely aphasic subjects participated in a training program for the acquisition of a vocabulary of manual signs. The results demonstrate a clear and significant relationship between severity of aphasia and success in the acquisition and generalization of manual signs. The results also indicate that there may be a threshold of severity of aphasia below which acquisition is negligible. Discussion is presented relative to the theoretical, clinical, and methodological implications of these findings.

Aphasia↗
PubMed1989

Visual field asymmetries in numerical size comparisons of digits, words, and signs.

Visual field asymmetries were examined in American Sign Language-English bilinguals for speeded numerical size judgments of pairs of digits, number words, and number signs. Physical size of the number pairs was either congruent or incongruent with their numerical size. The results revealed a greater left visual field (LVF) interference for numbers represented as digits and a greater right visual field (RVF) interference for numbers represented as words or signs. Subjects' performance on number words and signs was also influenced by their skill in English and ASL: interference was greater in the RVF in the subjects' better language but was greater in the LVF for the less skilled language. These findings suggest that lateralization of numerical size judgments is moderated by the mode of number presentation and by prior language experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Computergraphic modeling and analysis II: three-dimensional reconstruction and interactive analysis.

The analysis of human motion can be advanced by analyzing motion not only numerically, but also graphically. A new system is presented for the computergraphic analysis of human motion in three-dimensional space. The system allows the three-dimensional reconstruction, visualization, manipulation, and graphic editing of digitized movement trajectories. An entire sequence of the positions of the arm in three-dimensional space can be displayed simultaneously, or the actual motion can be recreated in real time. Along with the reconstruction of the spatial path, the temporal characteristics of the movement can be concurrently displayed. Graphic procedures for interactively examining couplings between spatial and temporal aspects of trajectories were developed. Finally, based on digitized trajectories, stimuli can be generated and sequenced in real time for studies of the perception of motion. In conjunction with new methods of three-dimensional movement tracking, the computergraphic methods presented here offer new approaches to the analysis of human movement and its underlying neural control.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1989

Language, modality and the brain.

Studies of the signed languages of deaf people have shown that fully expressive languages can arise, outside of the mainstream of spoken languages, that exhibit the complexities of linguistic organization found in all spoken languages. Thus, the human capacity for language is not linked to some privileged cognitive-auditory connection. However, the formal properties of languages (spoken or signed) appear to be highly conditioned by the modalities involved in their perception and production. Multi-layering of linguistic elements and the use of space in the service of syntax appear to be modality-determined aspects of signed languages. Analyses of patterns of breakdown of signed languages provide new perspectives on the nature of cerebral organization for language. The studies reviewed in this article show that the left cerebral hemisphere in man is specialized for signed as well as spoken languages, and thus may have an innate predisposition for language, independent of language modality.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Generalization of a sign language rehearsal strategy in mentally retarded and hearing deficient children.

Memory deficits are common in mentally retarded individuals who lack verbal skills. Training in manual signing may be of value. In this study we trained a sign language rehearsal strategy so that the strategy would be used with no instructions to perform it; and assessed whether the strategy would transfer across tasks, and how to train for transfer. Subjects were five essentially nonverbal severely mentally retarded children and three essentially nonverbal deaf children. Each was trained to use a sign-rehearsal strategy in one of two memory tasks. Use of the strategy showed marked increases when children were instructed to rehearse, but showed less change when no instructions were given. Generalization to uninstructed trials was then achieved by gradually delaying the instructions. After this training, two of three children trained in a more complex task transferred uninstructed sign-rehearsal to a less complex task, but children trained in the simpler task did not generalize to the complex task.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Visual-spatial processing in deaf brain-damaged signers.

Sign language displays all the complex linguistic structure found in spoken languages, but conveys its syntax in large part by manipulating spatial relations. This study investigated whether deaf signers who rely on a visual-spatial language nonetheless show a principled cortical separation for language and nonlanguage visual-spatial functioning. Four unilaterally brain-damaged deaf signers, fluent in American Sign Language (ASL) before their strokes, served as subjects. Three had damage to the left hemisphere and one had damage to the right hemisphere. They were administered selected tests of nonlanguage visual-spatial processing. The pattern of performance of the four patients across this series of tests suggests that deaf signers show hemispheric specialization for nonlanguage visual-spatial processing that is similar to hearing speaking individuals. The patients with damage to the left hemisphere, in general, appropriately processed visual-spatial relationships, whereas, in contrast, the patient with damage to the right hemisphere showed consistent and severe visual-spatial impairment. The language behavior of these patients was much the opposite, however. Indeed, the most striking separation between linguistic and nonlanguage visual-spatial functions occurred in the left-hemisphere patient who was most severely aphasic for sign language. Her signing was grossly impaired, yet her visual-spatial capacities across the series of tests were surprisingly normal. These data suggest that the two cerebral hemispheres of congenitally deaf signers can develop separate functional specialization for nonlanguage visual-spatial processing and for language processing, even though sign language is conveyed in large part via visual-spatial manipulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hand preference in gestures and signs in the deaf and hearing: some notes on early evidence and theory.

Research has shown that when persons with normal hearing accompany their speech with gestures, right-handers use more right-hand gestures, and left-handers use more left-hand gestures, although to a lesser extent (D. Kimura, 1973a, 1973b, Neuropsychologia, 11, 45-50, 51-55.). Comparable differences have been found in deaf persons when signing, with the direction of hand dominance for signing in both right- and left-handers corresponding to that for nonlinguistic actions (J. Vaid, D. Schemenauer, U. Bellugi, & H. Poizner, 1984, Hand dominance in a visual-gesture language. Paper presented at BABBLE, March, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada). In this paper, I recount early theories and observational data about hand dominance for gesture and signing, both in the hearing and the deaf. Several of these early theories and observations anticipate current work and also suggest new avenues for investigation.

Deafness↗
PubMed1988

Teaching severely retarded persons to sign interactively through the use of a behavioral script.

The direct and generalized effects of a program for teaching severely mentally retarded individuals to sign interactively with one another in several social play situations was examined. As part of the teaching program, a behavioral script specifying the responses to be made was employed. The results indicated that participants showed an increase in their signing skills in a training play situation, generalized use of these skills in a second play situation, and maintained the trained skills over a two to four month period. Directions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of video based training on spoken and signed language acquisition by students with mental retardation.

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of video presentations on the acquisition of both spoken and manually signed lexical items by students with mental retardation. A 10-lesson curriculum in which lexical items were introduced and reviewed by one of three pedagogical methods (therapist only, therapist plus video, or video only) was implemented over a four week period. Pretest and posttest measures of expressive and receptive vocabulary of 35 students with mental retardation revealed that all three methods resulted in significant increases in both spoken and manual sign production of the targeted lexical items compared to control items which were not taught. The therapist only and therapist plus video methods yielded significantly higher sign production scores than the video only method. Receptive vocabulary was not significantly improved by the intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

A model of educational resource use by children with cochlear implants.

We have tracked patterns of use of educational and rehabilitative resources as part of an initial assessment of cost-benefit ratios of cochlear implants in children. Forty-two children with cochlear implants in the Listening Center at Johns Hopkins program of aural rehabilitation have served as our study cohort to develop the measures to be assessed. An educational resource matrix stratifies school setting (residential vs special education vs non-specialized "mainstream" setting) and levels of rehabilitative support (speech and language therapy and interpreter use) to map past and current use of these services. Initial cost-benefit projections based on observed advancement toward educational independence in the educational resource matrix indicate an extremely favorable net present value of the implant (cost savings minus cost). These cost-benefit projections will need to be supplemented with measures of the impact on quality of life and future educational and vocational options to determine the overall cost-effectiveness of cochlear implants in children.

Baltimore↗
PubMed1983

Cross-setting generalization of manual signs to verbal instructions with severely retarded children.

This study assessed the effects of a procedure of transfer of stimulus control on the cross-setting generalization of manual signs with three severely retarded children. The procedure was designed in order to have the subjects perform appropriate signs to verbal instructions. The dependent variables consisted of manual sign responses at probe sessions in the classroom and on the ward to assess generalization of training across settings and persons, as well as the percentage correct verbal imitations of instructions used during training. The results, gathered within a multiple baseline design across responses show that: Performance of manual signs to verbal instructions generalized across settings, yet acquired signs did not facilitate S's production of the appropriate referent within a verbal imitation paradigm. The importance of choosing appropriate signs is emphasized.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

A program to increase manual signs with severely/profoundly mentally retarded students in natural environments.

A classroom teacher and 12 residential staff members were taught to increase the opportunities for manual sign use with three severely/profoundly mentally retarded students, to use those opportunities for asking the students to sign-request, and, if necessary, to provide prompts. A multi-faceted package consisting of written instructions, modeling, video presentation, visual cueing, feedback, and group discussion was used in a multiple-baseline design across situations. During intervention, (a) the number of opportunities for sign use increased in both classroom situations but remained stable on the ward, (b) the number of signs made by the students in response to the question increased across each of the situations, and (c) the number of spontaneously emitted signs increased.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Intelligent temporal subsampling of American Sign Language using event boundaries.

How well can a sequence of frames be represented by a subset of the frames? Video sequences of American Sign Language (ASL) were investigated in two modes: dynamic (ordinary video) and static (frames printed side by side on the display). An activity index was used to choose critical frames at event boundaries, times when the difference between successive frames is at a local minimum. Sign intelligibility was measured for 32 experienced ASL signers who viewed individual signs. For full gray-scale dynamic signs activity-index subsampling yielded sequences that were significantly more intelligible than when every mth frame was chosen. This result was even more pronounced for static images. For binary images, the relative advantage of activity subsampling was smaller. We conclude that event boundaries can be defined computationally and that subsampling from event boundaries is better than choosing at regular intervals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Perception of American sign language in dynamic point-light displays.

Perception of dynamic events of American Sign Language (ASL) was studied by isolating information about motion in the language from information about form. Four experiments utilized Johansson's technique for presenting biological motion as moving points of light. In the first, deaf signers were highly accurate in matching movements of lexical signs presented in point-light displays to those normally presented. Both discrimination accuracy and the pattern of errors were similar in this matching task to that obtained in a control condition in which the same signs were always represented normally. The second experiment showed that these results held for discrimination of morphological operations presented in point-light displays as well. In the third experiment, signers were able to accurately identify signs of a constant handshape and morphological operations acting on signs presented in point-light displays. Finally, in Experiment 4, we evaluated what aspects of the motion patterns carried most of the information for sign identifiability. We presented signs in point-light displays with certain lights removed and found that the movement of the fingertips, but not of any other pair of points, is necessary for sign identification and that, in general, the more distal the joint, the more information its movement carries.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Processing of formational, semantic, and iconic information in American sign language.

Three experiments examined short-term encoding processes of deaf signers for different aspects of signs from American Sign Language. Experiment 1 compared short-term memory for lists of formationally similar signs with memory for matched lists of random signs. Just as acoustic similarity of words interferes with short-term memory or word sequences, formational similarity of signs had a marked debilitating effect on the ordered recall of sequences of signs. Experiment 2 evaluated the effects of the semantic similarity of the signs on short-term memory: Semantic similarity had no significant effect on short-term ordered recall of sequences of signs. Experiment 3 studied the role that the iconic (representational) value of signs played in short-term memory. Iconicity also had no reliable effect on short-term recall. These results provide support for the position that deaf signers code signs from American Sign Language at one level in terms of linguistically significant formational parameters. The semantic and iconic information of signs, however, seems to have little effect on short-term memory.

Deafness↗
PubMed1982

Short-term recall by deaf signers of American Sign Language: implications of encoding strategy for order recall.

Two experiments were conducted on short-term recall of printed English words by deaf signers of American Sign Language (ASL). Compared with hearing subjects, deaf subjects recalled significantly fewer words when ordered recall of words was required, but not when free recall was required. Deaf subjects tended to use a speech-based code in probed recall for order, and the greater the reliance on a speech-based code, the more accurate the recall. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a speech-based code facilitates the retention of order information.

Deafness↗