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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Hyperinsulinemia in Macaca nigra: precession to obesity and/or diabetes?

A subset of Macaca nigra have been identified with elevated levels of fasting and secretory insulin. The insulin increment between 0 and 15 min in an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IV-GTT) was 511 +/- 42 microU/ml in hyperinsulinemic (HYPER) monkeys compared to 191 +/- 16 microU/ml in nondiabetic (ND) controls (p less than 0.01). Fasting insulin increased from 37 +/- 4 in ND to 57 +/- 7 microU/ml in HYPER monkeys (p = 0.02). Glucose clearance also increased from 3.87 +/- 0.18 in ND to 5.78 +/- 0.52%/min in HYPER monkeys (p less than 0.01). The acute (239 +/- 31 versus 137 +/- 19 microU/ml/min) and secondary insulin responses (542 +/- 75 versus 207 +/- 32 microU/ml/min) were significantly greater in the HYPER monkeys than in the ND controls, respectively (p less than 0.05). The rate of glucose clearance per amount of insulin secreted was diminished about 40% in both the acute and the secondary phases of HYPER monkeys (p less than 0.02). Total C-peptide secretion was two times greater in HYPER than in ND monkeys (p = 0.05). The HYPER monkeys averaged 12-20% greater weight and 41-44% greater body mass than the ND monkeys (p less than 0.05), although both groups were fed the same amount of diet and were well within nonobese limits. These Macaca nigra appear to have a functional lesion with excess insulin secretion, relatively impaired clearance of glucose, and possible insulin resistance, but no islet pathological lesion. Development toward overt diabetes might be exacerbated if obesity became a more dominant factor.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Metrical study on teeth and mandible in Macaca fuscata fuscata. 2. Principal component analysis].

Metrical investigation on teeth and mandible together was performed to understand the morphological relationship between these two components in Macaca fuscata fuscata. Measurements are 9 items from the mandible, 2 items from dental arch, and 8 mesiodistal diameters from teeth. Correlation matrix composed of 19 items, in total, was examined in males and females, respectively. Significant correlation coefficients were frequently seen among mandibular measurements and also among tooth measurements, but rarely seen between mandibular and tooth measurements. The only exception was a mesiodistal diameter of P3 which has a few significant correlations with mandibular measurements. Principal component analysis was also carried out based on the correlation matrix of 19 measurements. The first component was a size factor in which factor loadings were all positive. The second component was thought to be a factor of the mandibular size in which factor loadings were highly positive on the mandibular measurements and contrarily low on the dental measurements. It is concluded that there is no obvious correlation between general sizes of the mandible and the teeth in Macaca fuscata fuscata.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The effects of prenatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure on the genitalia of pubertal Macaca mulatta. I. Female offspring.

Nineteen pregnant female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) received 1 mg/day diethylstilbestrol (DES) over three time periods during gestation: day 21 to delivery (group I), day 100 to delivery (group II) and day 130 to delivery (group III). Seven females and five males of a total of 20 offspring are presently alive at 5 1/2 years of age; one female died at 5 years of age. No deaths have been shown to be treatment related. In female offspring, menstruation began at about 2 1/2 years of age, was irregular for approximately one and one-half to two years and then became regular. Vaginal ridging and/or cervical hooding have been observed in seven of the eight DES-exposed females, and three had histologically demonstrable vaginal adenosis. None of the anomalies was related to a specific treatment period, for they appeared in all treatment groups, nor did they occur in the age-matched controls. Furthermore, none of the animals, either treated or control, showed any evidence of adenocarcinoma. Therefore, exposure of Macaca mulatta females to DES in utero appears to be teratogenic, but thus far no carcinogenicity has been observed. Reports in humans indicate that adenocarcinoma is an additional manifestation of prenatal exposure to DES; also, treatment effects appear to be more commonly observed in individuals exposed during the early stages of gestation. From this viewpoint, the rhesus monkey is a potentially valuable model for the study of vaginocervical anomalies and adenosis, but it is premature to consider it a suitable model for the study of adenocarcinoma.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Species of the genus Macaca (Cercopithecidea, primates) as research subjects in modern biology and medicine.

Members of the genus Macaca are the most commonly used animals in biomedical research on primates. Macaca monkeys are used most extensively (from 50% to 73% of the general file) in rapidly developing branches of medical primatology (pharmacology, endocrinology, ophthalmology, stomatology, and central nervous system pathology and physiology), i.e., in those sciences where monkeys are absolutely necessary and where they are used with great efficacy.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

An ultrastructural study of the neuronal changes in the cardiac ganglia of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following unilateral vagotomy.

This study describes at the ultrastructural level the neuronal changes in the intracardiac ganglia of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following unilateral vagotomy. One day after unilateral vagotomy, some intracardiac neurons showed an overall increase in electron density, with the dendrites darkening first. At three days after operation the dendrites appeared jet black and their intracytoplasmic organelles were hardly distinguishable except for some pale mitochondria. The perikarya of the affected neurons showed a slight increase in electron density. By five and seven days after operation, satellite cells and macrophages with engulfed dendritic processes and degenerated axons were commonly observed. The majority of the intracardiac neurons appeared normal, except for the presence of numerous macrophage (containing several phagosomes) in their vicinities. It is suggested that transneuronal degeneration occurred very rapidly in the heart of the primate, Macaca fascicularis, and that most of the affected neurons appeared to have 'recovered' one week after unilateral vagotomy.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mitochondrial abnormalities in nigral neurons of the marmoset and Macaca fascicularis treated with MPTP.

In a previous study we observed the processes determining the cellular death in nigral neurons of Macaca fascicularis and common Marmoset treated with MPTP. The purpose of this study is to consider, in substantia nigra neurons of the same animals, mitochondrial abnormalities caused by neurotoxin. Three Macaca fascicularis and 5 common Marmosets, respectively treated with 3 and 4 mg/kg of MPTP dissolved in saline + 10% ethanol, were suppressed by means of an i.v. injection phenobarbital. The substantia nigra, isolated from the mesencephalon, has been examined under Electron Microscope. Different mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in nigral neurons: crystal abnormalities occur more frequently than other alterations. They are correlated with various degrees of mitochondrial enlargement. Dissolution of the matrix induces formation of spherical highly electron-dense inclusions of various volume and in different number; they are probably lipoprotein. Laminar bodies and myelin-like figures are determined by alterations of the external membrane. Particular roundish organules, placed near normal mitochondria, are limited by fragments of membrane with a granular material, occasionally flowing in the cytoplasm. The biochemical hypothesis concerning the genesis of the observed abnormalities is discussed in the present study.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Resorption patterns following intentional vital root transection in Macaca mulatta.

Previous studies have shown degeneration of nerve tissue as well as reorganization by periodontal tissue in dental pulp chambers following intentional vital root transection in Macaca mulatta. The supporting structures of the teeth, as well as the root itself, have not been fully studied following such surgery. The purpose of this study was to observe histopathologic changes in bone and root structure over a 1-year postoperative period. Three adult Macaca mulatta were evaluated for this study. Roots were transected within the apical one third and the areas were surgically closed. Following a postoperative soft diet for 7 days, the monkeys were allowed normal masticatory function. Maxillary and mandibular quadrants were removed following vascular perfusion of the animals at 1, 2, 3, 6, 24, and 52 weeks; quadrants were then demineralized, embedded, sectioned, and stained with Preece's trichrome. Resorption of cementum, dentin, and bone was independently evaluated on microslides for each tooth at consecutive intervals of approximately 70 microns. Resorption was rated as mild, moderate, or severe depending on the number of Howship's lacunae and the dimension of the resorptive area. Severe bone resorption was evident at 1 week, decreasing at 2 weeks, and then progressively decreasing up to 52 weeks. Most active inflammatory root resorption was noted on maxillary and mandibular premolars and molars on first-week specimens. Arrested resorptive areas were present in similar locations in second- and third-week specimens. New cementum was present along the cut surface on specimens from 2 to 52 weeks and within the pulp canal beginning at 2 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Purification and characterization of hepatic microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase from rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Hepatic microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase from nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) has been purified 76 fold by the combination of anion exchange, affinity and molecular sieve chromatographies. The purified preparation had approximate molecular wt of 63 kDa and carried out NADPH oxidation, cytochrome c reduction, 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCIP) reduction and production of superoxide anions (O2-.). The enhancement in NADPH cytochrome c reductase catalyzed NADPH oxidation by metal chelators viz. ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA)-FeCl3 and diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid (DTPA)-FeCl3 was dramatically higher than the enhancement in the reduction of cytochrome c and DCIP. DTPA-FeCl3 was found to be more potent stimulator of NADPH oxidation as compared to EDTA-FeCl3, but both had similar potency as for reduction of cytochrome c and DCIP were concerned. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased EDTA-FeCl3 enhanced reduction of cytochrome c by 15%, but had no effect on the NADPH oxidation and DCIP reduction, whereas it significantly enhanced DTPA-FeCl3 stimulated NADPH oxidation, decreased cytochrome c reduction by 8% and did not affect DCIP reduction. In addition, SOD almost completely blocked the NADPH cytochrome c reductase catalyzed superoxide anion production. The results demonstrate that like rodents and lagomorphs, the hepatic microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase in nonhuman primate, Macaca mulatta can carry out single electron reduction of molecular oxygen.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect on the dentofacial complex of Macaca irus of functional tongue forces imparted on a palatal bar.

I determined the effect tongue forces imparted on a palatal bar has on the growth and development of the dentofacial complex of the Macaca irus. Ten female Macaca irus monkeys with mixed dentition were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into four groups, two animals were treated for 30 days, two for 90 days, and four for 180 days, with the remaining two animals serving as controls. The following results were obtained. 1. There was disocclusion on the maxillary and mandibular first molars. 2. Elongation of the mandibular first molars resulted from intrusion of the maxillary first molars. 3. The maxillary complex displayed a positional change with slight clockwise rotation. 4. Growth of the frontozygomatic site in the anteroinferior direction was inhibited. 5. There was no anterosuperior mandibular growth. 6. Changes in the maxillary suture and positioning of the teeth were mainly due to the effects of the tongue function imparted on the palatal bar. With enough control of the vertical growth of the maxilla can be validated. This is one of many methods of treating Class II malocclusion.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Primary culture and characterization of microvascular endothelial cells from Macaca monkey retina.

PURPOSE: To develop methods for the culture of microvascular endothelial cells (EC) from Macaca monkey retina and to investigate their propagation and survival in vitro. METHODS: Endothelial cells from capillary fragments were cultured on fibronectin-coated dishes in QB-58 serum-free medium containing 20 microliters/ml bovine retinal extract, 90 micrograms/ml heparin, 10% fetal bovine serum, and 10% monkey serum. Non-EC were removed manually. Endothelial cell-specific properties were assessed by endocytosis of acetylated low-density lipoprotein (ac-LDL) and by immunocytochemical staining. The response to growth factors was assayed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. The synthesis of matrix macromolecules was studied by metabolic labeling with 3H-proline and identification by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-immunoblotting. RESULTS: Under these culture conditions, migrating cells emerged from capillary fragments after 1 to 2 days and formed large colonies by 1 week. Cells exhibited a mean doubling time of 44.5 hours during the first 3 to 5 days of culture and 23 hours at 6 to 8 days in culture, and they formed a confluent monolayer by 12 to 14 days. These cells demonstrated uptake of ac-LDL, expressed von Willebrand factor and the cell adhesion protein CD31, and did not contain smooth muscle alpha-actin. Before purification, 92% of the cells in primary cultures were identified as EC. The EC could be maintained in vitro for more than 1 month without the addition of growth factors; however, basic fibroblast growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor each stimulated cell replication. Secreted extracellular proteins included fibronectin, collagen types I and IV, laminin, and SPARC (secreted protein, acidic, and rich in cysteine). CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first description of the culture and propagation of purified retinal EC from Macaca monkey, a widely accepted model for the human retina. These cultures will be highly relevant to studies of abnormal vascular disease in the human eye.

Acetylation↗
PubMed1997

Breeding of bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata) in captivity.

The results of studies on the breeding of South Indian bonnet monkeys (macaca radiata) over 20 years at our institution are presented. The menstrual cycle and hormonal changes were similar to those reported for Macaca mulatta. It was noted that summer amenorrhoea could be eliminated by housing the monkeys in rooms supplied with humidified air. Although a fertility index (proportion of animals becoming pregnant within three exposures to a proven fertile male) of 60 to 65% was achieved by random breeding, an index of 80 to 85% was achieved by controlled breeding (prior monitoring of serum estradiol-17 beta concentration on days 7, 8, 9, and 10).

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1986

A comparison of the karyotypes of six species of the genus Macaca and a species of the genus Cercocebus.

Karyotypes from 72-hour whole blood cultures were compared for six species of macaques (Macaca arctoides, M. fascicularis, M. mulatta, M. nemestrina, M. nigra, and M. radiata) and one species of mangabey (Cercocebus atys). G-bands, sequential C-bands, and late replication patterns were studied. Results showed a variation in a single chromosome pair which differentiated C. atys from the macaques. Heteromorphic variation in silver stained nucleolar organizing regions was seen between and within individuals. This data supports previous work showing the highly conserved nature of the chromosomes of the subfamily Cercopithecus.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Blood groups of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), with a brief introduction to seroprimatology.

The human-type A-B-O blood groups of 52 bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) were determined. Application of method of population genetics indicated the gene frequences to be 0 = 0.173, a = 0.480 and B = 0.347. Cross testing of sera and red cells of the bonnet macaques revealed two blood-type-specific isoagglutinins, one of them strong enough for use as a blood typing reagent. No blood group polymorphism was revealed by testing bonnet macaque red cells with isoantisera produced in rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) and in crab-eating macaques (M. fascicularis). The rhesus and crab-eating macaque isoantisera reacted either with all or with none of the bonnet macaque red cells tested.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1966

Effect of aerosol age on the infectivity of airborne Pasteurella tularensis for Macaca mulatta and man.

Sawyer, William D. (U.S. Army Medical Unit, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.), Joseph V. Jemski, Arthur L. Hogge, Jr., Henry T. Eigelsbach, Elwood K. Wolfe, Harry G. Dangerfield, William S. Gochenour, Jr., and Dan Crozier. Effect of aerosol age on the infectivity of airborne Pasteurella tularensis for Macaca mulatta and man. J. Bacteriol. 91:2180-2184. 1966.-In aging aerosols of Pasteurella tularensis SCHU-S4, the respiratory infectivity for man and Macaca mulatta decreased more rapidly than the viability of the organisms. Infectivity was diminished after 120 min, and was reduced 10-fold after 180 min. These findings confirmed previous observations made in mice and guinea pigs, and also revealed that smaller losses of infectivity were detectable in the primate hosts.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1988

Localization of glycine-containing neurons in the Macaca monkey retina.

Autoradiography following 3H-glycine (Gly) uptake and immunocytochemistry with a Gly-specific antiserum were used to identify neurons in Macaca monkey retina that contain a high level of this neurotransmitter. High-affinity uptake of Gly was shown to be sodium dependent whereas release of both endogenous and accumulated Gly was calcium dependent. Neurons labeling for Gly included 40-46% of the amacrine cells and nearly 40% of the bipolars. Synaptic labeling was seen throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL) but with a preferential distribution in the inner half. Bands of labeled puncta occurred in S2, S4, and S5. Both light and postembedding electron microscopic (EM) immunocytochemistry identified different types of amacrine and bipolar cell bodies and their synaptic terminals. The most heavily labeled Gly+ cell bodies typically were amacrine cells having a single, thick, basal dendrite extending deep into the IPL and, at the EM level, electron-dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclear infoldings. This cell type may be homologous with the Gly2 cell in human retina (Marc and Liu: J. Comp. Neurol. 232:241-260, '85) and the AII/Gly2 of cat retina (Famiglietti and Kolb: Brain Res. 84:293-300, '75; Pourcho and Goebel: J. Comp. Neurol. 233:473-480, '85a). Gly+ amacrines synapse most frequently onto Gly- amacrines and both Gly- and Gly+ bipolars. Gly+ bipolar cells appeared to be cone bipolars because their labeled dendrites could be traced only to cone pedicles. The pattern of these labeled dendritic trees indicated that both diffuse and midget types of biopolars were Gly+. The EM distribution of labeled synapses showed Gly+ amacrine synapses throughout the IPL, but these composed only 11-23% of the amacrine population. Most of the Gly+ bipolar terminals were in the inner IPL, where 70% of all bipolar terminals were labeled. These findings are consistent with previous data from cats and humans and suggest that both amacrine and bipolar cells contribute to glycine-mediated neurotransmission in the monkey retina.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Opiate receptors, neuropeptides in CNS and CSF of two Macaca species with different responsiveness to opiates.

Of two related Macaca species, the rhesus (M. mulatta), acquires opiate tolerance and dependence more readily than the cynomolgus (M. fascicularis). In the cynomolgus, mu-opiate receptors were significantly fewer in the caudate nucleus and globus pallidus; delta-sites were fewer in the thalamus. kappa-Sites showed no species difference. The levels of [Met5]enkephalin, substance P and dynorphin B in various brain areas were comparable. On the other hand, receptor-assayed endorphin activity was higher in CSF of cynomolgus than rhesus monkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Comparison of the karyotypes of four Cercopithecoidae: Papio papio, P. anubis, Macaca mulatta, and M. fascicularis.

The karyotypes of two species of baboons, Papio papio and P. anubis, and of two species of Macaca, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, are compared after the use of numerous banding techniques. No difference was detected between the karyotype of the two Papio species. However, a minor change in the T-staining of a short segment, probably heterochromatic, could be detected between the Papio species and M. mulatta. A paracentric inversion exists between these three and M. fascicularis. These karyotypes are briefly compared with those of the Pongidae and man. The value of the karyotypic criteria and of the methods used for taxonomy is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Kinship and different dominance styles in groups of three species of the genus Macaca (M. arctoides, M. mulatta, M. fascicularis).

Single groups with small matrilines of 3 species of the genus Macaca (M. arctoides, M. mulatta, M. fascicularis) were investigated. The aim of the study was to find out how affiliative preferences towards close kin correlate with the distribution of aggression and support in agonistic encounters among individuals, and whether such tendencies differ between species with different dominance styles. It was found that aggression between kin was less frequent than between non-kin in all 3 groups. Kinship was not a decisive factor in the choice of partners for close spatial proximity in any of the 3 species. Animals preferred to groom relatives significantly more frequently only in the M. mulatta group. A kin effect was clearly expressed in the choice of objects of support in aggressive conflicts in M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, whereas in M. arctoides such an effect was absent. In the M. mulatta and M. arctoides groups, animals preferred to support victims, while in the M. fascicularis group aggressors were preferentially supported. Our data supported conclusions about differences in the number of social parameters in species with different dominance styles. In species with relaxed social hierarchies (M. arctoides), there is a strong tendency towards cohesive relations with all social categories, while in groups with rigid hierarchies (M. mulatta; M. fascicularis) cohesive tendencies are largely concentrated in the direction of related individuals.

Aggression↗