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PubMed1996

Does the MMPI-168 exaggerate psychotic pathology?

Three scoring versions of the MMPI, scored on the same protocol, were compared in a multivariate design with 198 psychiatric patients. The MMPI-168 schizophrenia scale had a statistically higher elevation than the Dutch and American scoring versions. This makes MMPI-168 profiles more often "schizophrenic" than other scoring versions. The MMPI-168 systematically overscores the presence of "psychotic" code types, 45% of all protocols. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Cross-Cultural Comparison↗
PubMed1996

MMPI-2 interpretation and stroke: cross-validation of a correction factor.

Accumulating data indicate that the MMPI-2 contains items that may be sensitive to neurologic conditions independent of a patient's psychological status. Gass (1992) identified 21 stroke-related MMPI/MMPI-2 items which were recommended for use as a score-correction index. This study examined these items using a cross-validation sample of 50 VA stroke patients. Item endorsement rates were contrasted with those of the MMPI-2 normative sample. The following results were obtained: The MMPI-2 items that distinguished stroke patients from normals have neurologic symptom content, all 21 correction items were upheld as effective discriminators, and the 21 items were commonly endorsed by the CVA patients (mean = 52%, range: 22% to 75%). These findings support the composition of the MMPI-2 correction for stroke and the rationale on which its application is based.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1998

Concurrent validity of the MMPI-A in a counseling program for juvenile offenders.

This study was conducted to examine the concurrent validity of the MMPI-A (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent) in an adolescent offender setting. From a sample of 50 court-adjudicated youths participating in an outpatient counseling program, 42 valid MMPI-A profiles were obtained, 33 of which were accompanied by counselor ratings of behavior problems. The highest mean elevations on the MMPI-A were on scales MAC-R (MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale-Revised), A-Con (Adolescent Conduct Problems), A-Sch (Adolescent School Problems), Pd (Psychopathic Deviate), and IMM (Adolescent Immaturity). Counselor ratings of behavior problems correlated highly with scales ACK (Alcohol and Drug Acknowledgment Scale), A-Sch, A-Ang (Adolescent Anger Problems), Ma (Hypomania), and PRO (Alcohol/Drug Problem Proneness). This pattern of results supports the concurrent validity of the MMPI-A for use in this setting.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

MMPI-2 validity scales in child custody evaluations: clinical versus statistical significance.

The MMPI-2 is commonly used in the psychological assessment of parents within child custody evaluations. Due to the interface of mental health practitioners with non-mental-health professionals in the context of child custody cases, careful attention must be paid to the potential misunderstanding or misuse of data from psychological testing. While traditional clinical lore has maintained an expectation of clinically significant defensiveness on the MMPI-2 with this population, the research data does not support this view. Despite empirical findings that identify patterns of elevations on the MMPI-2 validity scales with parents involved in child custody disputes, these patterns have been demonstrated to reach statistical but not clinical significance. That is, MMPI-2 profiles that contain elevations on scales L or K that either invalidate or notably suppress clinical scales are not to be expected in the child custody population. False causal attributions contributing to the potential mischaracterization or loss of important data related to personality functioning within this population are identified and discussed. Potential dangers associated with such false causal attributions are reviewed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Relationship between the Mini-Mult and the MMPI with medical patients.

The correspondence between the MMPI and a shortened version of the MMPI, the Mini-Mult, was examined with 50 male and 50 female medical outpatients. The results indicated that the individual scales of the Mini-Mult produced results highly similar to those produced by the standard MMPI scales. As a screening device in a medical setting, the Mini-Mult appears to be a farily accurate substitute for the MMPI.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of differential diagnostic discrimination for abbreviated and standard MMPI.

MMPI response protocols for 194 psychiatric patients were scored on the basis of the first 168 items and then on the usual 400 items. The MMPI-168 raw scores were converted to estimates of conventional clinical scale scores. The Ss were divided into 10 major categories on the basis of final clinical diagnosis. Multiple discriminant analysis was used to compare the discriminant validity of the abbreviated and standard scoring. The results indicated no loss in discrimination to result from scoring based on only the first 168 items. Conversion tables that can be used to transform MMPI-168 raw scores to standard MMPI clinical scale scores are presented for further research and clinical use.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Normalizing the MMPI.

Effective psychological services require recognition of a client's strengths as well as weaknesses. Personality tests such as the MMPI, however, focus attention upon the abnormal and deviant attributes of personality. Therefore, a psychologist should have an understanding of various adaptive behaviors that may be indicated by moderately elevated MMPI scale scores. Because most of the literature deals with the pathological ramifications of scale elevations, the authors developed a conceptual perspective of counterpart descriptors for each MMPI clinical scale. These descriptors are presented so that apparently contradictory sets of behaviors for elevated scores on any given scale can be viewed on a continuum from adaptive to maladaptive behavior. An armamentarium of MMPI personality traits should include positive as well as negative considerations to provide a fully comprehensive basis for the formulation of realistic assessments of human potentialities.

Behavior↗
PubMed1977

Relationship between schizophrenic thinking and MMPI for process and reactive patients.

This study examined the relationship between Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking (WIST) and MMPI performance in 25 male Process and Reactive schizophrenic inpatients. The results demonstrated a correlation between the WIST index and the Sc scale of the MMPI (r = .54, p less than .05) for Process patients only. Other MMPI scales highly correlated with each other also correlated with WIST index for the Process group. The lack of association between WIST and MMPI scales for Reactive patients was interpreted as suggesting a high degree of behavioral disorganization in these patients. Other results, i.e., lack of correlation between time and error scores on the WIST and high variability of time scores on the WIST, suggest that part of this disorganization for the Reactive patients may be understood in terms of disrupted pacing of behavior with respect to time, a process that may be related to the intrusion of irrelevant event processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Using the MMPI 168 with alcoholics.

The potential utility of the MMPI 168 with male alcoholics was explored. Correlations and some clinically relevant comparisons suggested that the MMPI 168 predicted the standard MMPI with a high degree of accuracy. However, high point codes and conclusions drawn from Goldberg's equations were not so promising, which suggests the need to establish the relative validity of the MMPI 168 by the use of external criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Utilization of the Goldberg MMPI profile classification rules for the assessment of psychopathology in different clinical populations.

MMPI profiles of 545 psychiatric inpatients and 560 incarcerated offenders were separated sequentially into normal, sociopathic, neurotic and psychotic groups by means of Goldberg's profile classification rules. Patient-prisoner differences in both rates of classification and profile patterns of groups within diagnostic categories were assessed quantitatively, and profiles were interpreted by use of standard MMPI codebooks. For the hospitalized Ss comparisons also were made between clinical diagnoses and Goldberg-MMPI classifications. The resulting differences in classification rates, similarities of profiles within diagnostic categories, correspondence between obtained and codebook-expected profiles, and agreement between clinical and Goldberg-MMPI classifications were not such that this approach could be used with confidence as a basis for establishing diagnostic group membership. Although Goldberg's system appears to represent certain improvements over previous criterion-related methods of profile classification, it was concluded that its value nonetheless is limited by the assumption of an invariant relationship between test patterns and nontest variables.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Prognostic validity of the MMPI.

Attempted to determine the degree to which the MMPI has prognostic validity for psychiatric patients diagnosed as schizophrenic (N = 41). Patient records were analyzed with multiple regression techniques using the MMPI scales as the independent variables and length of hospital stay as the dependent measure. It was found that certain MMPI scales were highly significant and powerful predictors of length of hospital stay, which indicates that the MMPI does indeed have validity as a quantitative predictor of prognosis in clinical situations. Particularly, the two scales with the highest predictive power, Sc and D, were inversely related concerning clinical outcome.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Differentiating brain damage from schizophrenia: a further test of Russell's MMPI key.

Previous attempts to differentiate brain-damaged from schizophrenic patients largely have been inconsistent when employing various methods derived from the MMPI. Russell developed an MMPI key for this purpose that is based on an explicit rationale of differential MMPI test performance for these populations. The present study used this MMPI key in an attempt to distinguish 20 brain-damaged, 21 schizophrenic and 24 clinically depressed Ss. The results demonstrated that the key has some clinical utility in making the distinction between brain damage and schizophrenia; however, it performed poorly in correctly classifying the depressed Ss.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

MMPI-derived indicators of organic brain dysfunction.

For more than a decade researchers have been attempting to develop a reliable and valid way in which the MMPI can be used as an indicator of organic brain dysfunctioning. This investigation reviews the major approaches and tries all of them on a sample of 32 organic and 34 schizophrenic hospital patients. Results show that the MMPI methods used assigned patients correctly in 45 to 76% of cases. The Sc scale of the MMPI was generally superior to other scales. Most methods predicted better for women than for men. In all, the idea of making the organic-schizophrenic distinction on the basis of the MMPI appears to have been a "nice try" that ultimately did not yield the desired results.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Response consistency among high F scale scorers on the MMPI.

Classified male psychiatric inpatients (N = 200) with high (T greater than 90) scores on the MMPI F scale as either consistent or inconsistent responders using the Test-Retest (TR) Index. As predicted, consistent MMPI responders appeared to exaggerate pathology, while inconsistent responders' profiles were indicative of random responding on the MMPI. Results supported use of the TR Index in enhancing interpretation of MMPI profiles with very high F scale scores.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Cognitive and behavioral predictors of MMPI scores in pretrial psychological evaluations of murderers.

Tested by multivariate regression the validity of the MMPI with accused murderers (N = 96) who were undergoing pre-trial evaluations. Four significant behavioral and cognitive predictors of MMPI elevated scores were identified. These include low intelligence, history of drug abuse, suspiciousness observed on the ward, and the fact that the accused was a stranger to the victim. These results support the validity of the MMPI with this population and also suggest that high F scale scores on the MMPI are more a measure of psychopathology than invalidity due to test-taking response bias.

Criminal Psychology↗
PubMed1984

Conversion equations for two modified MMPI short forms.

Extracted the MMPI-168 and Faschingbauer Abbreviated MMPI (FAM), along with the K scale items normally excluded from those MMPI short forms, from the full MMPIs of about 535 psychiatric inpatients. Those scales augmented by K items were used to estimate full MMPI scores via regression and substitution equations. The equations were cross-validated on samples of about 545 from the same population. Shrinkage was minimal and cross-validation estimates compared favorably with derivation estimates from other short-form studies.

Hospitals, Psychiatric↗
PubMed1984

Parent MMPI critical item and clinical scale changes in the 1970s.

The Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Service of the William S. Hall Psychiatric Institute, Columbia, South Carolina, routinely administers the MMPI to the parents of children and adolescents in outpatient psychiatric treatment. The MMPI data obtained from parents during the (1970-74) and (1975-79) periods (N = 342) have been analyzed from two perspectives. MMPI critical item endorsement and MMPI clinical scale changes have been evaluated statistically through a comparison of parents in the two time periods. Both the increase in clinical scale elevations and shift in critical item endorsement suggest a parent population in which mothers are suffering considerably more psychological distress or psychopathology than fathers during the last 5 years. The findings indicate the need for cross-clinic replications of the present investigation in order to establish the reliability of the current findings.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Characteristics and correlates of MMPI change within an adult psychiatric inpatient setting.

This study investigated characteristics and correlates of MMPI change scores among 188 male and female inpatients who were assessed at admission and upon completion of a 9-week residential program. Predictor variables included admission scores from the standard 13 MMPI scales, the Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, the trait component of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Shipley-Hartford Verbal IQ scores, as well as demographic variables including factors that involved psychiatric history. Outcome variables consisted of change scores based on raw score values for each of the 13 MMPI scales. Results of a canonical correlation indicated a significant relationship between predictor and outcome variables, which cumulatively accounted for 27% of the variance of outcome change scores. Findings were discussed in terms of implications for research and theory in the areas of the measurement of psychological change through use of the MMPI.

Adult↗