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PubMed1996

Relative bioavailability of zinc methionine and two inorganic zinc sources fed to cattle.

A 12-week experiment was conducted to compare supplemental ZnMet, ZnSO4, and ZnO on Zn, Cu and metallothionein (MT) concentrations in various fluids and tissues of 32 yearling cattle. Supplemental Zn (360 mg per day) was fed for four weeks, withdrawn for four weeks, and then resumed for another four weeks. Mineral (Zn and Cu) concentrations were determined in serum, liver, pancreas, kidney, bone, bone marrow (metacarpus), hair, hoof and neck muscle (sterno mandibularis), and Zn only in erythrocytes, skin and cornea. Metallothionein levels were determined in liver, pancreas and kidney. There were no treatment differences (p > 0.05) in serum or erythrocyte Zn content for all days of collection. Serum Cu concentrations tended to decrease with all treatments. There were no treatment differences (p > 0.05) in Zn and Cu tissue concentrations and liver, kidney and pancreas MT concentrations. Tissue Cu concentrations did not drop in the supplemented treatments when compared to controls. At adequate levels of dietary Zn, bioavailability of supplemental Zn sources may be less important than under conditions of limited dietary Zn or if very high levels of supplemental Zn are fed.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

[In vivo cinematic study of the trapezometacarpal joint].

The aim of this study was to assess the trapeziometacarpal joint kinematics from in vivo measurements, both quantifying the ranges of motion and suggesting a suitable joint model. A motion analysis system has been used to collect the spatial trajectories of markers, glued respectively on the thumb and on the hand's palm. A rigorous protocol was set up to make sure of the trapezoid bone's fixity relatively to the hand, and then to be able to characterize the movement of the first metacarpus with respect to the trapezium. The ranges of motion have been measured on two distinct movements: circumduction and flexion-extension, and different types of joints: healthy, pathological and prosthetic. The joint axes of rotation (for flexion-extension and ante-retroposition movements) have been determined on healthy subjects. The computation of rotation amplitudes and positions of joint axes was based upon the finite helical axis concept, which degenerates into finite rotation axis when translations can be neglected. Both the measurement protocol and the calculation method have been validated by comparing the computed joint center with that measured on a radiography, in the case of a spherical prosthesis. The ranges of motion obtained on the healthy subject series were consistent with values published by other authors. Comparisons have been realized between these reference joints and different cases: arthrodesis, arthrosis and prosthesis. The determination of rotation axes of a normal joint has lead to a generalized cardan joint, i.e. two non perpendicular converging rotation axes.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Crystal alignment of carbonated apatite in bone and calcified tendon: results from quantitative texture analysis.

Calcified tissue contains collagen associated with minute crystallites of carbonated apatite. In this study, methods of quantitative X-ray texture analysis were used to determine the orientation distribution and texture strength of apatite in a calcified turkey tendon and in trabecular and cortical regions of osteonal bovine ankle bone (metacarpus). To resolve local heterogeneity, a 2 or 10 microm synchrotron microfocus X-ray beam (lambda = 0.78 A) was employed. Both samples revealed a strong texture. In the case of turkey tendon, 12 times more c axes of hexagonal apatite were parallel to the fibril axis than perpendicular, and a axes had rotational freedom about the c axis. In bovine bone, the orientation density of the c axes was three times higher parallel to the surface of collagen fibrils than perpendicular to it, and there was no preferential alignment with respect to the long axis of the bone (fiber texture). Whereas half of the apatite crystallites were strongly oriented, the remaining half had a random orientation distribution. The synchrotron X-ray texture results were consistent with previous analyses of mineral orientation in calcified tissues by conventional X-ray and neutron diffraction and electron microscopy, but gave, for the first time, a quantitative description.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Influence of magnesium deficiency on horse foal tissue concentraion of Mg, calcium and phosphorus.

1. The effects of feeding with a purified magnesium-deficient diet (--Mg, 7-8 mg Mg/kg) on horse foal blood serum and tissue concentrations of Mg, calcium and phosphorus were studied, and the results compared with histopathological findings. 2. Serum concentrations of Ca and P were unaffected by feeding with the --Mg diet, whereas serum Mg concentrations decreased from a mean initial (day o) concentration of 0.78 mmol/l to 0.53 mmol/l 7 d after foals were placed on the -Mg diet, and then continued to decrease at a slower rate. 3. Aorta concentrations of Ca and P, but not Mg, were positively correlated with the period of time foals were given the -Mg diet, verifying histopathological findings. Results for both aorta Ca and P analyses and histopathological studies indicated that mineralization of the aorta began approximately 30-35 d after foals were placed on the -Mg diet. 4. Feeding with the -Mg diet had no significant, analytically detectable effect on brain, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, skeletal or cardiac muscle concentrations of Ca, P or Mg, although microscopic evidence of mineralization was seen in some of these tissues from foals given the Mg diet for 71-180 d. 5. A significant negative correlation was found between bone ash concentrations of Mg (rib, metacarpus and metatarsus) and the length of time foals were fed on the Mg diet. Bone ash concentrations of Ca and P were, however, unchanged. 6. Low serum Mg values and negative correlations between the bone ash concentration of Mg and the period of time foals were fed on the -Mg diet supplemented with 390 mg. Mg as MgO/kg were interpreted as suggesting that either this level of Mg supplementation is marginal for the growing foal, or that the Mg in MgO is not readily available to the growing foal.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed2006

[Disorders of the origin of the suspensory ligament in the horse: a diagnostic challenge].

Lameness in horses due to pain originating from the proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region remains a diagnostic challenge. In cases of obvious lameness the pain can be localised to this region by diagnostic anaesthesia. Because a variety of disorders can cause lameness in this region different imaging modalities including radiography, ultrasonography and scintigraphy should be used to arrive at an accurate diagnosis. Even though a precise anatomic-pathologic diagnosis can still be an enigma, because not only bone and joints, but also soft tissue structures including the proximal suspensory ligament, its origin at the proximal metacarpus/ metatarsus, its fascia, the superficial fascia, as well as the intermetacarpal/metatarsal ligaments, the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and both digital flexor tendons may be involved. Magnet resonance tomography (MRT) shows a high diagnostic sensitivity in imaging soft tissue structures and bone. In horses MRT is still at the beginning. The MRT appearance of the proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region has not yet been evaluated in detail and there are only few anatomic studies of the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses. The first experiences showed, that more gross and histologic examinations are necessary to fully interpret MRT-images and to differentiate pathologic alterations from clinically not relevant variations.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Primary palpebral and orbital ossification in pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism.

PURPOSE: To present a case of ossification of the eyelid, episclera and orbit in a patient with pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism (pPHP). METHODS: A 20-year-old woman diagnosed with pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism underwent clinical and histopathological examination of calcified plaques of the right eyelid and orbit. The patient presented with a round face, tousled short hair and retarded speech. She had been diagnosed with pPHP at 3 years of age. During her first decade, calcified plaques developed in the right eyelid and orbit. Gradually, she developed horizontal diplopia, pseudo-ptosis and periorbital pain. Vertical eye movements were reduced to 10 mm, although levator function remained intact. Computer tomography scans of the orbit showed three separate dense structures. Radiographic findings also showed bilateral shortening of the fourth metacarpus and a calcified subcutaneous plaque in the left thigh. The patient's blood status revealed an elevated level of thyroid stimulating hormone, but was otherwise normal. The patient was treated with eltroxin and shortly afterwards regained normal hair and normal speech function. RESULTS: The calcified structures were removed surgically and almost normal eye movements were re-established. Histological examination of the excised tissue demonstrated bone formation. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of ossification of the eyelid and orbit in a patient with pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Influence of interleukin-1beta and hyaluronan on proteoglycan release from equine navicular hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage.

Proteoglycan (PG) release, in response to recombinant human interleukin-1beta (rh-IL-1beta), was measured in cartilage explants obtained from the equine distal sesamoid bone (navicular bone). Fibrocartilage from the surface of the navicular bone apposing the deep digital flexor tendon and hyaline cartilage from the surface of the navicular bone articulating with the middle phalanx were labelled with 35SO4. Hyaline cartilage from the distal metacarpus was used as a control tissue. Following radiolabel incorporation, the three cartilage types were treated with rh-IL-1beta (100 U/mL) in the presence of hyaluronan (0.2, 2, 20, 200 and 2000 microgram/mL). rh-IL-1beta-Induced PG release was measured by scintillation assay of PG-bound radiolabel. Increases in PG release of 94% (P < 0.01), 101% (P < 0.05) and 122% (P < 0.05), in response to rh-IL-1beta, were noted in fibrocartilage, navicular hyaline cartilage and metacarpal hyaline cartilage, respectively. Hyaluronan (0.2 microgram/mL) significantly reduced rh-IL-1beta-induced PG release in metacarpal hyaline cartilage (P < 0.01). In fibrocartilage and navicular hyaline cartilage, hyaluronan did not reduce PG release and at some concentrations appeared to increase PG release, although this was not statistically significant. These experiments show that (i) fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage of the navicular bone release PGs in response to rh-IL-1beta, and (ii) hyaluronan does not prevent rh-IL-1beta-induced breakdown of navicular bone cartilage.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2000

[Construction principles in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). 1: Skeleton].

The differences in the skeleton of the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat are an expression of a highly specialized, functional adaption: The mesaxonic forepaw with abducable first digit is used for running as well as for catching and climbing. The paraxonic hindpaw becomes, particularly through the arched construction of the metacarpus, a long and strong caulking tool both in sprinting and climbing up. The discussion focuses on evolutionary considerations. Moreover, common points and differences in the skeleton of the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat and their importance are summarized and briefly compared with the situation in the dog.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Force- and moment-generating capacities of muscles in the distal forelimb of the horse.

A detailed musculoskeletal model of the distal equine forelimb was developed to study the influence of musculoskeletal geometry (i.e. muscle paths) and muscle physiology (i.e. force-length properties) on the force- and moment-generating capacities of muscles crossing the carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints. The distal forelimb skeleton was represented as a five degree-of-freedom kinematic linkage comprised of eight bones (humerus, radius and ulna combined, proximal carpus, distal carpus, metacarpus, proximal phalanx, intermediate phalanx and distal phalanx) and seven joints (elbow, radiocarpal, intercarpal, carpometacarpal, metacarpophalangeal (MCP), proximal interphalangeal (pastern) and distal interphalangeal (coffin)). Bone surfaces were reconstructed from computed tomography scans obtained from the left forelimb of a Thoroughbred horse. The model was actuated by nine muscle-tendon units. Each unit was represented as a three-element Hill-type muscle in series with an elastic tendon. Architectural parameters specifying the force-producing properties of each muscle-tendon unit were found by dissecting seven forelimbs from five Thoroughbred horses. Maximum isometric moments were calculated for a wide range of joint angles by fully activating the extensor and flexor muscles crossing the carpus and MCP joint. Peak isometric moments generated by the flexor muscles were an order of magnitude greater than those generated by the extensor muscles at both the carpus and the MCP joint. For each flexor muscle in the model, the shape of the maximum isometric joint moment-angle curve was dominated by the variation in muscle force. By contrast, the moment-angle curves for the muscles that extend the MCP joint were determined mainly by the variation in muscle moment arms. The suspensory and check ligaments contributed more than half of the total support moment developed about the MCP joint in the model. When combined with appropriate in vivo measurements of joint kinematics and ground-reaction forces, the model may be used to determine muscle-tendon and joint-reaction forces generated during gait.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An in vivo equine forelimb model for short-term recording of peak isometric force in the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and test an experimental model for in vivo short-term recording of peak isometric forces of the digital flexor muscles in the forelimb of adult horses. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo experimental study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Four healthy, anesthetized, adult Thoroughbred horses (3 to 7 years old; 527 +/- 87 kg) METHODS: In dorsal recumbency, ulnar and median nerves were exposed and instrumented with insulated bipolar cuff stimulation electrodes for later connection to an electrical stimulator. In left lateral recumbency, a biplanar fixator was applied to the right humerus and a custom-made, rigid, aluminum frame connected to it, to allow loading of muscles distal to the fixator. Threaded transfixation pins through the radial and metacarpal condyles were clamped to the rigid frame so that the humerus, radius, ulna, and metacarpus were fixed in position. Each digital flexor muscle insertion tendon was transected just above the metacarpophalangeal joint, extracted from the carpal canal, and secured in a metal clamp positioned at the distal myotendinous (MT) junction. Distally, the clamp was connected in series to a load cell and a pneumatic actuator to record force and to maintain muscle length during nerve stimulation. A linear potentiometer was connected in parallel to the actuator to record MT junction position. Initial trials were conducted to identify median and ulnar nerve stimulation variables to achieve maximal muscle contraction. Isometric contractions were performed at different muscle lengths and peak forces registered during 3 seconds of supramaximal dual (ulnar and median) nerve stimulation. RESULTS: A stimulation voltage of 2.5 to 5.0 V at 50 Hz usually produced maximal force for both the superficial digital flexor (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) muscles. Single ulnar and median nerve stimulation elicited force development not only in the DDF muscle but also in the SDF muscle. At voltages higher than 1 V, normalized force was greatest with combined median and ulnar nerve stimulation for both the DDF and SDF muscles; however, normalized force was greater for median nerve stimulation than ulnar nerve stimulation in the DDF muscle, and the opposite relationship was observed for the SDF muscle. Final recording of dual supramaximal nerve stimulation of SDF and DDF muscles resulted in peak isometric forces of 716 +/- 192 N and 1,577 +/- 203 N, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The instrumentation technique and experimental protocol enabled recording of peak isometric forces in the SDF and DDF muscles of anesthetized adult horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Studies using this model will improve knowledge of SDF and DDF muscle mechanics with insight to functional implications of the complex architecture of these muscles. Knowledge of the dynamic performance of the SDF and DDF muscles would also be useful for the development of new treatment strategies for flexor deformities and tendon injuries in horses.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Aesthetic reconstruction of long fingers with toe-to-hand transfer.

This paper reports experiences of 67 toe-to-hand transfers. Success was achieved in all cases. Six cases are discussed that deal with the less investigated problem of long finger reconstruction. Amputation injuries of long fingers through the metacarpus are difficult problems. A determining principle of their restoration consists of the creation of adequate toe length for transfer and correction of biomechanic hyperextension. The report also highlights the advantages of metacarpal reconstruction with the "brass-knuckle" procedure, as the best technique for this type of injury. Aesthetic and functional advantages after such long finger reconstruction and psychological recovery of the patient seem worthy of emulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Bilateral hand reconstruction: report of three cases.

Although it has been established that a single lost hand can be reconstructed by autogenous bilateral toe transplantation, the problem of how to reconstruct bilateral hand loss still remains. The authors present a novel approach to solve this intricate problem. A big toe free skin-nail flap, along with the second digital ray or second and third digital rays, with a common vascular pedicle, is taken from the donor foot and transferred to the forearm stump by microsurgical technique, thereby creating a hand with two or three digits. Either a piece of the iliac bone or an ulna block cut during the preparation of the forearm stump is used to substitute for the lost first metacarpus and phalanges of the thumb. The operative technique is described. Three patients have undergone this procedure and have had both lost hands reconstructed. Among the six reconstructed hands, two had two digits in each and the others had three digits. One reconstructed hand failed to survive subsequent to vascular thrombosis which might have been due to degeneration and thickening of the vessel wall. Partial failure occurred in another, where the transferred big toe skin-nail flap necrosed and was replaced by a pedicled skin tube. All five surviving hands were followed up for more than one year and showed satisfactory functional recovery.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Rapid induction of hypnosis by finger elongation: a brief communication.

This clinical pilot study on finger elongation for induction of hypnosis attempts to determine whether the observed response is a hypnotic phenomenon or a simple physiologic reaction. Sixteen volunteers participated in the 5-phase study, which measured relative and absolute changes in the length of each finger prior to and after each phase. A distinctive elongation was statistically significant for the hypnosis condition. In addition, findings suggest changes in the metacarpus. Further investigation is indicated to shed light on this apparent phenomenon.

Fingers↗
PubMed2003

Digestible energy intake, dry matter digestibility and effect of increased calcium intake on bone parameters of grazing Thoroughbred weanlings in New Zealand.

AIMS: To measure the nutritive value of pasture in terms of digestible energy intake (DEI) and dry matter (DM) digestibility, and the effects of increased calcium (Ca) intakes on apparent mineral absorption and bone characteristics in grazing weanling Thoroughbreds. METHODS: DM intake (DMI) and DEI were determined in 16 weanling Thoroughbreds grazing pasture from their daily faecal DM output, measured over 8 days, divided by the DM indigestible fraction (1-digestible DM) determined in a 6-day digestibility trial. The DM, gross energy content, crude protein, soluble carbohydrate, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, lipid, Ca, phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium(K), sulphur (S) and magnesium (Mg) composition of perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture and faeces were determined and their digestibility and/or apparent absorption calculated. Calcium intake and bone growth studies used 17 weanlings, randomly divided into three groups and fed perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture and 0.5 kg grain, with or without a CaCO3 supplement, for 84 days. The animals in Group 1 (n=6) were on a low Ca diet (3.5 g/kg DM) and were fed pasture only; those in Group 2 (n=5) were on a medium Ca diet (6.3 g/kg DM);and those in Group 3 (n=6) were on a high Ca diet (12.0 g/kg DM). After 44 days the apparent absorption of Ca was determined from the differences between the Ca intakes and faecal Ca outputs. At periods just before and after Ca supplementation the horses were anaesthetised and the left radius, third metacarpus(Mc3) and first phalanx of the left foreleg were scanned using a peripheral quantitative computed tomography scanner to determine cortical mineral content, density, area, periosteal circumference and bone strength. To investigate gastrointestinal tract transit time and DM digestibility, five randomly selected horses were administered Swiss screen bags on several occasions via a nasogastric tube. Each 60 x 10mm bag contained 3.21 (SE 0.37) g of frozen minced grass. Bags were recovered from the freshly passed faeces and frozen until analysis. RESULTS: The DM digestibility of the pasture was 0.62, while the DMI and DEI of weanlings (300 kg, gaining 0.7 kg/day) were 5.5 kg/day and 63 MJ/day, respectively. Increasing Ca intake had no significant effect on DEI, DM digestibility or on the apparent absorption of Ca, P, Na and K, but decreased the apparent absorption of Mg from 0.50 to 0.38. Regardless of Ca intake, the apparent absorption of Ca was 0.56. During the Ca administration trial there were significant increases overtime in the bone strength (strain stress index) of the proximal phalanx, Mc3 and radial diaphysis. However, the increase in bone strength was not associated with increase in dietary Ca, as neither the medium- nor high-Ca intake groups differed significantly from the low-Ca controls. The mean transit time for the Swiss screen bags was 25.46 (SE 0.09) h, and transit times were similar whether the horses were grazing or confined in loose boxes, being 26.64 (SE 0.23) h and 24.33 (SE 0.13) h, respectively. The DM digestibility determined using the bags was 0.54, which was significantly lower than the 0.62 determined by direct faeces collection. CONCLUSIONS: Good growth rates were achieved in Thoroughbred weanlings grazing perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture containing 3.5 g Ca/kg DM and a DE of 11.4 MJ/kg DM. Increasing dietary Ca intake 3.5-fold for 3 months had negligible impact on bone growth and development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Distribution of equivalent doses to skin of the hands of nuclear medicine personnel.

During direct contact with radiation sources, for example in nuclear medicine departments, the skin of the hands of workers is the area most exposed to radiation. Measurements with finger dosemeters containing thermoluminescent detectors showed that doses received may reach values as high as 100 mSv y(-1). The specific nature of work performed with isotopes contributes to the considerable differences in the value of an equivalent dose received by the metacarpus, wrist and fingertips. The annual equivalent doses to which fingertips are exposed may exceed the annual dose limit of 500 mSv.

Body Burden↗
PubMed2002

A surface-modified chylomicron remnant-like emulsion for percutaneous computed tomography lymphography: synthesis and preliminary imaging findings.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess a surface-modified emulsion as a percutaneous CT lymphographic agent in normal dogs. METHODS: An iodinated chylomicron remnant-like microemulsion was formulated with a mean particle size of 91.3 nm and an iodine concentration of 91 mg I/mL. Contrast material (2 mL) was injected into the subcutaneous tissues of the metatarsus and metacarpus of six normal dogs to enhance popliteal and cervical lymph nodes, respectively. CT images were acquired at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 240, 480, and 1440 minutes. RESULTS: Significant lymph node enhancement occurred in as little as 15 minutes after injection and persisted at least 8 hours. Node opacification was most pronounced at 1 to 4 hours postinjection and exceeded 200 HU in some nodes (precontrast attenuation = 45 HU). Marked enhancement of popliteal efferent lymphatics and of iliac and sacral node groups also occurred indicating distribution to second order nodes. Attenuation of enhanced nodes reverted to precontrast levels by 24 hours. CONCLUSION: The new surface-modified, chylomicron remnant-like emulsion provided marked, selective enhancement of targeted lymph nodes after subcutaneous administration. Moreover, the formulation produced significant opacification of more distant node groups from a single injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Scaphoid fracture as a "puncher's fracture".

We investigated 18 scaphoid fractures induced by punching. The wrist position while punching was neutral to slight palmar flexion. We postulated that the mechanism of the fracture was caused by the concentration of the external force to the second metacarpus. The forces are then dispersed to the trapezium and trapezoid, which produces shear stress at the waist of the scaphoid. In spite of the differences in mechanism, the location of the fracture was similar to fractured scaphoids caused by wrist extension injuries. Regardless of the wrist positions, the carpal scaphoid is most vulnerable to fracture due to its characteristic morphology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The rectus abdominis free flap as an emergency procedure in extensive upper extremity soft-tissue defects.

Stable wound coverage after extensive soft-tissue loss of the upper extremity remains a difficult problem in the management of large defects of the upper limb. To prevent further tissue loss owing to infection or inadequate cover when important structures such as vessels, tendons, nerves, joints, and bones are exposed, various free flaps have been introduced into the therapeutic armamentarium of acute plastic surgical management options. Emergency or delayed early reconstruction has been proposed to prevent chronic infection and further tissue loss. We report a series of 12 emergency and delayed early reconstructions of the forearm, wrist, carpus, metacarpus, and hand using the free rectus abdominis muscle flap with split-skin coverage, demonstrating the versatility of this flap within this special context. Emergency free rectus muscle flap transfer is safe, technically easy, and expandable.

Abdomen↗