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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Late luteal phase dydrogesterone in combination with clomiphene or tamoxifen in the treatment of infertility associated with irregular and infrequent menstruation: enhancing patient compliance.

This pilot study was undertaken to determine whether dydrogesterone administered in the late luteal phase might have a potential benefit for infertility associated with irregular and infrequent menstruation. Between April 1994 and February 1995, 54 normo-prolactinaemic women received either tamoxifen, if there was evidence of polycystic ovaries and/or increased luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion, or clomiphene together with dydrogesterone 10 mg twice daily on days 21-26 of the menstrual cycle. A total of 23 women (42.6%) conceived (10.7% per cycle). In 192 non-conception cycles the average cycle length was 29.6 days; 182 cycles (94.8%) were 34 days or less. Patients found the rapid onset of regular menstruation to be encouraging and compliance was excellent. Controlled studies are indicated to determine whether the addition of dydrogesterone to oral ovarian stimulation is beneficial.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The significance of elevated basal follicle stimulating hormone in regularly menstruating infertile women.

Elevated plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) during the reproductive life is an early manifestation of ovarian ageing. The presence of elevated basal FSH in young, regularly menstruating women may represent a stage of menopausal transition consequent on premature ovarian failure. A total of 48 regularly menstruating, infertile women aged < 40 years, with high FSH and aged-matched controls with normal FSH underwent detailed monitoring of endocrine and follicle growth during one complete menstrual cycle. During the same cycle, detailed immunological screening was performed and the epidemiological features of all subjects were also reviewed. Subjects in the high FSH group had significantly higher basal FSH, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicular phase LH concentrations. Despite their normal preovulatory oestradiol production, the high FSH group showed significantly slower follicular growth, smaller follicle diameter and lower luteal phase salivary progesterone. All these features have been described in older women during their menopausal transition. In addition, the prevalence of autoimmune antibodies was significantly higher in the high FSH group. This study suggests that infertile women with elevated FSH are in their perimenopause despite having regular ovulatory and apparently normal cycles. An autoimmune basis is suggested as a factor underlying their premature ovarian failure. Further endocrinological and autoimmunological follow-up is recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Elevation of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity in human endometrium during menstruation.

Nitric oxide (NO) is a known agonist of programmed cell death (apoptosis). In order to discover its potential role during menstrual shedding, a process associated with extensive apoptosis, we evaluated activity and mRNA levels of the inducible and constitutive isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) in endometrial specimens of the proliferative (n = 11), late-secretory (n = 7), and menstrual (n = 17) phase of the cycle. These levels were compared with the proportion of apoptotic cells by detection of histochemically labeled DNA fragments. Inducible NOS (iNOS) activity during menstruation was six times that of the proliferative or late-secretory phase (p < 0.05), whereas constitutive NOS activity remained unchanged. Competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed 146% and 77% increases of iNOS mRNA expression in the late-secretory and menstrual phases, respectively, compared to the proliferative phase (p < 0.05), whereas constitutive NOS mRNA expression remained constant. Inducible NOS immunostaining was restricted to epithelial cells, whereas constitutive NOS immunostainig was confined to vascular endothelia. In addition, the proportion of apoptotic cells within the glands of late-secretory or menstrual endometrium was twice that of the proliferative phase (p < 0.05). We conclude that local production of NO is involved in the signal transduction mechanisms leading to endometrial breakdown during menstruation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Does the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme depend on sex, age, body weight and phase of the menstruation cycle in women?].

The study involved 274 patients, including 240 women, divided into various subgroups, according to the age, body weight, and a phase of menstruation cycle in women, and a subgroup of 34 men. According to the design of the studies, blood serum ACE activity was determined spectrophotometrically with a technique described by Friedland and Silverstein in all patients. The obtained results suggest that blood serum ACE activity does not depend on the sex, age, body weight, and phase of the menstruation cycle in women.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Plasma proinsulin, C-peptide and sex hormone concentrations in regularly menstruating premenopausal females with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycles.

AIM: Highly active females are at risk of athletic menstrual irregularities including anovulatory menstrual cycles, oligomenorrhea and even amenorrhea. On the other hand, the functional relationship between endocrine pancreas and ovaries is supported by numerous studies indicating that disturbed female sex hormone secretion coexists with insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. However, the relationship between circulating beta islet and ovarian hormones in regularly menstruating active women with ovulatory and anovulatory menstrual cycle has not been studied. METHODS: A total of 32 regularly menstruating women participated in the study. Prospective subjects monitored their BBT for 3 months before the study. The determination of plasma progesterone levels between days 5-8 and again between days 19-22 of the menstrual cycles made possible the classification of subjects as ovulating or non-ovulating. Plasma 17-beta-estradiol, testosterone, insulin, proinsulin, C-peptide and glucose concentrations were assayed on the same menstrual cycle days as progesterone. RESULTS: There were no differences in circulating insulin, C-peptide and glucose between non-ovulating and ovulating women. In contrast, in non-ovulating subjects plasma proinsulin concentrations between days 19-22 were slightly, but significantly higher than between days 5-8 of the menstrual cycle (P<0.05). Exclusively in non-ovulating women significant and positive correlation was noted between circulating proinsulin and 17-beta-estradiol in data collected from both days 5-8 and 19-22 of the menstrual cycle (P<0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that in the face of low circulating progesterone and subsequent anovulation circulating 17-beta-estradiol slightly, but significantly, affect either pancreatic beta-cell biosynthetic activity or proinsulin hepatic and/or renal clearance.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Cessation of menstruation improves the correlation of FPG to hemoglobin A1c in Caucasian women.

BACKGROUND: Anemia is known to cause spurious hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) results. The effect of menstruation on HbA1c was tested by correlating it to FPG in non-anemic premenopausal and in menopausal women. METHOD: Non-diabetic, non-obese middle-aged Caucasian women were classified as premenopausal or menopausal. Hemogram, FPG, and A1c results were obtained. RESULTS: Hemoglobin concentrations were lower in the premenopausal group. FPG showed a poor correlation to A1c value overall (r = 0.251, p = 0.001) which was improved by multiplying the A1c % by the total hemoglobin concentration to create an absolute A1c value (r = 0.362, p = 0.000). When the data was sorted by menopause status, the correlation of FPG to Absolute A1c improved (r = 0.463, p = 0.000) in the menopausal women, but remained low (r = 0.283, p = 0.005) in the premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS: Menstruation may be a significant factor affecting the accuracy of A1c concentrations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evidence about extending the duration of oral contraceptive use to suppress menstruation.

INTRODUCTION: For many years, individual women and doctors have experimented with extending the duration of active oral contraceptive (OC) pills between pill-free intervals (long OC) to control menstruation. The U.S. approval of an OC with 84 active days and 7 pill-free days in 2003 has attracted considerable media attention. In this review we consider the published evidence on the effectiveness, side effects, and risks of menstrual suppression with long OC. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of published literature on long OC, up to April 2003. RESULTS: Ten papers were located; two were randomized trials comparing long OC to standard OC; the remaining studies were single-group observational studies. Women on long OC schedules had fewer days of scheduled bleeding during days without pills but more days of unscheduled bleeding and spotting than those on standard OC. These problems were worse for women new to OC and diminished over time. Women on long OC were more likely to discontinue due to poor control of bleeding; women on standard OC were more likely to stop because of problems with headaches. Women on long OC and standard OC both showed increases in physiological factors related to clotting, with a nonsignificant tendency for those on long OC to be more affected. No studies considered the effects of long OC on breast tissue, breast density, endometrial safety, or adolescent maturation and reproductive development. No systematic data were available on the return to reproductive function and fertility after taking long OC. There were no placebo-controlled trials and no information on how long OC compares to normal, unmedicated menstrual cycles. Therefore we believe scientific evidence for safety of long OC use is presently lacking.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed1985

Effects of sterilization on menstruation.

We surveyed 551 women more than a year after they or their husbands had had a sterilization operation. According to menstrual data from before and after the operation, a much greater proportion of women who had been sterilized had longer periods after the operation than before, but so did women whose husbands had had a vasectomy. Women who had taken an oral contraceptive before operation, had more days of bleeding and heavier bleeding than women who had been using other methods of contraception; those who had an intrauterine device removed had fewer days of bleeding after the sterilization operation. Discontinuing the previous contraception probably had a greater effect on menstruation than had the operation, for the effect was the same for those who had sterilization and the women whose husbands had an operation.

Contraception↗
PubMed1983

An ultrastructural study of menstrual blood in normal menstruation and dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Menstrual fluid was obtained from the uterine cavity and vagina in 20 women within the first 48 h of menstruation. Ten of the women had normal menstrual cycles and blood loss and ten were patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. The menstrual samples were examined by electron microscopy for the presence of fibrin and platelets and nearly all were found to contain both fibrin and aggregating platelets. By a simple quantitative system no differences in fibrin and platelet content were found between samples collected from the uterine cavity or the vagina. Likewise no difference was found in the morphology of fibrin and platelets between women with normal menstrual loss and patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1983

Effects of menstruation and contraceptive pill on the performance of physical education students.

Of the 109 specialist female physical education students who answered a detailed questionnaire on menstruation and the contraceptive pill in relation to exercise, 91 (83.5%) reported that they suffered menstrual problems. These included stomach ache, depression, abdominal cramps and backache. Over two-thirds of the students considered that these problems adversely influenced their physical performance. However, whether they had a mainly physiological or psychological effect is not clear. Many of the students with menstrual problems thought that exercise had a beneficial effect and helped alleviate their discomfort. A small number of students reported problems such as amenorrhoea and reduced menses possibly due to excessive training. Just under half the students in the investigation took the contraceptive pill, and though as many students taking the pill complained of menstrual problems as those not taking it, they reported less problems and to a lesser degree. Most students claimed that taking the contraceptive pill had no effect upon their performance.

Contraceptives, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Menstruation in girls and adolescents: using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign.

Young patients and their parents often are unsure about what represents normal menstrual patterns, and clinicians also may be unsure about normal ranges for menstrual cycle length and amount and duration of flow through adolescence. It is important to be able to educate young patients and their parents regarding what to expect of a first period and about the range for normal cycle length of subsequent menses. It is equally important for clinicians to have an understanding of bleeding patterns in girls and adolescents, the ability to differentiate between normal and abnormal menstruation, and the skill to know how to evaluate young patients' conditions appropriately. Using the menstrual cycle as an additional vital sign adds a powerful tool to the assessment of normal development and the exclusion of pathological conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

[Problem of oral surgical interventions during pregnancy, menstruation and under the intake of hormonal contraceptives].

Pregnancy, menstruation and hormonal contraceptives are no contraindications for necessary oral surgical procedures. If the pregnancy takes a normal course, surgical interventions with absolute indication are possible at any time. Surgical interventions with relative indication should be performed during the second trimester of pregnancy. The dental treatment of pregnant women should be terminated, as far as possible, by the 7th or 8th month of pregnancy. Metabolic imbalances, static loading and gingival changes deserve special attention.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Ovarian function in amenorrheic and menstruating users of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device.

The ovarian function of 20 healthy users of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device was studied by measurements of plasma estradiol, progesterone, and levonorgestrel concentrations. Eight subjects were amenorrheic, and 12 had regular menstrual bleeding. Seventy-five percent of the subjects in both groups had ovulatory cycles. There was no difference between the mean levonorgestrel concentrations in the amenorrheic and regularly menstruating subjects. Estradiol function was undisturbed in the amenorrheic subjects with ovulatory cycles. The effect of levonorgestrel as a cause of amenorrhea is thought to be mainly of local nature. The intrauterine administration of levonorgestrel had only an occasional and weak effect on ovarian function.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Menstruation: a life span view.

"There are wide variations in menstruation--heavy loss, pain, length of time--which people in general do not seem to realise or allow for in seeing their own pattern as 'normal' and 'common'."

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Working hypothesis relative to the hemodynamics of menstruation and pregnancy.

A working hypothesis relative to detailed hemodynamic changes that occur during menstruation and pregnancy theorizes that the marked biophysical similarities existing between the postovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle and the latter half of pregnancy are endocrine based. The data are acquired with apparatus that records cutaneous pressure pulses and the maternal electrocardiogram, which together provide the basis for deriving the determinants of mean arterial pressure.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Menstruation does not cause anemia: endometrial thickness correlates positively with erythrocyte count and hemoglobin concentration in premenopausal women.

Menstruation has often been cited as a risk factor for iron-deficiency anemia. This study tested whether normal, premenopausal women's luteal endometrial thickness (ET) was associated with their red blood cell count (RBC) and hemoglobin concentrations (Hg), and therefore whether a high ET put women at risk for anemia. Endometrial thickness can be considered a reasonable proxy for menstrual blood loss in normal women. Twenty-six healthy women from the Mogielica Human Ecology Study Site in Poland, aged 20-40 years (29 +/- 5.3 years, mean +/- SD), were selected. Subjects' ET was measured by transvaginal ultrasound in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, and their red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentrations were measured by fasting morning blood samples. Controlling for day of ET measurement, RBC and Hg were positively correlated with ET (r(2) = 0.24, P = 0.05; r(2) = 0.25, P = 0.04, respectively). We propose that, contrary to popular understanding, a thicker endometrium suggests greater iron reserves, rather than greater risk for anemia, in healthy women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiologic studies of menstrual blood loss. I. Range and consistency of menstrual blood loss in and iron requirements of menstruating Egyptian women.

Two physiologic studies of menstrual blood loss in Egyptian women are presented below. In the first, an attempt was made to establish the normal range of menstrual blood loss of Egyptian women, to test their individual consistency in the amount of menstrual blood loss and to determine the iron requirements needed to compensate for iron loss and prevent iron deficiency anemia in menstruating Egyptian women. In the second, physiologic and other variables affecting the magnitude of menstrual blood loss in Egyptian women were investigated.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Histologic studies on endometrium of menstruating monkeys wearing IUDs: comparative evaluation of drugs.

A comparative study was performed to evaluate the effects of antifibrinolytic agents; epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (AMCA); anti-inflammatory drugs (indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen); and plant extract (root extract of Boerhaavia diffusa) on the endometrial histology of IUD-fitted menstruating monkeys. A high degree of stromal edema, heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells, long, tortuous endometrial glands, and thin-walled empty blood vessels were observed in IUD endometrium. B. diffusa was found most effective in reducing stromal edema, inflammation, and tortuosity of glands, and in increasing the degree of deposition of fibrin and platelets in the vessel lumen. Antifibrinolytic agents caused partial to complete occlusion of the vessel lumen and anti-inflammatory drugs thickened the vessel wall. Indomethacin reduced inflammation effectively. Conclusively, B. diffusa appears to be a potent antifibrinolytic and anti-inflammatory agent and is, thus, recommended for the treatment of IUD menorrhagia.

Animals↗