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PubMed1993

[The oral magnesium loading test for detecting possible magnesium deficiency].

In 26 top sportsmen (volleyball players, rower) aged 15-18 years the serum magnesium level and urinary Mg excretion before and after oral administration of 5 g Mg lactate was assessed (oral magnesium load test). In 11 sportsmen (42.3%) a low percentage of excretion of administered Mg was found, suggesting magnesium deficiency, irrespective of the basal serum Mg levels. After subsequent 10-day Mg supplementation 6 volleyball players responded by a markedly lower retention after an identical Mg load, again without marked changes of the serum Mg level. The authors consider the magnesium load test a more sensitive indicator of latent Mg deficiency than the serum Mg level which is maintained at a relatively stable level and declines only in severe deficiency. The test assumes normal renal function and intestinal absorption.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Antiarrhythmic effects of increasing the daily intake of magnesium and potassium in patients with frequent ventricular arrhythmias. Magnesium in Cardiac Arrhythmias (MAGICA) Investigators.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess potential antiarrhythmic effects of an increase in the daily oral intake of magnesium and potassium in patients with frequent ventricular arrhythmias. BACKGROUND: Magnesium and potassium contribute essentially to the electrical stability of the heart. Despite experimental and clinical evidence for the antiarrhythmic properties of the two minerals, controlled data in patients with stable ventricular arrhythmias are lacking. METHODS: In a randomized, double-blind study, 232 patients with frequent ventricular arrhythmias (> 720 ventricular premature beats [VPBs]/24 h) confirmed at baseline and after 1 week of placebo therapy were subsequently treated over 3 weeks with either 6 mmol of magnesium/12 mmol of potassium-DL-hydrogenaspartate daily or placebo. RESULTS: Compared with placebo pretreatment, active therapy resulted in a median reduction of VPBs by -17.4% (p = 0.001); the suppression rate was 2.4 times greater than that in patients randomized to 3 weeks of placebo therapy (-7.4%, p = 0.038). The likelihood of a > or = 60% (predefined criterion) or > or = 70% suppression rate (calculated from the placebo-controlled run-in period) was 1.7 (25% vs. 15%, p = 0.044) and 1.5 times greater in the active than in the placebo group (20% vs. 13%, p = 0.085), respectively. No effect of magnesium and potassium administration was observed on the incidence of repetitive and supraventricular arrhythmias and clinical symptoms of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide controlled data on the antiarrhythmic effect of oral administration of magnesium and potassium salts when directed to patients with frequent and stable ventricular tachyarrhythmias. A 50% increase in the recommended minimum daily dietary intake of the two minerals for 3 weeks results in a moderate but significant antiarrhythmic effect. However, with the given therapeutic regimen, repetitive tachyarrhythmias and patient symptoms remain unchanged.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Erythrocyte magnesium in elderly patients: not a reliable guide to magnesium status.

To assess body magnesium status in various illness states in older people by measurement of serum magnesium (S Mg) and erythrocyte magnesium (E Mg) and to explore the limitations of E Mg measurement. S Mg and E Mg were measured in 150 consecutive out-patients, mean age 77 years, and in 100 consecutive in-patient admissions, mean age 80 years. Results were analysed for different diagnostic groups S Mg was normally distributed for both in-patients and out-patients, mean values 0.79 mmol/l and 0.77 mmol/l respectively. In-patient E Mg concentrations were often higher but the distribution was considerably skewed, median 2.28 mmol/l, mean 2.35 mmol/l. Out-patient E Mg concentration followed a near normal distribution, median 2.32 mmol/l, mean 2.30 mmol/l. There was a significant correlation between E Mg and S Mg for out-patients, R = 0.29 (p < 0.001). In-patients with infections and pressure sores had significantly raised E Mg concentrations but normal or low S Mg. High E Mg concentrations in illness are likely to be due to alterations in characteristics of the erythrocytes themselves rather than an indication of body magnesium excess. E Mg concentrations in illness should be interpreted with caution.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Mood change and magnesium. A possible interaction between magnesium and lithium?

Magnesium and lithium are chemically related. Magnesium is an essential ion in many enzyme systems and lithium is of value in the treatment of manic-depressive disease. A significant sex difference in mean plasma magnesium levels is reported in 44 depressed patients. It is suggested that further studies of magnesium metabolism are indicated and that they may provide a better understanding of manic-depressive disease and the mode of action of lithium.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A comparison of magnesium sulfate and indomethacin to magnesium sulfate only for tocolysis in preterm labor with advanced cervical dilation.

Preterm labor becomes more difficult to inhibit as the degree of cervical dilation increases. Indeed, some physicians do not even attempt tocolysis with advanced cervical dilation. We compared single- versus double-agent tocolytic therapy when the cervix was dilated 3 cm or greater. We conducted a retrospective study of 44 patients with preterm labor of unknown etiology and with cervical dilation of greater than 3 cm. At the admitting physician's discretion, patients were treated with either magnesium sulfate or with magnesium sulfate and indomethacin in combination. Longer duration of successful tocolysis was noted in the group that received both magnesium sulfate and indomethacin (368.3 hours versus 70.9 hours). No maternal complications occurred in either group. These pilot data suggest that tocolysis with magnesium sulfate and indomethacin is a safe, effective method of tocolysis in patients with advanced cervical dilation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Serum total and ionized magnesium concentrations and urinary fractional excretion of magnesium in cats with diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine magnesium (Mg) status in cats with naturally acquired diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), evaluate changes in Mg status after treatment for DKA, and correlate Mg status with systemic blood pressure and degree of glycemic control. DESIGN: Case series and cohort study. ANIMALS: 12 healthy cats (controls), 21 cats with DM, and 7 cats with DKA. PROCEDURE: Serum total magnesium (tMg) and ionized magnesium (iMg) concentrations and spot urinary fractional excretion of magnesium (FEmg) were determined, using serum and urine samples obtained from all cats when they were entered in the study and from cats with DKA 12, 24, and 48 hours after initiating treatment. Indirect blood pressure and degree of glycemic control were determined in 10 and 21 cats with DM, respectively. RESULTS: Initially, 2 and 13 cats with DM and 1 and 4 cats with DKA had serum tMg and iMg concentrations, respectively, less than the low reference limit (mean-2 SD) determined for controls. In cats with DKA, serum tMg concentration decreased significantly over time after initiating treatment. Urinary FEmg was significantly higher in cats with DM or DKA, compared with controls. Systemic hypertension was not detected nor was there a correlation between Mg status and degree of glycemic control in cats with DM. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hypomagnesemia was a common finding in cats with DM and DKA and was more readily identified by measuring serum iMg concentration than tMg concentration. The clinical ramifications of hypomagnesemia in such cats remain to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Amniotic cavity accumulation of magnesium with prolonged magnesium sulfate tocolysis.

In seven women, continuous intravenous tocolysis with magnesium sulfate for 4-28 days resulted in high amniotic fluid magnesium levels (10.54 mg% +/- 1.83 SD). In all cases the amniotic fluid magnesium level greatly exceeded the maternal serum level in a sample collected simultaneously. Additionally, when amniorrhexis and delivery occurred within one hour of each other, the fetal magnesium levels uniformly exceeded the maternal levels in paired maternal and cord blood samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Magnesium renal wasting in calcium stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria contrasting with lower magnesium:calcium urinary ratio.

Plasma magnesium (PMg) and urinary calcium (UCaV) and magnesium (UMgV) were measured after four days of calcium-restricted diet in 60 controls and 82 patients classified according to their calcium excretion in three groups: normo-calciuric (NCa), dietary hypercalciuria (DH) and idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH). When compared to controls, higher UMgV (4.26 +/- 0.28 mmol/d versus 3.4 +/- 0.16, p less than 0.01), lower PMg (0.79 +/- 0.01 mmol/d versus 0.84 +/- 0.01, p less than 0.05) and lower UMg/UCa ratio (0.6 +/- 0.04 versus 1.68 +/- 0.15, p less than 0.001) were observed only in IH. A significant correlation between UMgV and UCaV was found in controls, in NCa and in DH but not in IH. In conclusion, (1) the coexistence of a higher UMgV and of a lower PMg in IH suggests that there is a magnesium depletion in this group of patients; (2) since the lower UMg/UCa ratio may favour a higher propensity for calcium crystallisation and is seen only in IH, magnesium supplements may be specially indicated in this group.

Calcium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Interrelationship of calcium and magnesium in the case of a varying magnesium content in the diet of jaw fracture patients].

In 12 patients with jaw-bones fractures an investigation of calcium and magnesium metabolism was carried out with a view of elucidating its possible relation to the course of repair of the bone tissue. A reciprocal dependence in the calcium and magnesium ions exchange in lesions of the jaws and an intensified accumulation of these ions by the time of the initial formation of the secondary callus were revealed. Investigations have confirmed the important role of magnesium in the metabolism of the bone tissue and a study of two diets with different magnesium content justified recommending its daiy allowance of about 550 mg for the given patients' population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Influence of exogenous porcine growth hormone on magnesium metabolism in intact pigs receiving normal magnesium intakes.

The magnesium balance and plasma magnesium levels of intact growing pigs treated with recombinant porcine growth hormone (100 micrograms/kg body weight/d) for 2 months were measured. Growth hormone treatment did not change plasma magnesium, but it markedly increased magnesium absorption and retention. This agrees with our finding of adequately mineralized newly formed bone in intact pigs given growth hormone.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Red cell magnesium and glutathione peroxidase in infertile women--effects of oral supplementation with magnesium and selenium.

Six women with a history of unexplained infertility or early miscarriage and who had failed to normalize their red cell magnesium (RBC-Mg) levels after four months of oral magnesium supplementation (600 mg/day) were investigated for red cell glutathione peroxidase activity (RBC-GSH-Px) and were compared with six age-matched women with a history of unexplained infertility or miscarriage who did normalize their RBC-Mg levels on magnesium supplementation. The six non-normalizers had significantly lower (P < 0.0001) RBC-GSH-Px levels than the six normalizers. After a further two months of 200 micrograms daily oral selenium as selenomethionine and oral magnesium supplements, all six women normalized their RBC-Mg (P < 0.0001) and RBC-GSH-Px (P < 0.0001) levels. All 12 previously infertile women have produced normal healthy babies all conceiving within eight months of normalizing their RBC-Mg levels. The possible relevance of these findings to the medical treatment of infertility is discussed.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1993

Calcium and magnesium mass transfer in peritoneal dialysis patients using 1.25 mmol/L calcium, 0.25 mmol/L magnesium dialysis fluid.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of a reduced calcium/magnesium dialysis fluid (1.25/0.25 mmol/L, respectively) on calcium and magnesium mass transfer in both 1.36% and 3.86% glucose solutions. DESIGN: Each patient underwent four test exchanges, two with a standard dialysis fluid containing 1.36% and 3.86% glucose, and two with a reduced calcium/magnesium fluid containing 1.36% and 3.86% glucose. Calcium and magnesium were measured in dialysate and serum at 0 and 240 minutes. SETTING: Single renal unit of a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Sixteen patients established on CAPD, and peritonitis-free, for at least 3 months. RESULTS: A lower dialysate calcium results in negative mass transfer when serum-ionized calcium exceeds dialysate calcium (mean -0.21 +/- 0.15 mmol/exchange), and positive mass transfer when serum-ionized calcium is less than dialysate calcium in 1.36% glucose solutions (mean 0.57 +/- 0.18 mmol/exchange). A negative correlation was found between serum-ionized calcium level and calcium mass transfer. With a 3.86% reduced calcium/magnesium solution, calcium mass transfer is always negative (-0.88 +/- 0.18 mmol/exchange) due to ultrafiltration and solute drag. Fifteen patients were found to be hypermagnesemic at the time of the study. Magnesium mass transfer was neutral with the standard 1.36% glucose fluid (mean -0.01 mmol/exchange), but negative with the reduced calcium/magnesium 1.36% glucose fluid (mean -0.58 +/- 0.13 mmol/exchange). With the 3.86% glucose solution, both fluids produced negative magnesium mass transfer (mean -0.32 +/- 0.11 and -1.07 +/- 0.11 mmol/exchange for standard and reduced calcium/magnesium fluids, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that this fluid formulation should reduce hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia in CAPD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Blood magnesium and the renal magnesium threshold in lichen-fed and fasted reindeer.

In the blood plasma of lichen-fed reindeer the magnesium level was rather low (1.44 +/- 0.17 mg/100 ml) while the levels of calcium, phosphorus and glucose were normal. Fasting for 2--3 days provided no evidence of magnesium deficiency, leading to increments in blood and urinary magnesium. Simultaneous increments in urinary calcium indicated mobilization of bone minerals. The renal magnesium threshold appeared to be at about 1.8 mg of Mg/100 ml of plasma as in other species.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Propensity for the air/water interface and ion pairing in magnesium acetate vs magnesium nitrate solutions: molecular dynamics simulations and surface tension measurements.

Molecular dynamics simulations in slab geometry and surface tension measurements were performed for aqueous solutions of magnesium acetate and magnesium nitrate at various concentrations. The simulations reveal a strong affinity of acetate anions for the surface, while nitrate exhibits only a very weak surface propensity, and magnesium is per se strongly repelled from the air/water interface. CH3COO- also exhibits a much stronger tendency than NO3- for ion pairing with Mg2+ in the bulk and particularly in the interfacial layer. The different interfacial behavior of the two anions is reflected by the opposite concentration dependence (beyond 0.5 M) of surface tension of the corresponding magnesium salts. Measurements, supported by simulations, show that the surface tension of Mg(NO3)2(aq) increases with concentration as for other inorganic salts. However, in the case of Mg(OAc)2(aq) the surface tension isotherm exhibits a turnover around 0.5 M, after which it starts to decrease, indicating a positive net solute excess in the interfacial layer at higher concentrations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Magnesium metabolism in mice selected for high and low erythrocyte magnesium levels.

A genetic control of blood magnesium (Mg) levels has been suggested. To investigate the mechanisms and the biologic significance of this genetic regulation, a mouse model, ie, mice selected for low magnesium level (MGL) and high magnesium level (MGH), was developed. The purpose of this study was to explore the Mg status and Mg metabolism in female MGL and MGH mice. We observed that MGL mice had reduced total and ionized plasma Mg, lower erythrocyte Mg, lower tibia, and kidney Mg levels. In contrast, total urinary Mg and (25)Mg levels were significantly higher in MGL mice. MGL mice had smaller total Mg exchangeable pool masses compared with MGH, and fractional transport rates of Mg (exchange constant) were different. In vitro (25)Mg enrichments in erythrocytes from MGL mice were significantly lower. Moreover, Mg efflux from erythrocytes was significantly higher in MGL. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that MGL mice present lower body stores of Mg than MGH mice and lower body Mg retention. This is confirmed at a cellular level by a lower enrichment of (25)Mg in erythrocytes. The lower retention of Mg by MGL erythrocyte in comparison to MGH appears to be partly due to a higher Mg efflux in MGL erythrocyte. It can be hypothesized that a genetic factor that modulates Na(+)/Mg(2+) exchanger activity may be important in the regulation of Mg metabolism. Further investigations on the mechanisms responsible for differences in Mg retention between MGL and MGH mice could contribute to a better understanding of the genetic regulation of cellular Mg.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Can one really measure magnesium deficiency using the short-term magnesium loading test?

OBJECTIVE: To compare a 1-h-version of a magnesium-loading-test (MLT) designed for outpatients in healthy controls with the 8-h standard; to establish the test in patients after renal transplantation prone to develop magnesium (Mg) deficiency; to correlate femur Mg-concentration and percentage retention of the given load. DESIGN: Comparison of mean values from healthy controls with respective from the literature; a prospective, randomized, controlled 4-month study; an intra-individual correlation of Mg-serum values and loading-test data with femur-Mg concentrations. SETTING: One centre study in a medical university; outpatients from the transplant unit; inpatients from the orthopedic unit. SUBJECTS: Twenty-four healthy controls aged 36.7 +/- 7.4 years; 34 patients after renal transplantation (46.5 +/- 14.3 years); 41 patients with hip replacement therapy (63.9 +/- 18.6 years). INTERVENTION: Baseline Mg values were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) in serum and urine. An intravenous Mg load with 0.1 mmol Mg-aspartate hydrochloride per kilogram bodyweight was given during 1 h. In 24 h-urine, the amount of excreted Mg was measured by AAS and the percentage retention of the given load calculated according to the formula: 1 - [Mg 24 h-urine/Mg test dose] x 100. Femur Mg was measured by AAS in a peace of the femur neck. Patients after renal transplantation were randomized after the first Mg load to either obtain daily 5 mmol Mg-aspartate hydrochloride per kilogram bodyweight, or placebo. Four months later a second loading-procedure was performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Serum Mg, percentage retention of the given Mg load (%Ret) and femur Mg concentration. RESULTS: Mean serum Mg values were within the normal range. In controls, %Ret was -18 +/- 21 and not different from the literature. In the first MLT after renal transplantation, %Ret was 47 +/- 43. In patients under Mg medication it decreased significantly to 16 +/- 26, but was 58 +/- 27 in the placebo group. Femur Mg concentration was 62.6 +/- 20.9 mmol kg-1 dry substance and the corresponding %Ret was 14 +/- 28 with r = - 0.7093. CONCLUSION: The short-term version of the MLT is as good as the standard and was easily applied in outpatients. The indication from the good correlation between bone-Mg and %Ret and a marked decrease in %Ret in patients after Mg medication was that one can really measure magnesium deficiency.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Development of cellular magnesium nano-analysis in treatment of clinical magnesium deficiency.

A novel technique, using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EXAtm), for noninvasive intracellular (i.c.) measurement of magnesium [Mg2+]i has now been accomplished and proven to be a valuable tool in multiple aspects of normal as well as pathological magnesium metabolism. Since only 1% of total body Mg2+ is found in the intravascular space, serum levels of Mg2+ give little information about a patient's overall Mg2+ status with respect to this essential mineral. Using the EXAtm analysis it has shown been determined that Mg2+ levels are significantly reduced in many physiological states which may lead to serious pathological conditions [15]. Description of the methodology and examples of data as well as potential applications will focus on intracellular (i.c.) [Mg2+]i determinations obtained in cells from subjects with cardiovascular disease (CVD) syndromes related to Mg2+ deficiency. Examples of the application of EXAtm evaluation include examination of intracellular magnesium and other minerals in a wide spectrum of conditions which include cardiovascular conditions, arrhythmias, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and bypass surgery. Standardization of control values were performed at NASA.

Animals↗