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Results for “Lie Detection”

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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

More on volitional experiences and breaching posthypnotic amnesia.

3 experimental conditions using a mock lie detector were employed to investigate further the type of manipulations that lead posthynotically amnesic Ss to breach their amnesia before the reversibility cue is given. 1 condition told Ss they were telling the truth, another that they were lying, and another only that the physiological apparatus could tell whether they were telling the truth. Ss in the "lie" condition breached more than Ss in the other 2 conditions, which did not differ. Ss who rated their recall as in their control (voluntary) were more likely to report more material after breaching manipulations than Ss who reported their recall as not in their control (involuntary). The results are discussed as they relate to breaching conditions and the voluntary/involuntary dimension.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Admissibility and per se exclusion of hypnotically elicited recall in American courts of law.

State v. Mack (1980) ruled that hypnotically elicited testimony is per se excluded from Minnesota law courts; this court also ruled that police could employ hypnosis in an attempt to construct an independently corroborated case. In recent years, there have been moves to rescind this exclusion; this raises a question of the probative value of such additional information when it is uncorroborated. This situation is compared with that of the polygraph as an index of deception: Like hypnosis, it is excluded per se in most American jurisdictions. Some legal decisions in Wisconsin are used to illustrate one alternative to the per se exclusion approach. Admissibility of scientific evidence in American courts of law has been based on a criterion of "general acceptability within the relevant scientific community," as first elucidated in Frye v. United States (1923). Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the Frye decision in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (1993), by making general acceptability but one of several admissibility criteria. Three Daubert-based decisions, one involving hypnosis and all concerned with "recovered repressed memories," indicate some problems in law posed by Daubert.

Crime↗
PubMed2003

Children's use of gaze and limb movement cues to infer deception.

A sample of 96 children from kindergarten, 2nd, 4th, and 6th grades judged the truthfulness of peers who varied in gaze and limb movement while providing verbal communications. Results indicated that children attributed greater lying to the peers who displayed indirect rather than direct gaze and active rather than nonactive limb movement. The use of these cues was more evident in 4th- and 6th-grade children than it was in kindergarten and 2nd-grade children. Pilot studies indicated that adults and children as young as 5-6 years of age associated indirect gaze and active limb movement with anxiety. The findings are discussed with respect to children's theory of mind, concepts of lying, understanding of display rules, and learning of physiological cues associated with deception.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1986

Falsifications in the psychiatric history: a differential diagnosis.

Several types of falsification may be encountered in the clinical setting, including lies, pseudologia fantastica, delusions and confabulations. I will review these phenomena in the psychopathology literature and propose five criteria to facilitate classification of a falsification. I will then present case histories that illustrate the relationship between the type of falsification and the clinical psychiatric diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Imaging or imagining? A neuroethics challenge informed by genetics.

From a twenty-first century partnership between bioethics and neuroscience, the modern field of neuroethics is emerging, and technologies enabling functional neuroimaging with unprecedented sensitivity have brought new ethical, social and legal issues to the forefront. Some issues, akin to those surrounding modern genetics, raise critical questions regarding prediction of disease, privacy and identity. However, with new and still-evolving insights into our neurobiology and previously unquantifiable features of profoundly personal behaviors such as social attitude, value and moral agency, the difficulty of carefully and properly interpreting the relationship between brain findings and our own self-concept is unprecedented. Therefore, while the ethics of genetics provides a legitimate starting point--even a backbone--for tackling ethical issues in neuroimaging, they do not suffice. Drawing on recent neuroimaging findings and their plausible real-world applications, we argue that interpretation of neuroimaging data is a key epistemological and ethical challenge. This challenge is two-fold. First, at the scientific level, the sheer complexity of neuroscience research poses challenges for integration of knowledge and meaningful interpretation of data. Second, at the social and cultural level, we find that interpretations of imaging studies are bound by cultural and anthropological frameworks. In particular, the introduction of concepts of self and personhood in neuroimaging illustrates the interaction of interpretation levels and is a major reason why ethical reflection on genetics will only partially help settle neuroethical issues. Indeed, ethical interpretation of such findings will necessitate not only traditional bioethical input but also a wider perspective on the construction of scientific knowledge.

Behavior↗
PubMed2005

Spy versus spy.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Diagnostic Techniques, Neurological↗
PubMed2003

Detection of spike and wave discharges in the cortical EEG of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg.

Genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) are a strain of Wistar rats in which all animals present spontaneous occurrence of spike and wave discharges (SWD) in the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG). In this paper, we present a method for the detection of SWD, based on the key observation that SWD are quasi-periodic signals. A spectral-comb based analysis method is used to extract the fundamental frequency and the percentage of energy explained by the harmonic spectral components is subsequently used as a detection parameter. It is shown that a maximum sensitivity and specificity of up to 96 per cent can be achieved. We also compared the performance of this method with the methods presented in the literature and conclude that the surplus value of the novel detection method lies in the higher specificity that can be obtained in the analysis of long-term EEG fragments, which are contaminated by artefacts and contain large portions of slow-wave sleep.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2005

Dissociable roles of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in deception.

Recent neuroimaging studies have shown the importance of the prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices in deception. However, little is known about the role of each of these regions during deception. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we measured brain activation while participants told truths or lies about two types of real-world events: experienced and unexperienced. The imaging data revealed that activity of the dorsolateral, ventrolateral and medial prefrontal cortices was commonly associated with both types of deception (pretending to know and pretending not to know), whereas activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) was only associated with pretending not to know. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) increase in the ACC was positively correlated with that in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex only during pretending not to know. These results suggest that the lateral and medial prefrontal cortices have general roles in deception, whereas the ACC contributes specifically to pretending not to know.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Behavioural and functional anatomical correlates of deception in humans.

Brain activity in humans telling lies has yet to be elucidated. We developed an objective approach to its investigation, utilizing a computer-based interrogation and fMRI. Interrogatory questions probed recent episodic memory in 30 volunteers studied outside and 10 volunteers studied inside the MR scanner. In a counter-balanced design subjects answered specified questions both truthfully and with lies. Lying was associated with longer response times (p < 0.001) and greater activity in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices (p < 0.05, corrected). These findings were replicated using an alternative protocol. Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may be engaged in generating lies or withholding the truth.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Objective measurement of patient's dental anxiety by galvanic skin reaction.

The purpose of this study was to determine if anxiety can be measured objectively by skin conductance of a weak electric current. Three measurements were taken. First, a standardized dental-anxiety questionnaire was given to determine anxiety. Second, galvanic skin conductance was measured. Third, polygraph responses were recorded to three key questions from the questionnaire. Questionnaire scores of these key questions were used to create two groups: anxious and not-anxious. The three key questions were subjected to polygraph verification. In the first analysis patients were excluded if the polygraph test disclosed lying on any of the three key questions. The second analysis excluded liars on a question-by-question basis. The third analysis disregarded the polygraph. A statistically significant correlation was found between skin conductance and dental anxiety in all cases. Data seem to indicate that fear of injection is the most anxiety-producing aspect of modern dentistry.

Adult↗