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PubMed1998

Induction of digoxin-like material production, and the digoxin binding in the unicellular organism Tetrahymena by digitoxin.

Thin layer chromatographic, and laser-confocal microscopic analyses with a monoclonal antibody to digoxin also displaying high affinity to digoxigenin, were used to determine the presence and localization of cardioactive glycosides. Tetrahymena pyriformis was found to possess digitoxigenin-like material, but digoxin, digitoxin, digoxigenin, gitoxin and lanatoside C were not detected. Digitoxin treatment elicited the appearance of a digoxin-like material in the progeny generations. Digoxin was taken up by untreated Tetrahymena, especially strongly 24 h after digitoxin treatment. While the cardenolide was localized in vesicles of the cell body in untreated Tetrahymena, the engulfed digoxin appeared in the epiplasmic layer and also in the cilia after digitoxin pretreatment. Digoxin pretreatment did not increase digoxin uptake. These data indicate that Tetrahymena has: (1) the capacity to discriminate between closely related molecules; (2) the ability to induce digoxin-like material production; and/or (3) enzymes that can effect a digitoxin-digoxin transformation.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Purification of ENOD8 proteins from Medicago sativa root nodules and their characterization as esterases.

ENOD8 proteins were purified from alfalfa (Medicago sativa) root nodules. After extraction of ENOD8 proteins into an aqueous buffer, they were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, concanavalin A Sepharose chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Purification was assessed by comparing silver stained SDS-PAGE gels to Western blots developed with a highly specific ENOD8 antibody. Multiple ENOD8 proteins that co-purified were found. ENOD8 proteins were found to have esterase activity, active on acetyl and butyrl esters but not longer chain aliphatic esters. Thus, ENOD8 proteins are unlikely to be lipases. Kinetic analysis showed that ENOD8 proteins esterase activity exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Considering ENOD8 protein sequence similarity to an exopolygalacturonase/EP4/iEP4 and lanatoside 15'-O-acetylesterase with the results presented here predicts that ENOD8 substrates could be acetylated oligo- or polysaccharides.

Chemical Precipitation↗
PubMed1976

Partition high-pressure liquid-chromatographic systems for the separation of digitalis glycosides of the cardenolide group.

Several multi-component liquid-systems have been investigated on silica gel SI-60 supports of particle size 10 mum. By using two solvent systems, it was possible to separate 14 digitalis glycosides, ranging from genins of relatively low polarity to the highly polar deacetyl-lanatosides. Solvents with good ultraviolet transparency at 220 nm (lambdamax. for the butenolide ring) were chosen in order to improve the sensitivity of detection. The technique should also permit the determination of by-products and degradation products of these drug substances. Detection limits are as low as 15 ng for a 5 mul injection, and separation times vary between 4 and 20 min. The reproducibility of the retention times and the baseline separations attainable make the systems suitable for quantitative work.

Cardanolides↗
PubMed1976

Rapid and sensitive high-resolution procedure for digitalis glycoside analysis by derivatization liquid chromatography.

The separation and quantitative determination of digitalis glycosides by high performance liquid chromatography following derivatization with 4-nitrobenzoylchloride (4-NBC1) is described. The compounds of primary interest were the digitalis glycosides and aglycones of the pharmaceutically important A, B and C series, The derivatization step results in higher extinction values at a more favourable wavelength (260 nm), which permits the use of low-cost ultraviolet detectors. Detection limits are below 20 ng/ml for all of the glycosides tested. The chromatographic properties are also improved by reducing the polarity without a decrease in selectivity. The use of low-polarity and low-viscosity solvent systems on silica gel adsorbents permits rapid isocratic separations of complex mixtures as they usually occur in pharmaceutical products and extracts. The quantitative potential of this method was demonstrated by analyzing ampoule solutions containing desacetyl lanatoside C as the active compound. The active substance, by-products and degradation products were determined down to 0.1% of the total glycoside concentration in one ampoule.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed1996

Isolation of cardenolides from a Brazilian cultivar of Digitalis lanata by rotation locular counter-current chromatography.

Cardenolides from a Brazilian cultivar of Digitalis lanata were isolated by rotation locular countercurrent chromatography (RLCC), employing dichloromethane-methanol-water (5:6:4, v/v) as the solvent system. Highly pure lanatoside C was obtained from the Digitalis lanata hydromethanolic extract, pre-purified either by silica gel or reversed-phase chromatography.

Cardenolides↗
PubMed1993

Cardiac glycosides in partly submerged shoots of Digitalis lanata.

Shoot cultures were established from axillary buds (11 strains) or seeds (1 strain) of individual Digitalis lanata Ehrh. plants and propagated partially submerged in liquid medium. Five of these shoot culture strains were characterized with regard to their growth and cardenolide content. The cultures were observed for more than one year and found to be relatively stable with regard to their growth and cardenolide spectrum and yield. The strains examined differed in terms of their total cardenolide yield, which ranged from about 30 nmol g DW-1 to almost 1000 nmol g DW-1. Cardenolide content was correlated with leaf size and development. Depending on the strain investigated up to ten different cardenolides could be detected by HPLC. The main cardenolides were identified by comparing HPLC and TLC results with those of authentic samples and chemical degradation as being the mono- and diglycosides glucodigifucoside, glucoverodoxin, odorobioside G, and odoroside H; minor amounts of digitalinum verum and glucoevatromonoside were also found. In addition, the tetrasaccharides lanatoside A and C were present. The shoots were cardenolide-free when cultivated in the dark for more than 30 weeks, but regained their characteristic cardenolide profile when transferred back to light. For the dark cultivation of chlorophyll-free cultures a medium containing 3.5% glucose was found to be optimal.

Cardenolides↗
PubMed1991

Subalpinoside (S1), an Unknown Oleandrigenin Glycoside and Other Cardenol from Digitalis subalpina var. subalpina.

From the leaves of DIGITALIS SUBALPINA Br.-Bl. var. SUBALPINA an oleandrigenin glycoside was isolated as the main cardiotonic compound besides some known glycosides such as evatromonoside, lanatoside A and B, gitoroside, and others. The structure of this compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods ( (1)H-, (13)C-, 2D-NMR spectroscopy) as gluco-oleandrigenin digitoxoside. This is the first report of the occurrence of oleandrigenin derivatives in a DIGITALIS species.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Cardenolide and Neutral Lipid Biosynthesis from Malonate in Digitalis lanata.

DIGITALIS LANATA plants were grown on water culture in a controlled environment and in the young, growing leaves free sterols (0.335 micromol/g FW), triacylglycerols (0.97 micromol/g FW) and cardenolides (1.82 micromol/g FW) were the major apolar and polar lipids. The cardenolide-containing fraction from these tissues was separated into 26 cardenolides by HPLC. The 5 major components (accounting for 60 % of the occurring glycosides) lanatosides A and C, acetyldigoxin, acetyldigitoxin, and glucoevatromonoside were identified by FABMS. Incorporation experiments with [2- (14)C]-acetate, [2- (14)C]-malonate, [2- (14)C]-mevalonate, and [U- (14)C]-sucrose (absorbed by excised, young, growing leaves) showed the labelling of all the occurring cardenolides after a 3 day incorporation period (as judged by HPLC). Comparing the simultaneous synthesis of labelled sterols and triacylglycerols, malonate could be considered as the most effective precursor in cardenolide synthesis, reaching an incorporation value of 4.1 % in a 4 day incorporation period. A time-course experiment revealed a temporary accumulation of (14)C in glucoevatromonoside, which may play a role as an intermediate in cardenolide production of DIGITALIS LANATA.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Systemic induction of the biosynthesis of terpenic compounds in Digitalis lanata.

A bacterial screening was carried out in the rhizosphere of two Digitalis species, D. thapsi and D. parviflora, both at the vegetative stage and at flowering. A total of 480 isolates were characterised at genus level, Bacillus being the dominant genera in all cases. Fifty percent of the Bacillus strains isolated from each species were analysed by PCR-RAPDs. At 85% similarity, 12 groups separated for D. thapsi and 18 for D. parviflora. One strain of each group was selected for biological assay on D. lanata, evaluating growth promotion and cardenolide content in leaves after inoculation performed in the root system. The plant parameters evaluated were leaf surface area, shoot and root dry weight and leaf number. Lanatoside C content was evaluated by HPLC. Only 17 strains caused significant increases in at least one of the parameters evaluated. The most striking result was that some strains promoted growth and increased cardenolide content at the same time. This effect was detected on leaves while inoculation was carried out on roots. Interestingly, these two parameters are not enhanced simultaneously under regular conditions in pot or in tissue cultures.

Bacillus↗
PubMed2001

Cytotoxicity of digitoxin and related cardiac glycosides in human tumor cells.

The saponin digitonin, the aglycone digitoxigenin and five cardiac glycosides were evaluated for cytotoxicity using primary cultures of tumor cells from patients and a human cell line panel (representing different cytotoxic drug-resistance patterns). Of these seven compounds, proscillaridin A was the most potent (IC(50): 6.4--76 nM), followed by digitoxin, and then ouabain, digoxin, lanatoside C, digitoxigenin and digitonin. Correlation analysis of the log IC(50) values for the cell lines in the panel showed that compound cytotoxicity was only slightly influenced by resistance mechanisms that involved P-glycoprotein, topoisomerase II, multidrug resistance-associated protein and glutathione-mediated drug resistance. Digitoxin and digoxin expressed selective toxicity against solid tumor cells from patients, while proscillaridin A expressed no selective toxicity against either solid or hematological tumor cells. The results revealed marked differences in cytotoxicity between the cardiac glycosides, both in potency and selectivity, and modes of action for cytotoxicity that differ from that of commonly used anticancer drugs.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1990

Mechanics of vomiting: a minireview.

In a cineradiographic analysis of the vomiting reflex in response to i.v. administration of an emetic drug (lanatoside C, 12 mg/kg) in cats, it was shown that the vomiting act is preceded by cyclic periods of abnormal peristaltic activity of the small bowel and inhibition of gastric peristalsis. It was further observed that massive antiperistalsis of the upper small bowel with reflux into the stomach is a common occurrence in the period immediately preceding vomiting. The emetic act itself is composed of phases of esophageal dilation, gastric emptying, gastric reflux, and esophageal collapse in cyclic repetition. The response of the esophagus and the stomach during emesis is passive, with external pressures and forces apparently providing the expulsive forces, the gastric bolus being contained by contraction of the pylorus and probably an upper esophageal or pharyngeal barrier. Earlier studies were conducted in cats in which observations were made on changes in thoracic venous pressure, abdominal venous pressure, and arterial blood pressure associated with vomiting induced by Veratrum alkaloids. Retching was characterized by a growing series of brief negative intrathoracic pressure pulses mirrored by positive pressure pulses in the abdomen. Expulsion then occurred and was followed with a sudden reversal of intrathoracic pressure from negative to positive. Expulsion involved a more sustained abdominal contraction, but both retching and expulsion were brought about by the same set of muscles, according to their EMG profiles. From results observed following phrenicotomy and spinal cord section at T5, it was concluded that the diaphragm, acting together with the inspiratory muscles against a closed glotis is responsible for the negative intrathoracic pressure that occurs in retching.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Autonomic influences and cardiac conduction in patients with sinus node disease.

18 patients with sinus bradycardia (8 SB) and tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome (10 TBS) were investigated using various vagan reflex manoeuvres, atrial pacing (AP), pharmacological tests and His bundle (HB) recordings, to assess autonomic influences, sinus node function and atrioventricular (AV) conduction. Three types of responses (R) were defined as normal (N), supernormal (SN), poor autonomic (PA). Poor reflex responses to vagal manoeuvres, performed in 12 patients, have no statistical significance. MxCSRT at AP suppression was measured in 13 patients: it was normal (less than or equal to 500 msec) in 8 and increased (from 680 to 4,200 msec) in 5 patients with appearance of junctional escapes. Moreover, AP suppression revealed a sinoatrial block (SAB) in 1 patient with normal MxCSRT. Isoprenaline, administered intravenously (3-6 mug) in 9 patients, showed 4 NR, 3 PAR und 2 SNR (unusual sinus tachycardia, 1; atrial fibrillation, 1). Atropine (0.5-1 mg), used in 15 patients, revealed 5 PAR and 1 SNR. Prostigmine (0.5 mg), used in 11 patients, induced 6 NR and 5 PAR. Lanatosid C (0.08 mg), administered in 16 patients, showed 10 NR, 5 PAR and 1 SNR. Finally, ajmaline (100 mg), given in 13 patients, revealed 5 junctional rhythms and one 2:1 SAB. HB recorded in 17 patients showed an increase of AH interval (greater than 140 msec) in 5 patients and a slight increase (60 msec) of HV interval in 2 patients. Three patients developed 2nd-degree AV block at paced rates greater than or equal to 110/min. Abnormal responses at AP suppression and reduced drug responses were noted in 5 patients suffering from Adam-Stokes attacks; a permanent pacemaker was inserted in 4 of these 5 patients. In conclusion, provocative tests, in 18 patients with SB or TBS, suggest a diffuse process disease involving the autonomic function of both sinus node and AV junction (11 patients) and the AV system (6 patients). These immediate results must be correlated with histological findings in the conduction system, as shown in one of our cases previously reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Digitalis and baroreceptor reflexes in man.

Data in animals indicate that large amounts of digitalis potentiate arterial baroreflexes and that this factor may be important for the cardiovascular effects of the drug. To determine if arterial baroreflex potentiation also exists after administration of therapeutic doses of digitalis in man, we studied how stimulation and deactivation of arterial baroreceptors by phenylephrine and nitroglycerin injection affect heart rate and how stimulation and deactivation of carotid baroreceptors by neck suction and pressure affects blood pressure and heart rate. The study was performed in 29 normotensive or hypertensive subjects before and after injection of Lanatoside C (0.8 mg i.v.). Baroreceptor stimulation reduced heart rate and blood pressure, while baroreceptor deactivation increased both of these variables. The bradycardic and hypotensive effect of baroreceptor stimulation increased significantly after digitalis both in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. However, the tachycardic and hypertensive responses to baroreceptor deactivation were not affected by digitalis. Thus, therapeutic doses of digitalis in man enhance baroreceptor reflexes, and both the heart rate and the blood pressure reflex effects are involved. However, the enhancement occurs to a marked degree only with baroreceptor stimulation and is not evident with baroreceptor deactivation.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Selective impairment of baroreflex-mediated vasoconstrictor responses in patients with ventricular dysfunction.

Cardiac dysfunction in animals has been associated with impairment of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreflex control of the circulation. Chronic heart failure in human beings is associated with neurohumoral excitation, which could result in part from impairment in the inhibitory influence of baroreflexes. We postulated that (1) patients with left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) have impaired baroreflex modulation of vascular resistance and (2) administration of a digitalis glycoside would immediately restore baroreflex sensitivity. Eleven patients with LVD (NYHA class, 2.8 +/- 0.2, mean +/- SEM; baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, 18 +/- 2%; cardiac index, 2.4 +/- 0.21/min/m2; and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, 26.0 +/- 3.2 mm Hg) were compared with 17 normal control subjects. We measured forearm vasoconstrictor responses to simulated orthostatic stress with use of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) at -10 and -40 mm Hg to unload cardiopulmonary and arterial baroreceptors. Baseline forearm vascular resistance (FVR) was higher in patients with LVD than in normal subjects: FVRLVD, 68.8 +/- 15.3 U; FVRN, 23.2 +/- 2.1 U (p less than .001). During unloading of baroreceptors with LBNP -10 mm Hg, normal subjects developed vasoconstriction (delta VRN at LBNP -10 mm Hg, +5.7 +/- 1.6 U) but patients with LVD failed to have vasoconstriction and tended to develop vasodilation (delta FVRLVD at LBNP -10 mm Hg, -8.6 +/- 8.5 U) (p = .05, normals vs patients with LVD at LBNP -10 mm Hg). A more marked disparity in response was seen during unloading of baroreceptors of LBNP -40 mm Hg: delta FVRN at LBNP -40 mm Hg, +16.6 +/- 1.5 U; delta FVRLVD at LBNP -40 mm Hg, -10.3 +/- 9.6 U (p less than .001, normals vs patients with LVD). Despite high baseline values for FVR, patients with LVD developed vasoconstriction during intra-arterial infusions of norepinephrine, thereby excluding a nonspecific depression of vascular reactivity as the mechanism for abnormal responses to LBNP in patients with LVD. We also studied the short-term effects of administration of a digitalis glycoside, ouabain 0.0075 mg/kg (seven patients) or lanatoside C (Cedilanid-D) 0.02 mg/kg (three patients), on baroreflex-mediated vasoconstrictor responses to LBNP in the patients with LVD. Digitalis glycoside reduced baseline FVR from 71.8 +/- 16.6 to 48.6 +/- 12.0 U (p less than .02). Responses to LBNP tended to be normalized after administration of digitalis glycoside: delta FVR during LBNP -40 mm Hg, -11.1 +/- 10.5 U before and +7.8 +/- 5.6 U after the drug (p less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Prolonged duration of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired cardiopulmonary baroreceptor sensitivity.

To investigate the potential contribution of cardiopulmonary reflexes in myocardial ischemia, the coronary vascular response to cardiopulmonary baroreceptor unloading and the number and the duration of spontaneous episodes of symptomatic and asymptomatic myocardial ischemia were evaluated in 23 patients with coronary heart disease. Lower-body negative pressure at -10 mm Hg, which causes selective deactivation of cardiopulmonary receptors, reduced left ventricular filling pressure in all patients, but calculated coronary vascular resistance increased in only 14 patients (from 0.846 +/- 0.1 to 1.07 +/- 0.1 mm Hg/ml/min, p less than 0.01) (group 1). In the remaining nine patients, coronary resistance did not change during cardiopulmonary receptor unloading (group 2). A 60-mm Hg increase in neck tissue pressure, which induces arterial baroreflex-mediated sympathetic activation, caused comparable coronary vasoconstriction in the two groups. Clinical characteristics of the two groups were similar, except that a lower ejection fraction was measured in group 1 (45 +/- 2% vs. 56 +/- 1%, p less than 0.01). In the 14 patients in group 1, 24-hour electrocardiographic monitoring showed 151 episodes of myocardial ischemia (average individual value, 10.8 +/- 1), 137 of which were asymptomatic, with an individual daily ischemic period of 62 +/- 6 minutes. In contrast, the nine patients in group 2 had only symptomatic episodes of myocardial ischemia, and the daily ischemic period in these patients was longer than in patients of group 1 (104 +/- 10 minutes, p less than 0.01). After a 3-day treatment with digitalis, the patients of group 2 showed 38 asymptomatic episodes of myocardial ischemia and a shorter daily ischemic period (85 +/- 6 minutes, p less than 0.01 vs. control conditions). In contrast, no change in number and duration of the ischemic episodes was detected in group 1. The effects of acute administration of digitalis (Lanatoside-C 0.02 mg/kg body wt e.v.) on the coronary vascular response to cardiopulmonary receptor unloading were assessed in a separate group of patients with ischemic heart disease. Digitalis treatment did not significantly modify the magnitude of the coronary vascular response induced by -10 mm Hg lower-body negative pressure in the patients showing in control conditions an increase of coronary vascular resistance greater than 20% of the basal value during cardiopulmonary receptor unloading. On the contrary, digitalis potentiated the coronary reflex response to -10 mm Hg lower-body negative pressure in the patients with impaired cardiopulmonary responsiveness (delta percent increase in coronary vascular resistance: 1 +/- 1% in control conditions; 23 +/- 3.9% after digitalis, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Coronary Angiography↗
PubMed1991

Adenosine. An evaluation of its use in cardiac diagnostic procedures, and in the treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.

Adenosine (adenine riboside), administered either as the free base or as the 5'-triphosphate (ATP) by rapid intravenous bolus, depresses atrioventricular (AV) nodal conduction, resulting in transient AV block. Adenosine is the active agent and ATP is rapidly converted to adenosine after exogenous administration. By blocking the anterograde AV nodal limb of a re-entrant circuit, adenosine 6 to 12 mg (or ATP 10 to 20 mg) converts almost all episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) involving the AV node within 30 seconds of administration. This is at least equivalent in efficacy to verapamil in adults, and superior to lanatoside C in children, with a considerably more rapid onset of action. Furthermore, if a dose of adenosine is ineffective, the exceptionally short plasma half-life of the adenyl nucleosides (less than 10 sec) allows rapid upward dosage titration until PSVT is terminated. Because the induced conduction block primarily affects the AV node, adenosine is a useful diagnostic tool in patients with broad or narrow QRS complex tachycardia; it terminates arrhythmias dependent on the AV node, unmasks other supraventricular mechanisms during transient AV block, but almost always has no effect on ventricular tachycardia. Noncardiac adverse effects, i.e. flushing, dyspnoea and chest pain, may occur during acute arrhythmia termination or diagnosis with adenosine, and arrhythmias may develop; however, these effects are usually transient (lasting less than 1 minute). Adenosine has also been used to induce coronary vasodilation in patients undergoing thallium-201 single photon emission computed tomography (201Tl SPECT), 2-dimensional echocardiography or positron emission tomography to evaluate suspected coronary artery disease. Intravenous infusion of adenosine 140 micrograms/kg/min for 6 minutes was generally associated with only mild adverse effects. These usually resolved within 1 to 2 minutes of discontinuing adenosine, although occasionally patients required aminophylline and/or nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate). Diagnoses based on the results of scintigraphy were of a sensitivity, specificity and predictive accuracy comparable to those achieved with exercise- or dipyridamole-201Tl SPECT. Adenosine is therefore particularly suitable for the diagnosis of tachycardias and the acute management of PSVT involving the AV node in all age groups, without the risks of cardiac arrest and hypotension associated with verapamil. Furthermore, intravenous adenosine infusion may be used to induce coronary vasodilation in patients unable to perform exercise stress tests for 201Tl scintigraphy, and is well tolerated.

Adenosine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Acute meningococcemia in a 4-month-old infant].

INTRODUCTION: What causes meningococcial diseases (MD) is a Gramm-negative diplococcus Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus). Most frequently it manifests itself in the form of meningitis and meningococcemia. The mortality rate of those suffering from MD has not significantly changed for three decades and ranges from 7% to 19%, and for meningococcemia from 18% to 53%. According to the data presented by domestic authors, of the total of the diseased with bacterial meningitis 75% are children with mortality rate from 6% to 15%. Severe forms of meningococcemia sometimes have extremely rapid development and lethal outcome within a few hours. Key elements for establishing the diagnosis of meningococcemia are presence of hemorrhagic rash with high fever, loss of interest in the environment, loss of consciousness and paleness. CASE REPORT: The boy was admitted to hospital as an emergency case on 29 December 1988 at 11:45. The disease manifested abruptly the day before. He burst into tears easily, would take very little food and in the evening his temperature rose T degree 40.8 degrees C. Before midnight, in the village he was given injections of: lincomycin 300 mg and lasdol 250 i.m. During admittance the infant was agitated, kept moaning. His skin was pail gray with dot-like and spot-like hematoma which were more numerous and intense on the left ear, lower part of the body, scrotum and legs. The infant breathed heavily and fast (FR: 100/min) Cardiologist's finding showed: tahicardia over 200/min, buffled tones, gallop rhythm, pulsating neck veins and edema point to acute heart failure. Large fontanelles remained swollen even after lumbar puncture (LP) and extraction of 15 ml of clear cerebro-spinal fluid. Soon after admittance the boy stopped moaning but didn't cry when pricked and slipped deeper into coma. During the third hour of treatment generalized convulsions began which lasted approximately 10 minutes and stopped after i.v. administered diazepam. The boy remained in coma the second day in lethargy and with swollen fontanelles on the third day, so the first subdural puncture was then performed bilaterally. On that occasion only from the right side 8 ml of reddish liquid was obtained. Right after he was admitted we began permanent transfusion, which lasted 17 days. On the first day he received fresh blood transfusion. He was administered benzinpenicilline, chloramphenicol-succinate, lanatoside, human albumins, dexamethasone.... Blood oxygenation was carried out in the first few days of illness during the exhibited cardio-respiratory failure. DISCUSSION: Among risk factors, which contribute to occurrence of meningococcemia, is also artificial infant food. The reported boy was incorrectly fed with overdiluted cow milk. That and apparent hemostasis brake-down only worsened anemia and increased susceptibility to infections. Although LP was performed when the boy was admitted and the nutritious foundation was soaked with cerebro-spinal fluid, no bacteria were isolated or their presence confirmed in cerebro-spinal fluid colored after Gramm's method, because the child was given linkomycin the previous night. CONCLUSION: On the basis of clinical findings, hemorrhagic rush, convulsions, coma and acute heart failure as well as the laboratory findings it was concluded that it was a case of severe meningococcemia, meningitis and subdural effusion. Listed therapy and six subdural punctures led to full recovery of the patient. Further examination by a pediatrician and a psychologist eliminated the possibility of mental deficiency. The boy is now a good fifth grade elementary school pupil.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1990

Production and characterization of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against digoxin.

Three hybridoma cell lines (DIG 64. 2B. 5, DIG 104. H10.1 and DIG 222. 4D. 5) producing monoclonal antibodies against digoxin were established, and the properties of these monoclonal antibodies were characterized and compared with three polyclonal rabbit anti-digoxin antisera. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies gave association constants ranging from 10(9) to 10(10) (M-1). The monoclonal antibodies were of the IgG1(kappa) or IgG2b(kappa) subclass. Cross-reactivities of these monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera with various related cardenolides and their aglycones were determined by competitive radioimmunoassay. The monoclonal antibodies were specific for digoxigenin-containing glycosides such as lanatoside C and deslanoside, but not for digitoxigenin-containing glycosides. On the other hand, the specificities of the polyclonal antisera were less strict than the monoclonal antibodies and relatively cross-reactive with digitoxin. It was shown that the RIA for digoxin using DIG 64. 2B. 5 is sensitive enough to detect 0.2-0.3 nM (30-60 pg/tube) of digoxigenin-containing cardenolides.

Animals↗