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PubMed1991

The development of the Laryngeal Mask--a brief history of the invention, early clinical studies and experimental work from which the Laryngeal Mask evolved.

The history of the invention and development of the Laryngeal Mask in the East End of London during the years 1981-88 is briefly described. The concept evolved from home-made prototypes built from the Goldman Dental Mask through a complex series of one-off latex models culminating in a primitive factory-made silicone cuff in 1986. This work defined the design parameters necessary to reconcile the needs for safety, reliability and ease of insertion while at the same time exploring the limits to possible use. In early 1988 the final version was tested by the inventor who had by this time used the device in more than 7500 patients undergoing routine surgery. From this experience a number of important lessons were learned relating to safe and effective use, which are summarized in the inventor's Instruction Manual. The importance of referring to this volume before use is stressed.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed1979

[Cystoscopy and its importance in urology].

From the enumeration of modern endoscopic methods for diagnosis and treatment of urological disease, the characteristics of their value and their importance for modern urology becomes evident that by means of these methods, the basis of which was created 100 years ago with the introduction of the cystoscopy, examination and treatment became possible in all regions of the urinary tracts. Based on cystoscopy a subspeciality in urology developed, which might be called endoscopic surgery in urology. The endoscopic treatment methods are relatively atraumatic and loaded with a more insignificant complication rate than the open operative interventions. However, they demand an exact knowledge of the indications and contraindications. By the great possibilities which nowadays open the modern methods of endoscopic diagnostics and therapy we are indebted to their inventors still 100 years after the detection of the cystoscope, among the inventors German researchers and masters play an important role.

Color↗
PubMed1999

Fifth International Mutation Detection Workshop, May 13-16, 1999, Vicoforte, Italy.

The Fifth International Mutation Detection Workshop brought together inventors and major users of mutation detection methodology in a freshly refurbished 17(th) century monastery in northern Italy. There were over 120 registrants from 22 nations, all of which gave either a poster or oral presentation, making it difficult to distill the meeting into a few pages. Here we review the meeting by method type and describe highlights within each. It was clear, however, that with the imminent completion of the Human Genome Project and the recent emphasis on the utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), many presenters emphasized the high-throughput aspect of their methods as well as cost.

DNA Mutational Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

World resources of phosphorus.

The geochemistry of phosphorus and the global distribution of its resources are reviewed. The concept of reserves and resources is discussed in view of recent price developments in the phosphate mining industry. A description is given on the application of a model called MIMIC (Mining Industry Model for Inventorization and Cost evaluation of mineral resources) for estimating the inferred global reserves and resources in different cost categories. Based on the size and growth rate of annual production, the inferred reserves can be estimated at +/- 20 000 Mt of phosphorus. This figure is in reasonable agreement with conventionally estimated demonstrated resources. Estimates of exploitable resources with the MIMIC model vary between 40 000 and 500 000 Mt with about 20 000 Mt in deposits containing about 14% P (70% BPL). The inferred reserves alone would satisfy current consumption for many hundreds of years. In this context, the historical growth rate of slightly less than 7% per annum appears neither exceptional nor particularly alarming with respect to the next doubling of the world population.

Conservation of Natural Resources↗
PubMed1994

[Not Available].

Historical sociobiographic accounts on members of the scientific and technical professions in the years of the Weimar Republic and after, are as yet scarce. This applied notably to women in the scientific community. Having formally been admitted to academic studies at German Universities only in 1908, their claims of wanting to apply their newly gained knowledge and to pursue academic careers were still not unquestioned by society. The social and cognitive integration of "the female" in male dominated science organisation, especially in the natural sciences and their kin fields in industry, remains problematic to-day. Isolde Hausser, daughter of the ambitious but little succesful inventor-entrepreneur Hermann Ganswindt, took her doctoral degree in physics at Berlin University in 1914, then worked as head of a group at a "Telefunken" laboratory for vacuum tubes till 1929, before she became research scientist at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg. There she worked on photoerythemaes and the formation of pigment and discovered the specific action of longwave ultraviolet. She contributed important results to our knowledge on the constitution and the behaviour of organic compounds by modern physical methods. She died of cancer on 5th October 1951.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2007

What I like about Hückel theory.

We start with some biographical notes on Erich Hückel, in the context of which we also mention the merits of Otto Schmidt, the inventor of the free-electron model. The basic assumptions behind the HMO (Hückel Molecular Orbital) model are discussed, and those aspects of this model are reviewed that make it still a powerful tool in Theoretical Chemistry. We ask whether HMO should be regarded as semiempirical or parameter-free. We present closed solutions for special classes of molecules, review the important concept of alternant hydrocarbons and point out how useful perturbation theory within the HMO model is. We then come to bond alternation and the question whether the pi or the sigma bonds are responsible for bond delocalization in benzene and related molecules. Möbius hydrocarbons and diamagnetic ring currents are other topics. We come to optimistic conclusions as to the further role of the HMO model, not as an approximation for the solution of the Schrödinger equation, but as a way towards the understanding of some aspects of the Chemical Bond.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Nikola Tesla: the man behind the magnetic field unit.

The magnetic field strength of both the magnet and gradient coils used in MR imaging equipment is measured in Tesla units, which are named for Nikola Tesla. This article presents the life and achievements of this Serbian-American inventor and researcher who discovered the rotating magnetic field, the basis of most alternating-current machinery. Nikola Tesla had 700 patents in the United States and Europe that covered every aspect of science and technology. Tesla's discoveries include the Tesla coil, AC electrical conduction, improved lighting, newer forms of turbine engines, robotics, fluorescent light, wireless transmission of electrical energy, radio, remote control, discovery of cosmic radio waves, and the use of the ionosphere for scientific purposes. He was a genius whose discoveries had a pivotal role in advancing us into the modern era.

Electricity↗
PubMed1976

The tricho system: hypertrichosis, radiation, and cancer.

Five women in their 6th to 8th decades were treated for facial hypertrichosis in Erie, Pennsylvania, 30 to 40 years ago. The epilations were performed with an X-ray device called "Tricho System," which was manufactured, sold, and proclaimed safe by its physician-inventor. The beauty shop operator who administered these treatments may or may not have received "instruction" by the company in the operation of the equipment. At varying intervals, each of the 5 women developed radiodermatitis and basal cell and/or squamous cell carcinoma at the sites of epilation. All presented to the plastic surgical service at the Hamot Medical Center in Erie, Pennsylvania. Two underwent massive radical resective surgery, 2 required extensive excision and resurfacing, and 1 refused resective surgery although she had had a previous surgical attempt 17 years earlier. Case histories are presented in detail. This series is representative of the epidemic nature of Tricho-System-induced disease.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

The contributions of Csaba Horváth to liquid chromatography.

This article is not a biographic description of the life of Csaba Horváth, but an attempt to describe his most important contributions to liquid chromatography, as viewed by an author who himself started with HPLC in 1973. With the introduction of columns packed with rigid pellicular particles, which could withstand high pressures, the combination of fast separations with high efficiency was designated high pressure liquid chromatography about 35 years ago. The contribution of Horváth to the birth of modern LC was to imagine the potential for high-speed separations in LC by transferring ideas and technology from gas chromatography. From this time, his strong participation in understanding and describing the processes of separation science made him a leading scientist in fundamental studies of separation principles until his passing away in April 2004. In addition to being one of the forefathers of modern liquid chromatography, Csaba Horváth described both the ionic interactions and the hydrophobic interactions on ion exchangers as well as on reversed phase materials and developed a theoretical basis for understanding these processes. If one person should be mentioned as the inventor of ion-pair chromatography of organic compounds, of hydrophobic interaction chromatography, and of the theoretical basis for reversed phase chromatography, this person is Csaba Horváth. Throughout the last 30 years he also had a strong interest in studying proteins in separation processes, and in the last decade he made valuable contributions to capillary electrochromatography, particularly for separation of proteins on monolithic columns. For this author is difficult to find another person who has had a greater impact on liquid chromatography than Csaba Horváth.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Innovations and intellectual property: the case of genomic patenting.

In an effort to balance static and dynamic efficiency in the production and use of knowledge, societies institute intellectual property policies. In the United States, the patent system is a well-established mechanism to provide inventors with time-limited protection of new technologies in exchange for disclosure of information about their inventions. Emerging biotechnology, specifically the filing of patents on gene sequences, raises serious questions about whether the patent system is appropriately weighing societal costs and benefits in its grants of intellectual property protection. Gene sequences represent a hybrid case between discrete inventions and more general pieces of information that are useful for many, potentially very different, purposes. This information content in genes makes it possible for a patent on a gene to cover a wide range of possible technological applications and, as a result, be of unknown breadth when issued. This analysis explores the potential effect of these characteristics on future innovation in biotechnology.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1997

Tinkerbell--a tool for interactive segmentation of 3D data.

A software system for interactive manipulation of three-dimensional data has been developed, based on the Open Inventor tool kit. The primary use of this software system is in the segmentation of tomographic reconstructions of subcellular structures. To this end, the reconstruction is represented by volume rendering and displayed in stereo. A three-dimensional cursor with adjustable shape and size is used to define and isolate regions of interest inside the volume, based on the user's expert knowledge. Once isolated, the region of interest can be conveniently analyzed and displayed.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Total hip replacement comparison between the McKee-Farrar and Charnley prostheses in a 5-year follow-up study.

In a prospective study, 177 patients who underwent total hip replacement by the McKee-Farrar or Charnley techniques were followed up for 5 years with yearly clinical examinations, walking tests, and X-rays. The findings concerning pain, walking ability, and complications were satisfactory and similar to the inventors' own 5-year results. Comparison between the two techniques disclosed no major differences. Over 90% of the patients were free from pain; the infection rate was 3.4% and the loosening rate 6%. A walking test showed marked increase in speed over the first few years and a slight decrease after the third year. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the metal-on-metal prosthesis is clinically inferior to the metal-on-polyethylene prosthesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Building a comprehensive geriatric health care system: a case study.

This case study focuses on the efforts of three urban medical care institutions--a Health Maintenance Organization, a nursing home, and a university hospital--to form an interorganizational relationship. The purpose of the relationship was to utilize the services of the three organizations in order to respond to the comprehensive health needs of an urban geriatric population. Movements in this triadic organizational relationship are described and analyzed in terms of four conceptual stages--exploration, negotiation, interaction and performance, and termination. Problems arising during these stages were not resolved and the relationship was terminated after approximately two years of existence. A sociological discussion of the case focuses on why the relationship failed. The organizational relationship was disrupted by three stresses that occurred during the four stages of the relationship. Stresses emerged for each organization in the areas of organizational integration, professional coordination, and environmental adaptation, making it difficult for the three to become integrated into an organizational system. As a result, the HMO, the nursing home, and the hospital did not benefit from relationships that could have enabled them to develop the multi-organizational system necessary to sustain an innovative, comprehansive geriatric health project. If, as Whitehead said, the greatest invention of the nineteenth century was the invention of the method of invention, the task of the succedding century has been to organize inventiveness. The difference is not in the nature of invention or of inventors, but in the manner in which the context of social institutions is organized for their support.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

[The ether inhaler of Louis Ombrédanne. Remarks on his career outside France and his invention].

The adoption of the Ombrédanne inhaler in Germany is surveyed mainly using the circumstances surrounding its acceptance and distribution. In addition, the figure of Louis Ombrédanne is brought into recollection and expanded. For this purpose historical literature was drawn upon, correspondence with companies was initiated, interviews were carried out and important localities in his life as well as the Académie de Chirurgie itself (Paris) were visited. The "Ombrédanne" reached Germany indirectly via Lithuania and Argentina 19 years after its introduction in France. In the time following, however, it was highly acclaimed in publications and extensively used in civilian and military areas up until World War II. With regard to its adoption and diffusion the question of possible influencing factors arises pertaining to the impediment or furtherance of acceptance outside France. Louis Ombrédanne, the inventor of the apparatus, was a great surgeon, a fascinating personality even today but not an active trailblazer of modern anaesthesiology.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2003

[Rachitic knock knees in children].

Knee malpositions, for example valgus or varus deformations or flexion contractures, were often cited in the historical literature. In earlier times, clinical pictures such as rickets were often the reason for this kind of deformity. A causal therapy did not exist until the twentieth century. In most cases of rickets, genu valgum was reported as the typical knee deformation. The differential diagnosis for genu valgum caused by rickets was genu valgum traumaticum, paralyticum, and inflammatorium. The most important reports on the pathogenesis of valgus deformation can be found in publications by Hueter and von Mikulicz. The causal therapy of rickets was introduced at the beginning of the twentieth century.Vitamin therapy and UV phototherapy were developed during this period. Using these therapies, rickets decreased dramatically. Kurt Huldschinsky, a pediatrician from Berlin,was one of the main inventors of UV phototherapy in Germany. At the end of the nineteenth century, the operative correction of knee deformities increased while conservative treatment continued to be applied. Plaster casts,orthoses, and osteoclast therapy were the main noninvasive therapeutic possibilities. Positive aspects of the conservative techniques were mostly the good results and easy, timesaving technique compared with the operative treatment. The operative therapy increased with the knowledge of antisepsis and asepsis as well as advances in anesthetic procedures. Operative treatment modalities, for example tibial and femoral osteotomies, were more precise, but connected with multiple complications and greater time expenditure. Sufficient vitamin prophylaxis rendered knee deformations caused by rickets a rarity.

Bone Malalignment↗
PubMed2006

[The cemented MS-30 stem. A multi-surgeon series of 333 consecutive cases].

INTRODUCTION: So far there is only one peer-reviewed long-term publication from the inventors' clinic for the MS-30 stem. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a retrospective study we followed the first 333 consecutive MS-30 stems. All patients with 5- to 11-year follow-up were clinically and radiographically evaluated. At the time of implantation the criteria of modern cementing techniques were not implemented. Clinical evaluation was done using the scores of Harris and Merle d'Aubigné and Postel. Radiographic evaluation included quality of the cement mantle (true lateral radiographs taken under fluoroscopy), stem subsidence, loosening signs, and the risk for pending failure. RESULTS: At follow-up 12 hips had undergone femoral revision: 3 for aseptic loosening, 6 for infection, 1 for periprosthetic fracture, and 2 for recurrent dislocation. The overall survival for all reasons at 10 years was 96.1%; survival with aseptic loosening as an end point was 99.0%. The median Harris Hip Score at follow-up was 80 (26-100) points. Radiological evaluation revealed a thin cement mantle (<2 mm) in approximately 2/3, predominantly on the lateral views (Gruen zones 8/9). One-third of all reviewed prostheses were considered at risk for pending failure, which strongly correlated with the initial quality of the cement mantle. CONCLUSION: Midterm results with the MS-30 stem are encouraging and an even better long-term outcome can be expected with a better cement technique.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Industrial processes with animal cells.

Industrial processes involving animal cells for the production of useful products still seem to be rather uncommon. Nevertheless, during the last four decades of the last century the number of relevant processes has increased from production of virus vaccines to monoclonal antibodies and finally complex structured glycoproteins. As soon as cell lines became permanent and culture medium changed from purely biological fluids to more or less defined chemical media, large-scale cultivation could begin. The developments of the 1970s - fusion of cells to form hybridomas, and genetic engineering - triggered a second wave of products. Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant proteins for diagnosis and therapy set new challenges for the inventors. Historically, there has been no straightforward process development since the product dictates the process operation. Therefore, the scale of production covers the whole range from small multiple-unit reactors (flasks or roller bottles) up to 10,000-l single-unit batch reactors. Products with high value and small demand can be produced in multiple-unit systems whereas "bulk" products for vaccination and therapy may need large-scale bioreactors to be cost effective. All the different systems have their advantages and disadvantages and significant challenges that curb the development of effective perfusion cultures still remain.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Julius Bruck (1840-1902) and his influence on the endoscopy of today.

A hundred years ago, on 20 April 1902, Breslaus most famous dentist of the time died. Julius Bruck was not only the most famous dentist and fighter for dentists' education in Germany in his time, but also one of the most successful inventors. In 1866, he produced light by using an exposed electrically heated platinum loop, which at that time was the most powerful light source known. He conceived of the possibility of placing the source of light in the distal end of an instrument and invented a double glass tube with a water-cooling compartment. This water cooled apparatus (diaphanoscope) was inserted into the rectum or vagina, to transilluminate the bladder. The key to further advances was born with the introduction of an internal electric light source. In 1877, the potential of Bruck's theoretical advance was realised in combination with other advances which virtually established the form of the clinically useful cystoscope as it is used today. The remarkable man responsible for this synthesis was Maximilian Nitze.

Cystoscopy↗