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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Three-part inventions: intracellular signaling and induced proximity.

Everyone has had the experience of stoking a fire; putting the logs close together causes flames to appear from previously dying embers. In a similar way, mere proximity might mediate qualitative biological responses. We discuss natural molecules that appear to have arisen to bring two proteins together and illustrate how this simple mechanism can be used to control a wide variety of biological processes.

Amino Acid Isomerases↗
PubMed2004

The re-invention of residential treatment: an agenda for research and practice.

I am not particularly optimistic about achieving even a few of these mod-est changes absent a more focused and thoughtful discussion on substitute care asa whole. My strong sense is that we must bring the worlds of policy, research, and practice in residential and foster care into much closer proximity so that we can assess what the challenges and strengths are in each domain and chart a course of action for renewal. To do this, we need fresh conceptual thinking on milieu treatment and empirical research. International perspectives on the issue of the proper place of residential care and treatment in an overall service continuum would be helpful in broadening and stimulating limited and typically parochial discussions in the United States. It is hoped that this article and the considerable clinical, administrative, and research expertise reflected by the other contributors in this issue will serve as a catalyst for addressing some of the issues concerning residential treatment. It is an exercise long overdue.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Occupational necessity and educational invention: resident teaching of radiologic technologists.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Radiology faces a severe and growing shortage of radiologic technologists. One way of redressing this problem is to improve the quality of education provided to radiologic technology students. Yet growing clinical demands increasingly erode faculty time for teaching. This study examined whether radiology residents could provide equivalent instruction in radiologic technology at lower cost, and whether such experience could enhance residents' interest in teaching as part of their careers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Course evaluation forms completed by the students in a required radiologic pathology course were reviewed, and student-reported faculty and resident performances in teaching were compared. Residents also were surveyed for their reactions to the experience of teaching this course. RESULTS: Ninety percent of students (27 of 30) either agreed or strongly agreed that the course was well taught by radiology faculty members, and 97% (29 of 30) either agreed or strongly agreed that the course was well taught by radiology residents. The total direct cost of instruction by radiology residents was 73% lower than the cost of instruction by faculty. Residents who participated in teaching found the experience worthwhile, and they described a wide variety of personal and educational benefits. CONCLUSION: Involving radiology residents in teaching can help redress the growing shortage of radiologic technologists, relieve some of the pressure on faculty time, and contribute to the professional development of the next generation of radiologists.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed2002

Inventing probiotic functional foods for patients with allergic disease.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this review is to discuss the rationale for and applicability of probiotics as part of the nutritional approach to the prevention and management of allergic disease. DATA SOURCES: This review represents a synthesis of recent literature published in the fields of probiotics, nutrition, and allergic disease. STUDY SELECTION: The expert opinions of the authors were used to select the relevant data for the review. RESULTS: The hygiene hypothesis suggests that allergic disease may arise from a lack of counterbalancing microbial exposure at an early age. Thus, the initial compositional development of gut microbiota is considered a key determinant in the development of both the immune responder phenotype and the normal gut barrier functions. A wide range of data documents the specific actions of selected probiotics. The regulatory role of probiotics in allergic disease has been demonstrated as improving the clinical course or preventing the development of atopic eczema in infants given a probiotic-supplemented diet. In addition, certain types of fatty acids and antioxidants have been proposed for protective effects against the development of allergy and to diminish the inflammatory response in allergic disease. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the prevalence of allergic disease during the past decades is likely to be explained by changes in the environment, including reduced microbial exposure and altered food consumption. Scientifically composed functional foods containing probiotics and other functional components offer a nutritional strategy for both the prevention and the management of allergic disease. Further research is needed to characterize the gut microbiota and to clarify the mechanisms of action that control specific physiologic processes not only in the evolution of allergic disease in at-risk populations but also in the management of allergic diseases.

Complementary Therapies↗
PubMed1987

Musical inventiveness of five idiots-savants.

Accounts of musical ability in idiots-savants have up till now been confined to stressing the astounding musical memory which such persons may possess. The present study investigates compositional and improvisational skills in five idiots-savants. The findings interpreted as indicating that a representational system of musical rules and structures is accessible to persons of low general intelligence, and that such a system may underlie reproductive as well as generative musical capacity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

The Great War, the Russian Civil War, and the invention of big science.

The revolutionary transformation in Russian science toward the Soviet model of research started even before the revolution of 1917. It was triggered by the crisis of World War I, in response to which Russian academics proposed radical changes in the goals and infrastructure of the country's scientific effort. Their drafts envisioned the recognition of science as a profession separate from teaching, the creation of research institutes, and the turn toward practical, applied research linked to the military and industrial needs of the nation. The political revolution and especially the Bolshevik government that shared or appropriated many of the same views on science, helped these reforms materialize during the subsequent Civil War. By 1921, the foundation of a novel system of research and development became established, which in its most essential characteristics was similar to the U. S. later phenomenon known as "big science."

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2001

Did dinosaurs invent flowers? Dinosaur-angiosperm coevolution revisited.

Angiosperms first appeared in northern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, approximately 135 million years ago. Several authors have hypothesised that the origin of angiosperms, and the tempo and pattern of their subsequent radiation, was mediated by changes in the browsing behaviour of large herbivorous dinosaurs (sauropods and ornithischians). Moreover, the taxonomic and ecological radiation of angiosperms has been associated with the evolution of complex jaw mechanisms among ornithischian dinosaurs. Here, we review critically the evidence for dinosaur-angiosperm interactions during the Cretaceous Period, providing explicit spatiotemporal comparisons between evolutionary and palaeoecological events in both the dinosaur and angiosperm fossil records and an assessment of the direct and indirect evidence for dinosaur diets. We conclude that there are no strong spatiotemporal correlations in support of the hypothesis that dinosaurs were causative agents in the origin of angiosperms; however, dinosaur-angiosperm interactions in the Late Cretaceous may have resulted in some coevolutionary interactions, although direct evidence of such interactions is scanty at present. It is likely that other animal groups (insects, arboreal mammals) had a greater impact on angiosperm diversity during the Cretaceous than herbivorous dinosaurs. Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 might have played a critical role in the initial stages of the angiosperm radiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

On inventing reactions for atom economy.

An important first step in making organic reactions more environmentally benign by design requires processes that are, to a first approximation, simple additions with anything else needed only catalytically. Since so few of the existing reactions are additions, synthesis of complex molecules requires the development of new atom-economic methodology. The prospect for such developments is probed in the context of ruthenium-catalyzed reactions. Using mechanistic reasoning, over 20 new processes of varying complexity have been designed and implemented. While some involved oxidation-reduction processes, most involved C-C bond-forming reactions.

Alkenes↗
PubMed2000

Exploration of mixed-valence chemistry: inventing new analogues of the Creutz-Taube ion.

Starting from the Creutz-Taube ion as the prototype of a molecule-bridged mixed-valent complex, a number of related systems are presented in which the metal, the co-ligands, the molecular bridge, the d electron configuration, the medium, the charge, the coordination mode, or the nuclearity have been modified. The new mixed-valent configurations, as obtained through various chemical approaches, display different stabilities and spectroscopic characteristics in relation to the Creutz-Taube ion; the analysis of these results serves to provide a better understanding of fundamental aspects of molecule-mediated metal-metal interaction.

Cations↗
PubMed2003

Mechanism-based invention of high-speed living radical polymerization using organotellurium compounds and azo-initiators.

Kinetic analysis reveals the existence of two competing pathways in the organotellurium-mediated living radical polymerization (TERP) at elevated temperature. The rate-determining step, namely, the thermal dissociation process, could be bypassed by the addition of conventional radical initiators, and the polymerization proceeded at low temperature by the degenerative transfer-mediated polymerization. The polymerization conditions are applicable to a variety of vinyl monomers, and the desired polymers form in a highly controlled manner.

Journal Article↗