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PubMed1979

An electron microscopic India ink technique for demonstrating capsules on microorganisms: studies with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A technique using India ink in electron microscopic preparations was used to study bacterial capsules. Capsules were demonstrated on Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus (strain M and the Smith diffuse variant) from in vitro cultures. Two types of false capsules were observed on Neisseria gonorrhoeae grown in vitro or obtained from human urethral exudates. No true capsules were definitively identified on gonococci from these sources. The technique described does not require the use of specific anticapsular antibody or specific polysaccharide stains and permits the detection of artifacts that may, by the use of light microscopic methods, be misinterpreted as capsules.

Antigens, Bacterial↗

PubMed1977

Allergic contact dermatitis from ultraviolet cured inks. Allergic contact sensitization to acrylates.

Eight men employed in the manufacture of ultraviolet cured inks developed allergic contact dermatitis predominantly on the exposed areas. Patch testing revealed sensitization to trimethylol propane triacrylate in seven employees, to 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate in six employees, to pentaerythritol triacrylatylate in four employees and to epoxy acrylate oligomers in three employees. Either cross-sensitization or concomitant sensitization may have accounted for the multiple reactions in several employees. One sensitized employee was patch tested with four different commercially available epoxy acrylate oligomers and reacted only to two, suggesting that variations possibly in chain length between these oligomers are important variables in the allergic reactions. The polyfunctional acrylic monomers and certain epoxy acrylate oligomers should be handled carefully to avoid the development of allergic contact dermatitis.

Acrylates↗

PubMed1978

Skin problems associated with multifunctional acrylic monomers in ultraviolet curing inks.

Fifteen cases of contact dermatitis and three of irritant contact conjunctivitis due to multifunctional acrylic monomers in printing inks are described. Seven with dermatitis were sensitized to pentaerythritol triacrylate but evidenced no cross-reactivity to methyl methacrylate. The other eight cases of dermatitis were irritant. Pentaerythritol triacrylate has been shown experimentally to be a cutaneous sensitizer for guinea-pigs and man. Multi-functional acrylates should be handled with minimal skin contact, to avoid cutaneous problems.

Acrylates↗

PubMed1980

Allergic contact dermatitis from acrylates in ultraviolet curing inks.

Six patients developed dermatitis while working with ultraviolet curing inks in four different printing plants. Contact allergy was found to the multifunctional acrylate monomers pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) and trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) and to the epoxy acrylate and polyesteracrylate prepolymers.

Acrylates↗

PubMed1983

Allergic contact dermatitis due to urethane acrylate in ultraviolet cured inks.

Seven workers exposed to ultraviolet printing inks developed contact dermatitis. Six cases were allergic and one irritant. A urethane acrylate resin accounted for five cases of sensitisation, one of which was also sensitive to pentaerythritol triacrylate and another also to an epoxy acrylate resin. One instance of allergy to trimethylpropane triacrylate accounted for the sixth case of contact dermatitis in this group of workers. An irritant reaction is presumed to account for the dermatitis in the individual not proved to have cutaneous allergy by patch tests. In this instance trimethylpropane triacrylate was thought to be the most likely irritating agent. Laboratory investigation proved urethane acrylate to be an allergen. The results of investigations of the sensitisation potentials of urethane acrylate, methylmethacrylate, epoxy acrylate resins, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, and other multifunctional acrylic monomers in the albino guinea pig are presented. The interpretation of such predictive tests is discussed.

Acrylates↗

PubMed1980

Problems with India ink skin markings.

India ink skin markings allow consistently reproducible radiation field setups. The authors report a case in which a facial tattoo was applied with an injection, resulting in permanent "black eyes." The vaccination technique has not been associated with this complication.

Face↗

PubMed1996

[Behavior of hemolymph amebocytes from planorbidae in the presence of Schistosoma mansoni larvae parasitism, after inoculation of Indian ink or fracture of the shell].

The behavior of the hemolymph amebocytes of Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila was studied by means of the infection by the Schistosoma mansoni, using inoculation with Indian ink and fracture of the shell. A differential count of the amebocytes in the hemolymph was made with special attention given to the types of cell found in each sample. Histopathological evaluation of the molluscs exposed to the Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and analyses of the amebocytes were made. Correlation between the variance of the number of hemolymph amebocytes and tissue reaction was also made. The morphological study of amebocytes was carried out with the help of a phase microscope. An increase in granulocytes in Biomphalaria tenagophila occurred only when the molluscs were infected by Schistosoma mansoni, which suggests the specificity of the reaction to the parasitism. Comparing the results obtained with B. glabrata and B. tenagophila it is concluded that these molluscs show different amebocitary behavior in the presence of the diverse stimuli used.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

[Effect of splenectomy and India ink blockade of Kupffer cells on hepatocyte mitotic activity following hepatectomy].

Splenectomy was carried out in one group of rats 48 hours before partial hepatectomy. The second group was given an injection of 2 ml of a 1% India ink solution into the spleen for the purpose of block of the reticulo-endothelial system of the liver four days before partial hepatectomy. An increase of the mitotic activity of hepatocytes occurred in both experimental groups at later periods than in control ones.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

A simple staining method for vaginal smears using red ink.

In adult rhesus monkeys each phase of 37 menstrual cycles was accurately classified by cellular identification of vaginal smears stained with red ink. This technic was simple, quick, and inexpensive, and produced well-stained slides in a few seconds.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

[The effect of a nonspecific immunostimulant on the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and ink by the reticulohistiocyte system in the isolated, perfused liver of rats of various ages].

By the help of the isolated perfused rat liver the influence of a non-specific immune stimulant on the phagocytic activity of Kupffer cells was tested. It was shown that the phagocytosis of colloidal ink is not influenced. The phagocytosis of erythrocytes is improved significantly by the treatment in young as well as in aged animals independent whether they were pretreated or not. These data, together with the behaviour of the liver function parameters, indicate a positive influence of the plant immunstimulant on the receptor- or immunoglobulin-dependent first phase of phagocytosis and, because of the redox quotients, an activation of the second phase of phagocytosis.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed2004

Construction of high-density bacterial colony arrays and patterns by the ink-jet method.

We have developed a method for fabricating bacterial colony arrays and complex patterns using commercially available ink-jet printers. Bacterial colony arrays with a density of 100 colonies/cm(2) were obtained by directly ejecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) onto agar-coated substrates at a rapid arraying speed of 880 spots per second. Adjusting the concentration of bacterial suspensions allowed single colonies of viable bacteria to be obtained. In addition, complex patterns of viable bacteria as well as bacteria density gradients were constructed using desktop printers controlled by a simple software program.

Biological Assay↗

PubMed2003

Automated multiple-layer spotting for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of synthetic polymers utilizing ink-jet printing technology.

Recently, a new multiple-layer matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) sample spotting technique for poly(ethylene glycol), offering improved analysis possibilities, was described. In this contribution the application of ink-jet printing to automated, multiple-layer MALDI-TOFMS sample preparation of synthetic polymers is presented, allowing accurate deposition of matrix, additive and analyte solutions. The new sample preparation technique was evaluated for poly(ethylene glycol) as well as poly(methyl methacrylate) standards, and optimized settings for both synthetic polymers have been obtained.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Novel fucose-rich glycosaminoglycans from squid ink bearing repeating unit of trisaccharide structure (-6GalNAc alpha 1-3GlcA beta 1-3Fuc alpha 1-)n.

Three fucose-rich glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), illexin A, illexin B and illexin C, were isolated from squid ink of Illex argentinus. The GAGs were obtained by the method of Actinase E digestion, DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion-exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration. They gave a single band on the electrophoresis using cellulose acetate membrane and contained equimolar ratios of Fuc, GlcA and GalNAc. Molecular weights of illexin A, illexin B, and illexin C were determined by Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration to be 50,000, 50,000-80,000, and 80,000, respectively. These GAGs were not digested with any glycosaminoglycanases. On the basis of one and two dimensional NMR spectra, glycosidase treatment and periodate oxidation of the pyridylaminated trisaccharide obtained by acid hydrolysis of illexin C, the unique repeating structure of the GAGs was determined to be (-6GalNAc alpha 1-3GlcA beta 1-3Fuc alpha 1-)n.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1996

Illexins A, B, and C from squid ink should have a branched structure.

Illexin A, illexin B, and illexin C, isolated from ink of the squid Illex argentinus, have been reported to have a structure consisting of linear repeating units of (-6GalNAc alpha 1-3GlcA beta 1-3Fuc alpha 1-)n [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 198, 560 (1994)]. This structure was further investigated using NOESY and atmospheric pressure MS/MS measurement of PA-trisaccharide obtained by acid hydrolysis of illexin C. The results indicated that the structure is, in fact, branched. Observation of both [GalNAc-Fuc-PA]- and [GlcA-Fuc-PA]+ obtained as product ions from the molecular ion of PA-trisaccharide on the MS/ MS spectra suggested a branched repeating unit. NOEs between H-1 of GalNAc and H-3 of Fuc, and between H-1 of GlcA and H-4 of Fuc, revealed the positions of glycosidic linkages, and from the results of sodium periodate oxidation of illexin C and PA-trisaccharide, the structure was determined to be (-3GlcA beta 1-4(GalNAc alpha 1-3)Fuc alpha 1-)n.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

A calcium-dependent nitric oxide synthase and NMDA R1 glutamate receptor in the ink gland of Sepia officinalis: a hint to a regulatory role of nitric oxide in melanogenesis?

Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and biochemical evidence is reported showing that the ink gland of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis contains a calcium-dependent isoform of nitric oxide synthase as well as an NMDA R1 receptor subunit localized for the most part in the immature inner cells of the epithelial layer of the gland. These results may be taken to implicate a hitherto unrecognized regulatory role of the glutamate-nitric oxide pathway in the maturation and metabolic activity of melanin-producing cells in the cephalopod defense system.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

India ink immune method for the study of antibody-coated urinary bacteria.

The sediments of 373 urines were studied for antibody-coated bacteria by the India ink immune method. Positive results were obtained in 14.7 per cent of upper urinary tract infections, 18.9 per c nt of lower urinary tract infections, 29 per cent of bacteriuria, and 15.2 per cent in healthy girls. Since antibody-coated bacteria could find their way into negative urines only by contamination, 296 vulvar secretions were also examined. Positive results were obtained in 15.5 per cent of girls with urinary tract infections, 63.9 per cent of those with vulvitis and 24.1 per cent in girls with no infection. It is concluded from the results that the presence or absence of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine is unrelated to the site of urinary infection.

Antibody-Coated Bacteria Test, Urinary↗

PubMed1998

Intravenous injection of India ink with suicidal intent.

We describe the case of a 33-year-old man who injected 4 ml of India ink into one of the median cubital veins with suicidal intent. He was hospitalized in good general condition 10 h after the injection. Abnormal laboratory test results were a leukocytosis, an oximetrically determined methemoglobin level of 36.9% (normal range: 1.5%) and a free hemoglobin level of 74 mumol/L (normal range: < 25 mumol/L). Toxicological examination showed the presence of nitrobenzene in blood and urine. Intravenous administration of vitamin C and tolonium chloride plus forced diuresis led to an improvement in cyanosis and a fall in the methemoglobin concentration. Repeated increase in the concentration of aminobenzene were successfully treated by hemodialysis with a high-flux dialyzer.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Co-composting of hair waste from the tanning industry with de-inking and municipal wastewater sludges.

Production of waste hair in the leather manufacturing industry is increasing every year due to the adoption of hair-save unhairing techniques, leaving the tanners with the problem of coping with yet another solid by-product. Numerous potential strategies for hair utilisation have been proposed. However, the use of hair waste as agricultural fertiliser is one of its most promising applications due to the high nitrogen content of hair. Agricultural value of hair can be increased by composting. This paper deals with the composting of hair from the unhairing of bovine hide. Results indicated that hair cannot be either composted on its own or co-composted with de-inking sludge, a chemical complementary co-substrate. However, good results were obtained when co-composted with raw sludge from a municipal wastewater treatment plant at hair:raw sludge weight ratios 1:1, 1:2 and, 1:4 in lab scale and pilot plant scale composters. In all cases, a more stable product was achieved at the end of the process. Composting in the pilot plant composter was effectively monitored using Static Respiration Indices determined at process temperature at sampling (SRI(T)) and at 37 degrees C (SRI(37)). Notably, SRI(T) values were more sensitive to changes in the biological activity. In contrast, Respiratory Quotient (RQ) values were not adequate to follow the development of the process.

Agriculture↗