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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection in bovine: effects of oocyte activation, sperm pretreatment and injection technique.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a very important technique for treating male subfertility and for basic research. The efficiency of ICSI in bovine is very limited because of the necessity for additional oocyte activation before or after the ICSI procedure. In this study, we compared the effects of seven different protocols on activation and fertilization rates of bovine oocytes after ICSI and on their subsequent development under in vitro conditions. The protocols include 1) different chemical activation of oocytes, 2) pretreated or nonpretreated sperm, and 3) conventional or Piezo-driven injection techniques. In all three groups, ICSI, sham-injected, and noninjected, the highest activation rates were obtained after treatment of oocytes with ionomycin followed by 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP). Using this treatment for oocyte activation, 59% of oocytes were activated and 31% of oocytes were fertilized using dithiothreitol (DTT) pretreated spermatozoa and Piezo-driven injection. Using the protocols with the same oocyte activation or activation with calcium ionophore (Ca-I) and cycloheximide (CHX), nonpretreated sperm, and conventional injection technique, early cleavage rate (79.6% and 77.6%, respectively) were significantly (P <0.01) higher when compared with all other protocols. The latter protocol resulted in 8% blastocyst and 90% of the obtained blastocysts were found to be diploid. Our results demonstrate that activation of oocytes, sperm treatment, and injection technique separately or together could improve the success of bovine ICSI.

Adenine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnostic injection around the shoulder: hit and miss? A cadaveric study of injection accuracy.

In a cadaver study the success of injections in the subacromial space and acromioclavicular joint was studied. Twenty-four shoulders were dissected after separate dye injection was performed with the patient in the supine position. Subacromial bursa injection was successful in 83% (20 shoulders), but in 15 shoulders other structures were also infiltrated, including seven injections in the rotator cuff. Acromioclavicular joint injection was successful in 67% (16 shoulders), but half involved other structures. The authors believe that misplaced injections may be diagnostically misleading and potentially harmful.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMed2001

Forceful sacrococcygeal injections in the treatment of postdiscectomy sciatica. A controlled study versus glucocorticoid injections.

UNLABELLED: The role of epidural fibrosis in postoperative sciatica is unclear. Few therapeutic trials have been published. We evaluated the mechanical effects of forceful saline injections through the sacrococcygeal hiatus comparatively with glucocorticoid injections. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-seven patients with postdiscectomy sciatica but no evidence of compression by computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were included in a multicenter, randomized, controlled, parallel-group study comparing forceful injections of saline (20 ml) with or without prednisolone acetate (125 mg) to epidural prednisolone acetate (125 mg) alone. Each of the three treatments was given once a month for three consecutive months. Outcome measures were pain severity on a visual analog scale (VAS) and the scores on the Dallas algofunctional self-questionnaire on day 0, day 60, and day 120. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and Student's t test for paired series were used to evaluate the data. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were evaluated. The VAS score improved significantly between day 0 and day 30 in the glucocorticoid group as compared to the forceful injection group (P = 0.01). No other significant differences were found across the groups. The VAS score improved steadily in the forceful injection group, producing a nearly significant difference on day 120 as compared to baseline (P = 0.08). CONCLUSION: Forceful epidural injections produced a non-significant improvement in postdiscectomy sciatica four months after surgery. Epidural glucocorticoids used alone induced short-lived pain relief.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Feasibility and optimization of the combined injection of contrast medium and normal saline with a single-syringe CT injection system].

PURPOSE: To optimize the technique of injecting contrast medium followed by saline flush with a single-syringe CT injection system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A CT injection system with a single syringe was filled with 100 ml of contrast medium (Iopromide 300 or Iomeprol 400) and 50 ml of normal saline solution. The following variables were evaluated: filling sequence, filling rate, syringe position during filling, ejection rate and delay before ejection. In consecutive portions of 10 ml, the whole volume was continuously ejected into test tubes that were subjected to CT densitometry on these test tubes. Each experiment was performed three times. RESULTS: Filling the syringe first with saline solution and subsequently with contrast medium resulted in no substantial mixing, whereas filling in the reverse order caused noticeable mixing of both solutions. Manual filling at a rate < or = 1 ml/s gave the best results. At faster filling rates (4 ml/s, 10 ml/s), substantial mixing of contrast agent and saline solution was observed. The separation of the two liquids was optimal when the syringe nozzle was pointed downward. Ejection rate (3 ml/s, 4 ml/s) and time delay between filling and ejection (0 min, 10 min) did not influence the distribution of density. The maximum iodine concentration using this approach was 235 mg/ml for Iopromide 300 and 327 mg/ml for Iomeprol 400. This indicates a reduction of the maximum iodine concentration of up to 28 % even when using the optimal technique for controlling mixing of both liquids. CONCLUSION: Manual filling of the CT injection syringe with saline solution followed by contrast media with the syringe nozzle pointed downward provides the best separation between contrast medium and normal saline solution but reduces the maximum iodine concentration by up to 28 %. For examinations requiring a high iodine concentration, such as CT-angiography, an iodine concentration of 400 mg/ml should be selected for the combined injection of contrast medium and normal saline solution with a single-syringe CT injection system.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed2002

A randomized trial comparing injection therapy with hemoclip and with injection combined with hemoclip for bleeding ulcers.

BACKGROUND: A randomized comparative study was conducted of injection therapy with epinephrine-polidocanol (1%) versus hemoclip application, versus injection combined with hemoclip for bleeding peptic ulcers. METHODS: One hundred five patients were randomized and 101 could be evaluated (46 had active spurting or oozing of blood; 55 a visible vessel). Patients were randomized to 1 of the 3 treatment modalities during endoscopy performed within 12 hours of admission. Endoscopy was repeated after 1 day or at recurrence of bleeding and before discharge. In case of recurrent bleeding, patients were retreated with the same modality. RESULTS: Initial failure or the rate of early recurrence of bleeding was highest (but not statistically significant) in the hemoclip group (13/35; 37%), versus the injection (5/34; 15%) and combination (8/32; 25%) groups. Overall failure was significantly (p = 0.01) different among the 3 groups with the highest rate in the hemoclip group (12/35; 34%), versus the injection (2/34; 6%) and combination therapy (8/32; 25%) groups. The use of hemoclips alone appeared to fail because of difficulty with hemoclip placement and incomplete vessel compression. Complications included 1 perforation in the injection group and possibly 1 case of septic arthritis in the combination therapy group. CONCLUSION: In this study, endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers with the hemoclip was inferior overall to injection therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Electronic identification with injectable transponders in pig production: results of a field trail on commercial farms and slaughterhouses concerning injectability and retrievability.

A nationwide electronic system for the identification of all pigs is a means to achieve a tighter control of livestock and meat in the Netherlands. In order to examine the use of electronic identification transponders, two field trails were performed. Transponders supplied by three separate companies were tested on pigs on commercial farms. In phase 1, each device was examined on separate farms and in phase 2, the three devices were tested on each farm. A total of 3,436 and 5,947 transponders from the different suppliers were injected in the base of the ear at weaning in phase 1 and 2 on seven and five farms, respectively. The following aspects were examined: technical labour for injection and reading, readability of the transponders, impact on tissues at the injection site, and retrieval of the transponder after slaughter. After instruction the farmer was well able to inject a transponder in a restrained piglet. The results show that in phases 1 and 2 1.6% to 7.3% of the transponders were unreadable at retrieval in the slaughter line, which is significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the required maximum loss of 1%. The 1.6% failure rate in phase 1 involved transponders from a single supplier. Loss of identification was associated with rejection after injection, expulsion during inflammation and technical failure. Three weeks after injection on average 0.6% of the piglets had an observable inflammation and at the time of retrieval pus was found around, on average, 1.2% of the transponders. An average of between 37% and 88% of the transponders were retrieved in the slaughter line from the base of the ear in phases 1 and 2. The other transponders were retrieved medial or caudal to this position. This positional variation meant that it was not consistently possible to remove the transponder from the carcass within the required 4 second time period. It was concluded that the systems should be improved before recommending their introduction on a large scale, because the variation in readability and location is too high.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

Cellular distribution of endotoxin after injection of chemically purified lipopolysaccharide differs from that after injection of live bacteria.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) chemically extracted from gram-negative bacteria is often used in animal models to study endotoxemia. Laser confocal microscopy and immunofluorescence staining for comparison of injections of live Escherichia coli O111:B4 bacteria with LPS extracted from the same strain showed that cellular localization and time course in rat organs were markedly different after the two injections. Fluorescent staining and image analysis software allowed quantitative comparison of LPS within tissues at different times and doses. Antigenic LPS was detected in all tissues 1 hour after injection of both bacteria and LPS and was present in liver and spleen over the 28-day study period. Whole bacteria were identified in tissue macrophages for the first 48 h after injection; later, bacterial cell walls were replaced by diffuse antigenic material throughout the cytoplasm. Antigenic LPS was localized within hepatocytes only after injection of chemically purified LPS. Cellular localization of LPS in tissues is dependent on the form injected. Animal models that use purified LPS may not be representative of gram-negative bacteremia.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Effect of contrast material injection duration and rate on aortic peak time and peak enhancement at dynamic CT involving injection protocol with dose tailored to patient weight.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of duration and rate of contrast material injection on aortic peak time and peak enhancement in an injection protocol in which the contrast material dose is adjusted according to patient weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred ninety-nine patients were randomly divided into three groups in which the fixed duration of contrast material injection was 25 seconds (group A) or 35 seconds (group B) or the fixed injection rate was 4.0 mL/sec (group C). Computed tomography (CT) at the L3 vertebral level was performed before and after contrast material injection. Aortic peak time, aortic peak enhancement, and period when aortic enhancement is 200 HU or greater (T200) were calculated. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r) was used to investigate relationships between patient weight and aortic peak time, aortic peak enhancement, and T200 in each group. RESULTS: A significant correlation between aortic peak time and patient weight (r = 0.91, P <.001) was observed in group C. No significant correlations between patient weight and aortic peak time were observed in group A (r = 0.16, P =.21) or B (r = -0.05, P =.69). A significant inverse correlation between aortic peak enhancement and patient weight (r = -0.70, P <.001) was observed in group C. No significant correlations between patient weight and aortic peak enhancement were observed in group A (r = 0.09, P =.48) or B (r = 0.10, P =.41). A significant correlation between T200 and patient weight (r = 0.72, P <.001) was observed in group C. No significant correlations between patient weight and T200 were observed in group A (r = 0.12, P =.34) or B (r = 0.001, P =.99). CONCLUSION: Aortic peak time, aortic peak enhancement, and T200 were closely related to injection duration in the protocol with contrast material dose determined according to patient weight.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Quantification of myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography during left atrial injection of contrast. Implications for venous injection.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine whether myocardial perfusion can be quantified with myocardial contrast echocardiography using left atrial (LA) injection of contrast. METHODS AND RESULTS: Based on a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, the optimal dose of sonicated albumin microbubbles injected into the LA for establishing a linear relation between video intensity and blood volume in the anterior myocardium was determined. In 10 open-chest dogs, myocardial blood flow (MBF) was augmented by increasing myocardial blood volume (MBV) with an intravenous infusion of phenylephrine HCl. In the presence of this drug, left anterior descending artery stenosis was produced, followed by release of stenosis, to change MBF within the anterior myocardium. MBV was calculated by dividing radiolabeled microsphere-derived MBF by microbubble transit rate. There was close coupling between MBF and MBV in the anterior myocardium during LA injection of contrast (y = 1.0x-0.03, SEE = 1.07, r = .92, P < .001). An excellent correlation was also noted between background-subtracted peak video intensity and MBV (y = 0.24x + 0.73, SEE = 0.36, r = .88, P < .001). On multivariate analysis, background-subtracted peak video intensity correlated best with MBV. CONCLUSIONS: Myocardial perfusion can be quantified from time-intensity curves derived from the anterior myocardium after LA injection of contrast. Background-subtracted peak video intensity in this situation correlates closely with MBV. When MBV and MBF are closely coupled, such as during inotropic stimulation of the heart, background-subtracted peak video intensity also correlates closely with MBF. Since there are similarities in the models of LA and venous injections, these data indicate that it may be feasible to quantify myocardial perfusion with myocardial contrast echocardiography after venous injection of contrast.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Intracavernous auto-injection therapy with papaverine phentolamine via an auto-injection pen for patients with an erectile dysfunction: similar results achieved in family practice and urology].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the results of an auto-injection therapy with papaverine-phentolamine (using an auto-injection pen) prescribed by a GP or a urologist, in patients with erectile dysfunction. DESIGN: Prospective, comparative, descriptive. METHOD: A total of 603 men with erectile dysfunction who were prescribed papaverine-phentolamine auto-injection by 59 GPs and 76 urologists participated in the study. The physician completed a questionnaire at the first visit and during the three follow-up visits (the last at 6 months) and the patient kept a diary and gave a satisfaction score on a nine-point scale. RESULTS: The cause of the erectile dysfunction was most commonly psychogenic/mixed somatic-psychogenic in the GP group and most commonly vascular in the urologist group (p > 0.05). The somatic comorbidity was the same (70%), whereas the prevalence of psychological symptoms differed (GP group: 6%; urologist group: 7%; p < 0.001). Attendance at all of the follow-up examinations was 38% for the GP group and 17% for the urologist group. The mean starting dose in the GP group was 0.49 ml and in the urologist group 0.70 ml (p < 0.001). The mean end dose was the same (about 1 ml). The frequency of adverse reactions was 9%: haematoma (5%), prolonged erection (1.8%). During the course of the investigation, 38% of the patients (31% in the GP group; 40% in the urologist group) discontinued the treatment owing to a limited effect, adverse reactions, difficult administration or problems related to the partner. In both the GP and the urologist group, 72% of the patients and 77% of the partners were satisfied or very satisfied with the auto-injection pen treatment. The patient's mean satisfaction score was 7.2. CONCLUSION: Whether the patient was treated by a GP or a urologist, the auto-injection therapy with papaverine-phentolamine for erectile dysfunction, using an auto-injection pen, was well tolerated and was highly appreciated by both the patients and their partners. Nevertheless one third of the patients discontinued the treatment prior to the end of the study. The mean end dose of the medication was the same in both groups.

Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Combination therapy of percutaneous mitoxantrone injection, percutaneous ethanol injection, and transcatheter arterial embolization for intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinoma and adrenal metastasis.

We treated a 63-year-old man who had recurrent large hepatocellular carcinomas (> 5 cm in diameter) and left adrenal metastasis with the combination approach of percutaneous intratumoral chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, percutaneous ethanol injection, and transcatheter arterial embolization. He received repeated transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection combination therapy for intrahepatic hepatocellular carcinomas, which controlled his disease for 6 months from the first treatment. After that, left adrenal metastasis was detected by biopsy specimen. Therefore, we repeated more transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection to the liver and left adrenal gland, but this combination therapy could not control the hepatocellular carcinomas in these organs. With the patient's consent, he was treated with the combination approach of percutaneous intratumoral chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, percutaneous ethanol injection, and transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinomas of the liver and left adrenal gland. After this combination therapy, we followed-up the viable lesions by color Doppler ultrasonography and computed tomography examination. However, we could not detect these viable lesions of hepatocellular carcinomas in his body until one month before he died. When the degree of hepatic failure worsened due to the natural course of cirrhosis, this combination therapy was stopped 7 months before he died. He died of pulmonary tumor emboli from metastasis of inferior vena cava 24 months after the combination therapy started. However, on autopsy there was almost no remaining hepatocellular carcinoma found in the main lesions of liver and left adrenal gland. We suggest that a combination approach of percutaneous intratumoral chemotherapy with mitoxantrone, percutaneous ethanol injection, and transcatheter arterial embolization may be indicated in elderly cases of intrahepatic large hepatocellular carcinoma and adrenal metastasis, which are not under control only by transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗
PubMed2001

[Efficacy of simultaneous bolus injection of lidocaine with propofol on pain caused by propofol injection].

To investigate the effect of simultaneous bolus injection of 2% lidocaine 2 ml on preventing the pain on propofol injection, 80 patients were randomly assigned to one of four study groups; Group I received simultaneous bolus injection of 2% lidocaine 2 ml with infusion of propofol; Group II received bolus injection of saline 2 ml, 10 s before the start of infusion of propofol-lidocaine mixture; Groups III and IV received bolus injections of lidocaine and saline, separately 10 s before starting propofol infusion. Incidence of propofol-induced pain was significantly more frequent (P < 0.001) in Group IV (70%) than in the other groups (20% each). Number of patients who were satisfied with this anesthetic induction and requested for the same induction method in the next anesthesia was significantly larger in the groups receiving lidocaine (P < 0.05). Simultaneous bolus injection of lidocaine with propofol showed a similar clinical efficacy compared with both preadministration and premixing of lidocaine in preventing the propofol-induced pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of injection pain, heart rate increase, and postinjection pain of articaine and lidocaine in a primary intraligamentary injection administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system.

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, double-blind study was to compare the pain of injection, heart rate increase, and postinjection pain of the intraligamentary injection of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system. Using a crossover design, intraligamentary injections of 1.4 mL of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine and 1.4 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine were randomly administered on the mesial and distal aspects of the mandibular first molar with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system in a double-blind manner at 2 separate appointments to 51 subjects. The results demonstrated the incidence of moderate pain was 14%-27% with needle insertion, with 0%-4% reporting severe pain. For solution deposition, moderate pain was reported 8%-18% of the time, with no reports of severe pain. There were no significant differences between the articaine and lidocaine solutions. Regarding heart rate changes, neither anesthetic solution resulted in a significant increase in heart rate over baseline readings. On day 1 postinjection, there was a 31% incidence of moderate/severe pain with the articaine solution and 20% incidence of moderate/severe pain with the lidocaine solution. The moderate/severe pain ratings decreased over the next 2 days. There were no significant differences between the articaine and lidocaine solutions. We concluded that the intraligamentary injection of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine was similar to 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine for injection pain and postinjection pain in the mandibular first molar when administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system. For both anesthetic solutions, heart rate did not significantly increase with the intraligamentary injection using the computer-controlled local anesthetic system.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Ultrasound-guided renal cyst puncture and 95% ethanol injection. Part 1: Estimation of ethanol levels in the blood and urine following 95% ethanol injection].

Seventeen solitary renal cysts were punctured with the ultrasound-guided procedure and 26-91% of the cyst volume was replaced with 95% ethanol used as a sclerosing agent of the cyst wall. Ethanol was injected through a 7 F pigtail ureteral catheter, allowed to remain in place for 20 minutes and removed through the catheter. Recovery rate of ethanol was 82.4%. The maximum blood level of ethanol was obtained 30 to 60 minutes after injection, while the maximum urinary excretion rate was observed after 60 to 120 minutes. The maximum blood levels of ethanol ranged from 0.015 to 0.339 mg/ml. There was a positive correlation between injected volume of ethanol and the maximum blood level (r = 0.66) or the total amount of urinary excretion during 12 hours (r = 0.72). Residual ethanol concentrations in the body were calculated from injected volume and recovery rate of ethanol. Only 2.3% of the residual ethanol in the body was excreted in the urine during the first 12 hours after injection. However, urine/blood ratio of ethanol 1 hour after injection was tremendously high with a wide variation between 1.6 and 230.5. Therefore, a large part of the ethanol absorbed from the cyst wall seems to be excreted directly from the kidney, not entering general circulation. From the estimation of the blood and urine levels of ethanol, it is concluded that 95% ethanol can be applied to the renal cyst wall as a sclerosing agent through the percutaneous ultrasound-guided procedure in the case of good recovery of ethanol.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Compatibility of netilmicin sulfate injection with commonly used intravenous injections and additives.

The compatibility and stability of netilmicin sulfate in a concentration of 3 mg/ml in 37 intravenous injections and in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection with 26 commonly used additives were studied. Compatibility between an intravenous administration set and selected admixtures were also evaluated. The admixtures were stored at 4 and 25 degrees C for seven days. After mixing and on days 1, 3, and 7, all admixtures were evaluated for netilmicin potency, pH, color, osmolarity, and clarity. A microbiological assay was used to measure netilmicin potency. No changes in netilmicin potency, pH, osmolarity, color, or clarity were observed in any of the 37 netilmicin sulfate admixtures. Similarly, no changes in pH, osmolarity, or clarity were seen in the admixtures of netilmicin sulfate with a second additive. Netilmicin activity was retained for seven days in 22 of the 26 admixtures with a second additive. Netilmicin sulfate in admixtures with multivitamin injection or vitamin B complex (Upjohn) was stable for only one day; with diphenhydramine hydrochloride or neostigmine methylsulfate, for only three days. No incompatibilities between the intravenous infusion set and admixtures of netilmicin sulfate were apparent. Netilmicin sulfate injection is compatible and stable for at least seven days stored at 4 and 25 degrees C when mixed in 37 intravenous injections, and when mixed individually with 22 additives in 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection.

Colorimetry↗
PubMed1995

[Analysis of the failure of endoscopic treatment of vesico-renal reflux in children using injections of teflon and collagen and the preliminary results of injections of Macroplastic].

This study of 785 cases of vesicorenal reflux in 494 children treated endoscopically over a 7-year period was designed to evaluate the results obtained with three products used successively: Teflon, collagen and Macroplastic. Following Teflon injection, despite a 90% short-term success rate, recurrent reflux was subsequently observed in 16.71% of the ureters reviewed. The failure rate was 52.63% after collagen injection and 11.77% after Macroplastic. After one or two injections, complete resolution of reflux was obtained in 48% of children treated with collagen, versus 85.72% with Teflon and 93.33% with Macroplastic. In one half of cases, failure was related to the quality of the product and its modifications after injection. The marked resorption of collagen accounts for the poor results despite the large doses injected. Apart from one case of partial resorption of Teflon paste, the failures with this product were due to lateralisation or secondary elimination of the product from the injection site due to its fluidity. Macroplastic, due to its higher viscosity and absence of retraction, currently provides the best results with doses of less than 0.20 ml in children.

Anuria↗
PubMed1993

[Effects of intravenous injection of ioversol, a nonionic contrast medium, on circulating blood volume: comparison among different combinations of its dose and volume injected].

Effects on circulating blood volume (CBV) of the intravenous injection of a nonionic contrast medium, ioversol, with various doses were assessed in order to find a way of injection with less effects on systemic circulation. Ioversol was injected as a bolus to 20 mongrel dogs at doses of A: 3.75 ml/kg (n = 8) or B: 2 ml/kg (n = 6) of a solution containing 320 mg iodine per ml, or C: 2 ml/kg (n = 6) of a 240 mgI/ml solution. Colloid oncotic pressure (COP) of the bloods drawn before and 1, 2, 3, 5 min after the injection of ioversol was measured by a needle type osmometer, and changes in CBV were calculated using the COP values. Upon injection of ioversol CBV increased rapidly and then gradually returned to the preinjection levels. The change in CBV induced by ioversol was significantly less than those reportedly induced by an ionic contrant medium, iothalamate, and a nonionic medium, iopamidol, and comparable to that by another nonionic medium, iohexol. The degree of increase in CBV and the blood concentration of ioversol were related to the amount, but not the volume, of ioversol injected. Thus, ioversol proved to be one of the low osmotic nonionic contrast media with less effects on CBV. Furthermore, it is suggested that the amount, rather than volume, of contrast medium should be taken into consideration when the angiography of the patients with reduced cardiac function, children or aged patients is performed in whom the contrast medium-induced CBV expansion needs to be as less as possible.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Compliance and use behaviour, an issue in injectable as well as oral contraceptive use? A study of injectable and oral contraceptive use in Johannesburg.

This study examines the compliance, use behaviour and knowledge of method of women using injectable and oral contraceptives in two clinic sites in the Johannesburg area, South Africa. An interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect information in the clients' home language. A total of 400 women were interviewed in the clinics. The mean age of clients was 26.2 years (range 13 to 43 years). Of the clients not wanting to get pregnant, 30.4 per cent of injectable users and 18.4 per cent of oral contraceptive (OC) users had stopped using their method temporarily before returning to the same method (called the nonuse segment) and had not used any other form of contraception during this time. Almost one third of injectable users (31.2 per cent) had been late for their next injection at least once. Although nearly all women using injectables had experienced some menstrual disturbances, over one third (38.5 per cent) had not been informed by the providers about the possibility of these changes. Many women gave the disruption of their menstrual cycle as the reason for the nonuse segment. The majority of OC users lacked information on how to use their method correctly. Nearly all women expressed an interest in obtaining more information on their current method and other available methods. This study shows that compliance is an issue in injectable as well as OC users.

Adolescent↗