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PubMedDate not supplied

Human small intestinal epithelial cells constitutively express the key elements for antigen processing and the production of exosomes.

In humans, the small intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) have a high constitutive expression of MHC class II (MHC II), and contains lysosomes. The IEC also contains MHC II rich multivesicular compartments and has been shown to produce exosomes. This suggests a role for the IEC in antigen processing and presentation either directly or indirectly by the production of exosomes. However, the presence and localisation in the IEC of other key molecules involved in this process has not been studied previously. In the present work, we have investigated small intestinal biopsies from healthy adults and the HT29 IEC cell line with monoclonal antibodies against molecules involved in the antigen processing/presenting systems and molecules typically found on exosomes derived from professional APCs and IECs. Immunohistology was performed to study the expression and localisation of MHC II (HLA-DR), HLA-DM, MHC I (HLA-ABC), CD1d, Invariant chain, Lamp-1, CD68, CD63, B7.1, B7.2, ICAM-1, Cathepsin D/S/L and the IEC specific marker A33 in the IECs. We found that the IECs from the biopsies constitutively express MHC II, HLA-DM, MHC I, Invariant chain, Lamp-1, CD 68, CD63 and A33, and these markers were also found in the IFN-g treated HT-29 cells. All these molecules were found apically in the IECs of the biopsies, localised mainly in vesicular structures. Interestingly, in the baso-latereral area of the IEC, only MHC II, MHC I, Lamp 1, CD68, CD63 and A33 were found and also here with vesicular staining pattern which matches the molecules previously found on exosomes derived professional APCs and human IEC lines. CD1d, B7, ICAM-1, CD9 and cathepsin D and L were absent in the IEC compartment, but cathepsin S showed a relatively weak staining in the apical part of the IEC. The staining pattern and the morphological localisation of these markers suggest a prominent antigen processing/loading and trafficking compartment, and a possible baso-lateral release of exosomes in the normal human IEC.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Crossing between mucosal immunity and epithelial regeneration/differentiation in the human intestine].

We have demonstrated that IL-7 is produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and regulates the proliferation of IL-7R+ mucosal T cells. IEC-derived IL-7 is indispensable for both organization of mucosal lymphoid tissues and regulation of mucosal immune responses. Dysreguration of mucosal IL-7-dependent pathway leads to chronic intestinal inflammation. On the basis of the fact that IL-7R is expressed in both mucosal T cells and IECs, we found the crossing between mucosal immunity and epithelial regeneration/differentiation in human intestine. Human IECs are partly of bone marrow (BM) origin and BM-derived IECs promote the regeneration of the damaged intestinal epithelium. During regeneration following severe damage, BM-derived IECs trigger the change of IEC differentiation. BM-derived IECs mainly repopulate the absorptive IECs in normal condition, but IEC differentiation is changed toward the secretory lineage IECs during regeneration. Transcription regulation of IEC-derived IL-7 shows close relation to IEC cell specific lineage and is disturbed in chronic intestinal inflammation. Moreover, expression and function of transcription factors downstream of Notch signaling pathway that mediates IEC differentiation is changed in chronic intestinal inflammation. All these results indicated that the disorder of both IEC differentiation and mucosal immunity cause human inflammatory bowel disease.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2004

The Australian Mohs database: periocular squamous intraepidermal carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To present the findings and report the outcomes of all patients with periocular squamous intraepidermal carcinoma (IEC) treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) in Australia between 1993 and 1999. DESIGN: Prospective, noncomparative, multicenter, interventional case series. METHODS: A prospective series of 53 patients undergoing MMS for periocular IEC over a 7-year period (1993-1999). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recurrence, site, size of IEC, prior recurrence, and size of final defect. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients had 27 (51%) lower eyelid, 17 (32%) medial canthus, and 9 (17%) upper eyelid IEC. Most (85%) of the IECs were present for less than 5 years. Fifty-eight percent were primary IECs, and 42% were recurrent IECs. There were no differences in the clinical features of primary and recurrent IECs. Significant subclinical tumor extension was found, whereby the defect exceeded tumor size by at least 2 size groups (> or =2 cm) in 25% of cases. Follow-up to date was available in 68% (36 of 53) of cases (19 primary and 17 recurrent IECs). With a mean follow-up of 77.4 months (median, 75; range, 44-120 months), 3 (8.3%; exact 95% confidence interval 1.8%-23.1%) cases recurred. Hence, the recurrence rate was 5.3% (1 of 19) for primary periocular IEC and 11.8% (2 of 17) for recurrent periocular IEC. CONCLUSIONS: The Australian MMS database provides data for the first prospective series of periocular IEC managed by MMS. Periocular IEC demonstrates significant subclinical tumor extension, with no significant differences in the clinical features of primary and recurrent lesions. Compared with other published studies, the recurrence rate of 5% and 12% for primary and recurrent lesions, respectively, with more than 5-years of follow-up for most cases emphasizes the importance of margin-controlled excision for periocular IEC.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Validation of routine incidence reporting of one anaesthesia provider institution within a nation-wide quality of process assessment program.

In 1992, a long-term project was launched by the German Society for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine to render quality comparisons between anaesthesia providers. As one of the first volunteer centres, we established the standardised reporting of perioperative anaesthesia related incidents, events, and complications (IEC) in any routine anaesthetic procedure performed. This present study is aimed to explore the longitudinal stability of IEC recordings in one institution, which should be a prerequisite for valid external comparisons. Methods. The analyses were completed on an adult population of 49945 consecutive anaesthetic procedures with peripheral surgery from July 1992 until December 1996. Attribute quality control charts with monthly samples of an average of 954 anaesthetics were used to assess statistical variability of specific IEC incidences. Results. Average proportions were 20% for moderate IEC, 2.7% for severe IEC, 13% for moderate cardio-vascular IEC, 1.3% for severe cardio-vascular IEC, and 2.4% for respiratory IEC. Moderate IEC proportions showed considerable variability during the study period. A series of excess proportions was probably due to educational activities on documentation discipline. In contrast, clinically severe IEC proportions were rather stable. Stability of cardio-vascular IEC proportions resembled the picture of the overall IEC assessment. Monthly respiratory IEC proportions showed smallest variability during the study period. Discussion. Use of the quality control statistics is suitable to distinguish random from systematic influence on quality indicators. IEC recordings that are not specific in pathophysiologic type or are of low grade of clinical severity, are heavily dependent on systematic documentation features. We assume that peak values, such as in times of optimised documentation discipline, better reflect reality than average values because missing reporting is much more likely than false positives.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Human intestinal epithelial cells secrete interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-8 but not interleukin-1 or interleukin-6.

BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are involved in the mucosal immune system. AIM: To assess the pattern of cytokines secreted by IECs and lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMNCs). To achieve this, the expression and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-6, and IL-8 in human primary colonic and ileal IECs and LPMNCs from the same patient were studied. METHODS: IECs and LPMNCs were isolated from surgical specimens or endoscopic biopsy samples. mRNA expression was investigated by northern blot analysis. Secretion of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1ra was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: IL-1ra mRNA levels were higher in IECs than in LPMNCs in all probands. IL-8 mRNA was only present in low amounts in the IECs from two controls. In none of the specimens were IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA present in IECs. Transcripts encoding IL-1beta, IL-1ra, IL-6, and IL-8 were identified in LPMNC preparations of all specimens. IECs from normal mucosa produced no detectable amounts of IL-1beta or IL-6, whereas LPMNCs did. IECs secreted some IL-8 (65 (9) pg/10(5) cells) but significantly more was generated by LPMNCs (408 (43) pg/10(5) cells, p<0.0001). However, IECs secreted more IL-1ra than did LPMNCs (120 (12) v 94 (11) pg/10(5) cells). In acute inflammation, IEC IL-1ra secretion was significantly increased. A correlation between secreted IL-1ra and the macroscopical degree of inflammation was found in Crohn's disease (r = 0.64, p<0.0001, n = 36) and ulcerative colitis (r = 0. 76, p<0.0001, n = 24). CONCLUSIONS: IECs from normal mucosa express and secrete IL-1ra and low amounts of IL-8, but no IL-1 or IL-6. In inflamed mucosa the secretion of IL-1ra by IECs is slightly increased but may be not sufficient to antagonise the greatly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by LPMNCs and the IECs themselves.

Epithelial Cells↗
PubMed2004

The expression and function of costimulatory molecules B7H and B7-H1 on colonic epithelial cells.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Previous studies have suggested that intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) may function as antigen-presenting cells for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, these cells fail to express conventional costimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86), leading to the possibility that antigen presented by normal IECs could result in anergy. Other members of the B7 family have recently been identified. B7h interacts with inducible costimulator (ICOS) on T cells and provides a positive signal, whereas B7-H1 and B7-DC interact with PD-1 and transmit an inhibitory signal. Our aim was to determine whether IECs express novel B7 family members and whether these molecules play a role in IEC:T-cell interactions. METHODS: B7h and B7-H1 expression was assessed in isolated IECs and IEC lines. The functional role of B7h and B7-H1 in the interaction between IECs and T cells was assessed in coculture experiments using purified anti-B7h or B7-H1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), B7h immunoglobulin (Ig), or B7-H1 fusion proteins. RESULTS: B7h and B7-H1 messenger RNA was detected in IEC lines and IECs from healthy controls and patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IECs from patients with IBD but not healthy controls expressed B7h and B7-H1 protein on their surface. Proliferation of IEC-stimulated T cells was inhibited only by B7h immunoglobulin treatment, whereas interferon gamma secretion in these cocultures was inhibited by both anti-B7h mAb and B7h Ig. No difference was seen between IBD or normal IEC populations. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the B7h-ICOS costimulatory pathway may be important in IEC:T-cell interactions.

Antigens, CD↗
PubMed1994

Comparison of the responses of three rat intestinal epithelial cell lines to angiotensin II.

Like RIE-1 cells, two of the IEC series of rat intestinal epithelial cell lines were found to express functional angiotensin receptors. As in RIE-1 cells, treatment of IEC-6 or IEC-18 cells with angiotensin II (AII) activated phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) hydrolysis although (in contrast to RIE-1 cells) the magnitude of AII-induced PIP2 hydrolysis was small and not associated with a mitogenic response in either IEC cell line. In terms of their other functional responses to AII (activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and a small elevation of cyclic AMP), IEC-6 cells are otherwise similar to RIE-1 cells whereas IEC-18 cells exhibit some phenotypic differences to the other two cell types. Thus, whereas IEC-6 and RIE-1 cells each express the AT1 subtype of angiotensin receptor, the higher affinity receptors on IEC-18 cells are 'atypical', being insensitive to both AT1- and AT2-specific angiotensin receptor antagonists. Furthermore, in contrast to its effects in IEC-6 and RIE-1 cells, AII neither activates PKC nor modulates cyclic AMP levels in IEC-18 cells. Whereas IEC-18 cells express the myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), immunoreactive MARCKS was not detected in IEC-6 or RIE-1 cells.

Angiotensin II↗