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PubMed1982

Effect of number and frequency of inseminations on fertility of mares.

Data from 257 normally cyclic mares used in trials over a 10-year period were examined to establish the relationship between the number of inseminations per cycle, duration of oestrus and pregnancy rate. Mares that became pregnant were inseminated more (P less than 0.05) frequently per cycle than mares that did not become pregnant (3.4 versus 2.8). First-cycle pregnancy rates of 22.2, 34.0, 38.6, 52.5, 58.3 and 52.2% were attained when mares were inseminated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 or more times per cycle, respectively. The duration of oestrus in mares that became pregnancy was longer (P less than 0.01) than in those that did not conceive (7.9 versus 6.4 days). Studies of 64 mares in the transitional season showed that first-cycle pregnancy rates for mares in which oestrus lasted less than 10, greater than or equal to 10, greater than or equal to 20, greater than or equal to 30 and greater than 40 days were 56.2, 76.2, 76.5, 77.3 and 88.9%, respectively. Overall pregnancy rates (after 3 cycles) were lower (P less than 0.05) for mares that had an initial oestrus of less than 10 days. Mares were inseminated every other day of oestrus with 100 X 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa. First-cycle pregnancy rates were 64.3, 75.0 and 75.0% for mares inseminated 1-4, 5-10 and greater than or equal to 12 times per cycle, respectively. Fewer (P less than 0.05) mares became pregnant after 3 cycles when inseminated 1-4 times per cycle than did mares inseminated greater than or equal to 12 times per cycle (51.3 versus 75.0%). Numerous inseminations per cycle of mares with extended oestrus were not detrimental to fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effect of addition of autologous prostatic fluid on the fertility of frozen-thawed dog semen after intravaginal insemination.

Vaginal insemination of frozen-thawed dog semen usually gives a highly unpredictable fertility rate with poor pregnancy rates in most bitches. This study was designed to establish whether litter size, pregnancy rate and conception rate could be improved by the addition of autologous prostatic fluid to the frozen-thawed semen before insemination. Twenty German shepherd bitches that were free of any clinical reproductive abnormality or suspect breeding history were used. The bitches were stratified according to their ages and randomly assigned within strata to treatment (group T, n = 10) or control groups (group C, n = 10). All bitches were inseminated daily with frozen-thawed semen for the duration of that stage of vaginoscopic oestrus during which the vaginal folds were shrunken and angular. Bitches in group T were inseminated with semen to which 7-10 ml of frozen-thawed sperm-free autologous prostatic fluid has been added immediately before insemination. No prostatic fluid was added to the semen used to inseminate the bitches in group C. Each inseminate contained 100 x 10(6) progressively motile spermatozoa after thawing. Semen was deposited in the vaginal fornix using a disposable plastic bovine artificial insemination pipette. For groups T and C the mean number of conceptuses per cycle (litter size), the mean ratio of conceptuses to corpora lutea (conception rate), and the pregnancy rate were 5.2 +/- 3.01 and 2.4 +/- 2.84, 0.577 +/- 0.35 and 0.23 +/- 0.27, and 100% and 60%, respectively. The addition of autologous prostatic fluid to frozen-thawed canine spermatozoa significantly improved the litter size (P = 0.023), the conception rate (P = 0.0127) and pregnancy rate in bitches (P = 0.043).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of intracervical, intrauterine, and intratubal techniques for donor insemination.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of intracervical insemination (ICI), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and a combination of intratubal and intrauterine insemination (ITI/IUI) for donor insemination. DESIGN: Prospective randomized clinical trial. SETTING: The University of Michigan donor insemination program. PATIENTS, PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one women undergoing donor insemination with cryopreserved sperm for either isolated male factor or male factor plus ovulatory dysfunction corrected by clomiphene citrate. INTERVENTION: Each patient was randomly assigned to receive each of the three insemination techniques in consecutive cycles until pregnancy occurred or the patient dropped from the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cycle fecundity rates were compared using the chi 2 test, and cumulative pregnancy rates (PRs) determined by life table analysis were compared using a log-rank test. RESULTS: Cycle fecundity rate was significantly higher for IUI (18.3%) than for ICI (3.9%) or ITI/IUI (7.3%). By life table analysis, the cumulative PR for IUI was significantly higher than for ICI, but the PR for ITI/IUI was not. CONCLUSION: For donor insemination with cryopreserved sperm, IUI increases cycle fecundity compared with ICI. The addition of ITI to IUI, however, interferes with the apparent beneficial effect of IUI alone.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Success with intravaginal insemination of frozen-thawed dog semen--a retrospective study.

This retrospective study reports on the fertility of bitches (n = 40) that were inseminated into the fornix vaginae with frozen-thawed sperm from 9 sperm donors. In most bitches, the inseminations were repeated daily although, in 5 bitches, 1-2 d were skipped between some inseminations. All semen had been frozen by the same method and all prostatic fluid had been frozen at -18 degrees C prior to use. Sixteen Beagle bitches (Group 1) were inseminated with frozen-thawed semen to which 3-5 ml prostatic fluid had been added post-thaw. Ten German Shepherds and 4 other bitches of similar size (Group 2) were inseminated after adding 6-10 ml prostatic fluid to the frozen-thawed semen. Ten different German Shepherd bitches (Group 3) were inseminated without using prostatic fluid. The volumes of individual insemination doses were 3.5-6 ml, 7-12 ml and 1-3 ml for Groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The number of progressively motile sperm per insemination varied from 9 x 10(6) to 300 x 10(6). Sixteen of 16, 13 of 14 and 6 of 10 bitches conceived in Groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Mean litter sizes were 4; 5.6 and 4 in Groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The pregnancy rate of Groups 1 and 2 combined was higher than that of Group 3 (P < 0.01). The mean number of foetuses per bitch bred was 5.2 (SD 3.2) for Group 2, which was higher than the 2.4 (SD 2.8) of Group 3 (P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Does intrauterine site of insemination in cattle really matter?

Two trials were conducted to determine the influence of semen placement on pregnancy rate in dairy heifers and cows. Seventy-two dairy heifers were artificially inseminated (AI) 10 to 12 h after the first detection of estrus. Control heifers (n = 25) were inseminated at the junction of the uterine body and internal cervical os. The remaining heifers were inseminated deep in one uterine horn, 3 to 5 cm anterior to the external bifurcation. Twenty-three heifers were inseminated in the horn ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the ovulatory follicle, and 24 heifers were inseminated in the contralateral horn. Pregnancy rates did not differ for the three groups of heifers. In a second trial, 64 inseminations were performed in 38 nonlactating, adult dairy cattle. Thirty-one inseminations were made deep in the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the ovulatory follicle and 33 in the contralateral horn. Pregnancy rates were similar for both groups. Combining both trials, pregnancy rates for ipsilateral and contralateral inseminations were equal (32 54 = 59% and 34 57 = 60% , respectively). Therefore, placement of semen in one horn of the uterus does not appear to be a cause of decreased or increased pregnancy rate with AI.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Effect of time of insemination relative to ovulation on fertility with liquid and frozen boar semen.

Precise data on fertility results following peri- and postovulatory insemination in spontaneously ovulating gilts is lacking. Using transcutaneous sonography every 4 h during estrus as a tool for diagnosis of ovulation, the effects of different time intervals of insemination relative to ovulation were investigated with liquid semen (Experiment 1, n=76 gilts) and frozen semen (Experiment 2, n=80 gilts). In Experiment 3 (n=24 gilts) the number of Day-28 embryos related to the various intervals between insemination and ovulation was determined after the use of liquid semen. Using liquid semen the fertilization rates based on Day-2 to Day-5 embryos and the number of accessory spermatozoa decreased significantly in gilts inseminated with 2 x 10(9) spermatozoa per dosage in intervals of more than 12 h before or more than 4 h after ovulation. In the time interval 4 to 0 h before ovulation, comparable fertilization rates were obtained using frozen semen (88.1%) and liquid semen (92.5%). Fertilization rates and numbers of accessory spermatozoa decreased significantly when gilts were inseminated with frozen semen more than 4 h before or 0 to 4 h after the detection of ovulation. The percentage of Day-28 embryos was significantly higher following preovulatory insemination compared to inseminations 0 to 4 h and 4 to 8 h after ovulation. It is concluded that the optimal time of insemination using liquid semen is 12 to 0 h before ovulation, and 4 to 0 h before ovulation using frozen semen. The results stress the importance of further research on sperm transport and ovulation stimulating mechanisms, as well as studies on the time of ovulation relative to estrus-weaning intervals and estrus duration.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Transcervical artificial insemination of Australian Merino ewes with frozen-thawed semen.

We compared conventional methods for laparoscopic and cervical artificial insemination (AI) to a transcervical AI procedure (Guelph System for Transcervical AI; GST-AI) for use with frozen semen in Merino ewes. The GST-AI procedure was performed by an experienced operator in Experiment 1 (771 ewes) and by 2 inexperienced operators in Experiment 2 (555 ewes). In Experiment 1, intrauterine insemination by GST-AI was achieved in 76% of the ewes. The pregnancy rate at Day 70 for ewes inseminated by laparoscopy (48%, 120 251 ) was higher (P<0.01) than for ewes inseminated by either intrauterine GST-AI (32%, 64 201 ) or cervical AI (9%, 24 256 ). The overall (intrauterine and intracervical) pregnancy rate for GST-AI was 26% (68 264 ) and was unaffected by depth of insemination within the cervix. Pregnancy rates were unaffected by ram or day of insemination. In Experiment 2, the operators achieved intrauterine inseminations by GST-AI in 43% (78 182 ) of the ewes, with a significant operator effect (P<0.01) on depth of cervical penetration. The pregnancy rate to intrauterine GST-AI (40%, 31 78 ) did not differ from that to laparoscopic insemination. The total pregnancy rate for GST-AI in Experiment 2 (19%, 34 182 ) was lower (P<0.05) than that for laparoscopic AI (39%, 72 187 ) but superior (P<0.05) to that for cervical AI (1%, 1 186 ). The GST-AI pregnancy rates were affected by depth of AI (P<0.01) and by operator (P<0.05). It is concluded that GST-AI is superior to cervical AI, and may have application in Merinos if cervical penetration rates can be improved.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Side of gestation in dairy heifers affects subsequent sperm transport and pregnancy rates after deep insemination into one uterine horn.

Effects of side of previous gestation on sperm transport and pregnancy rates after deep cornual insemination were evaluated in 1686 Friesian cows in their first lactational period. Only single ovulating animals were used. At insemination, semen was deposited deep into the uterine horn ipsilateral or contralateral to the preovulatory follicle. A total of 876 cows (52%) ovulated in the ovary ipsilateral to the postgravid horn, and 810 cows ovulated in the contralateral ovary. Semen was deposited into the previously nongravid uterine horn of 832 cows, and into the gravid horn of 854 cows. The pregnancy rate was higher (P < 0.00001) for semen deposition into the previously nongravid horn (46.6%) than for semen deposition into the gravid horn (35.7%). For inseminations ipsilateral to the side of impending ovulation, pregnancy rates were higher (P = 0.0004) when ovulations occurred on the opposite side to the postgravid horn than on the same side. Pregnancy rates were higher (P = 0.002) for contralateral inseminations when ovulations occurred on the same side to the postgravid horn than on the opposite side; they were higher (P = 0.0001) for total ipsilateral than for total contralateral inseminations. There was no difference between ipsilateral and contralateral inseminations (P = 0.64) when ovulation occurred ipsilateral to the postgravid horn, but pregnancy rates were higher (P < 0.00001) when ipsilateral insemination was carried out into the nonpostgravid horn. Results indicate that the side of gestation in dairy heifers affects subsequent pregnancy rates after deep insemination into one uterine horn, possibly by affecting sperm transport.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Recovery rate and quality of embryos from mares inseminated after ovulation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of embryos and their recovery rate from mares inseminated at different intervals after ovulation. Finnhorse and warmblood mares were inseminated with fresh semen 8 to 16 h, 16 to 24 h, or 24 to 32 h after ovulation. Control mares were inseminated before ovulation. Sixty-seven embryo flushings were performed between Days 7 and 9 after ovulation/insemination. Thirteen mares were not flushed, but their uteri were scanned for pregnancy on Days 14 to 16. Embryo recovery rates decreased as time from ovulation to insemination increased, although embryo quality remained normal as evaluated by morphological criteria and mitotic index. However, postovulatory insemination in this trial appeared to delay embryo development, since the embryos recovered from mares inseminated after ovulation were appreciably smaller and at an earlier stage of development than control embryos recovered from mares inseminated prior to ovulation. Part of this delay in embryo development in the postovulation group could be due to the time needed for sperm capacitation. In addition, as the time from ovulation to insemination increased, embryo development might have been further delayed by defects in the aging oocyte.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Embryonic survival in the uterus of ewes inseminated at the uterotubal junction on Day 32 post partum.

Experiments were conducted to determine 1) if pregnancy initiated on Day 32 post partum would be maintained until lambing, 2) if there is a difference in the ability of the previously gravid or nongravid uterine horn to maintain pregnancy, and 3) if season has an effect on embryo loss. Estrus was induced in ewes on Day 32 post partum. At estrus, ewes were inseminated surgically at the uterotubal junction and assigned to the following groups: 1) inseminated at estrus and laparotomized on Day 3 to collect embryos for determination of fertilization rate (C), 2) inseminated in the previously gravid uterine horn (PG), 3) inseminated in the previously nongravid uterine horn (NG), and 4) inseminated when both horns were previously gravid (BG). Ewes pregnant in the PG, NG and BG groups were allowed to lamb. Conception rate in Group C at embryo collection was 70%. Embryo loss, based on concentrations of progesterone at Day 18 post insemination, was 43, 19 and 18% in the BG, NG and PG group, respectively. The high embryo loss in Group BG occurred only during the breeding season. Only 24% of the ewes that had been inseminated lambed. This was due to the prepartum loss of embryos and fetuses (47, 48 and 33% in Group BG, NG and PG, respectively. In conclusion, the detrimental effects of the uterus on embryo survival was evident within 18 d post insemination in Group BG (breeding season), and embryo loss prior to lambing was high in all the treatment groups (both seasons).

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Relationship between the maturational state of oocytes at the time of insemination and sex ratio of subsequent early bovine embryos.

The effect of maturational state of bovine oocytes at the time of insemination on early embryo development and the sex ratio of developing embryos was evaluated. Early maturing oocytes were inseminated either immediately after the first polar body extrusion or insemination was delayed for 8 h. Most of the zygotes completed the first embryonic cell cycle and reached the 2-cell stage by 35 h after insemination regardless of the time of insemination. Delaying insemination enhanced the proportion of cleaving zygotes and significantly improved their development to the 8-cell stage. At the same time delaying insemination produced significantly higher proportions of male embryos. Cleavage and development to 8-cell stage was significantly impaired when oocytes were inseminated immediately after polar body formation. Sex ratio in these embryos did not differ from 1. These results suggest that oocytes developmental ability as well as capability to process X and Y-bearing spermatozoa may be acquired at specific times during maturation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Selected times of insemination with microencapsulated bovine spermatozoa affect pregnancy rates of synchronized heifers.

This experiment was designed to test whether spermatozoa encapsulated in an alginate poly-L-lysine matrix had an extended fertile life in vivo after insemination. Estrus was synchronized in 417 primiparous Friesian and Jersey heifers with a system based on a CIDR-B intravaginal device before the heifers were inseminated either during proestrus (24 h after device removal) or at estrus (48 h after device removal). Pregnancy rates to first inseminations did not differ between the 24 and 48 h inseminations (61 vs 60.6%) with liquid semen diluted in Caprogen (control) but differed with encapsulated semen (45.1 vs 68.6%). The difference in pregnancy rates between the 2 types of semen was more pronounced (P < 0.08) in the animals that were visually detected in estrus. The mean survival time of spermatozoa in the female reproductive tract following insemination at the 24-h insemination time was estimated to be 50 +/- 7.5 h. The increased pregnancy rate with insemination of encapsulated spermatozoa at 48 h could have been due to this process predisposing spermatozoa to capacitate soon after insemination.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Establishing an intrauterine insemination programme from a nursing perspective.

The Centre for Reproductive Medicine in Bristol has been performing simple donor insemination for more than 10 years. Evidence indicates that intrauterine insemination using donated sperm results in higher success rates than intracervical insemination (Ford et al., 1997). As donor insemination at the Centre for Reproductive Medicine gives an overall success rate of 10% (January 1998 -- July 1999), which compares very favourably with other centres licensed by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, the decision was taken to continue to offer this as the primary service and in addition to offer intrauterine insemination to certain categories of women. Extending the well-established donor insemination service to include intrauterine insemination was a natural progression for nurses already skilled in this area. The aim of this article is to share with other healthcare professionals the key involvement of specialist fertility nurses in the development of an intrauterine insemination programme.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Homologous insemination--revisited.

Between July 1, 1969, and December 31, 1983, 1774 patients were evaluated in the private infertility clinic at the University of Virginia Hospital. Homologous artificial insemination was performed in 158 patients for the following indications: male factor (75.3%), cervical factor (16.7%), sperm deposition problem (3.7%), patient's request (2.5%), and immunologic factor (1.8%). Whole-ejaculate insemination was performed in 68 patients; split ejaculates were used in 90 women. Additional fertility factors in 140 patients included endometriosis, anatomic abnormalities, and ovulatory difficulties. Of the 158 women, 23 (14.6%) had a total of 27 pregnancies (mean number of cycles, 5.7); 135 failed to conceive during treatment with homologous artificial insemination (mean number of cycles, 8.4). Most pregnancies (70.4%) occurred in those patients in whom homologous artificial insemination was used for a male factor. Among the 135 couples who failed to conceive with homologous artificial insemination, 20 (14.8%) patients subsequently had 25 pregnancies. Male factor had been the indication for homologous artificial insemination in 72% of the couples. Pregnancy outcomes were similar in all subgroups. Homologous artificial insemination may not be indicated for male factor-related infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Treatment of male infertility and idiopathic failure to fertilize in vitro with under zona insemination and direct egg injection.

OBJECTIVE: Failure to fertilize eggs in vitro may be countered by micromanipulation of gametes to place selected spermatozoa underneath the zona pellucida of the egg or directly into the egg, thereby improving chances of fertilization and production of viable embryos. Analysis of our clinical data for assisted fertilization was undertaken to assess those factors of relevance in this therapy, and a description of our procedures are given. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of 85 cycles (73 couples) of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer performed at a private infertility clinic, in which micromanipulation for assisted fertilization was used to overcome either severe male factor infertility or idiopathic failure to fertilize, was performed. RESULTS: In 60 cycles where only embryos from under zona insemination were available for uterine transfer, 15 singleton and two twin pregnancies occurred (28.3% viable pregnancy rate per transfer, 14.1% embryonic implantation). In 14 of these cycles embryos arose only after repeated under zona insemination adding more spermatozoa; this accounted for four of the singleton and one of the twin pregnancies (38.5% pregnancy rate, 22.2% embryonic implantation). No embryos arose from partial zona dissection performed in five cycles on sibling eggs. However, in 16 cycles conventional insemination yielded fertilization in six cycles, and mixed transfer of these embryos and sibling embryos from under zona insemination gave rise to one pregnancy from four transfers (pregnancy rate 25%, embryonic implantation 7.1%). Likewise, in nine cycles donor spermatozoa yielded fertilization in eight cycles, and mixed transfer with sibling embryos fertilized by under zona insemination with partner's spermatozoa gave rise to two pregnancies from five transfers (pregnancy rate 40%, embryonic implantation 15.8%). Fertilization and pregnancy rates did not differ whether couples suffered either from male factor infertility or from previous idiopathic fertilization failure. Direct egg injection of a single spermatozoon into 105 eggs gave an 88.6% egg survival and 32.3% fertilization. Mixed transfers with sibling embryos from conventional and under zona insemination yielded one triplet, one twin, and three singleton pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, a 24.7% (21/85) viable pregnancy rate per cycle initiated occurred when only embryos from assisted fertilization were available. This strongly indicates that assisted fertilization made a real contribution in cases where either insufficient spermatozoa were available for conventional insemination or in cases where previous fertilization failure had arisen. The wide range of seminal parameters were found to be unhelpful in defining chances of success with assisted fertilization.

Female↗
PubMed1986

Recovery of microorganisms from the pelvic cavity after intracervical or intrauterine artificial insemination.

To assess the risk of introducing microorganisms into the peritoneal cavity during intracervical or intrauterine insemination, we cultured the cervix and semen from 19 couples before insemination and the peritoneal fluid from the female partner after insemination. The peritoneal cultures taken before hydrotubation grew organisms in one of ten intracervical inseminations and five of the nine intrauterine inseminations (P less than 0.05). In four of the five positive peritoneal cultures from the intrauterine group, the organism was also cultured from the semen specimen obtained before insemination and not from the cervical sample. Therefore, intrauterine insemination appears to increase the risk of introducing microorganisms into the upper genital tract and the peritoneal cavity. The clinical significance of this finding remains to be established.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Artificial insemination by frozen donor semen: results of multicentre Australian experience.

A total of 5461 insemination cycles with frozen donor semen has been analysed for 8 of the larger AID services in Australia. Cumulative pregnancy rate, calculated by life-table analysis, showed that 50% of all patients are pregnant after 6 cycles of insemination and 64% of all patients are pregnant after 12 cycles of insemination. Pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the first 3 cycles, declined in the next 3 cycles and was further reduced in the last 6 cycles of insemination. An average of 10% of all insemination cycle were anovular, but the proportion of anovular cycles was significantly lower in the first 2 cycles of insemination. There was no significant difference in cumulative pregnancy rates over the first 6 cycles of insemination in clinics using cervical mucus scoring or LH assay for detection of ovulation. An average of 12% of all pregnancies obtained by AID resulted in miscarriage.

Australia↗
PubMed1982

A study of parental attitudes after donor insemination (AID).

Artificial donor insemination (AID) is important in the treatment of infertility when the couples' wish for a family is denied because of male sterility. However, very little is known regarding the continued development of AID families and their attitudes to insemination after the child is born. The study is based on a questionnaire anonymously completed by 92 couples returning to obtain a second child by insemination. None of the parents regretted his or her decision regarding insemination and the majority were prepared to recommend the method to other couples in the same situation. Apart from one couple the parents intended to withhold the truth from the child regarding its origin. The majority of parents chose not to inform anyone else regarding the child's conception. The parents were therefore anxious that case notes and details concerning insemination were treated with the utmost discretion and confidentiality. The parents in this study clearly indicated they preferred insemination to adoption. A large proportion of the parents who already had a child as a result of insemination returned to the clinic for a second child.

Adult↗