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PubMed2000

Relationship of blood glucose level to community periodontal index of treatment needs and body mass index in a permanent Israeli military population.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to find a possible link between blood glucose levels and periodontal disease. METHODS: In a prospective study the dental health of 10,590 military service men and women was examined. The relationships of periodontal condition, expressed as CPITN index, and blood glucose levels were tested. The effect of gender, body mass index (BMI), and smoking was also evaluated. RESULTS: Blood glucose levels were significantly and positively associated with severe periodontal disease, men, and higher BMI. Smoking did not affect blood glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS: Blood glucose levels might be associated with severe periodontal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Mitotic index and ki-67 nuclear antigen labeling index as predictors of chemotherapy response in uterine cervical carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine if the mitotic index (MI) and the Ki-67 nuclear antigen labeling index (Ki67LI) obtained from biopsy specimens could be used as predictors of chemotherapy response in uterine cervical carcinomas. METHODS: Six patients with squamous cell carcinoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical surgery were entered into the study. The MI and the Ki67LI were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained and immunostained slides before and after chemotherapy. Tumor size was measured three-dimensionally by magnetic resonance imaging. We compared the values of MI and Ki67LI with changes in tumor size. RESULTS: The cases were classified according to the percentage reduction in tumor mass: one case showed a marked response (98%), four showed a moderate response (53-78%), and one showed a slight response (approximately 0%). In the case with a marked response, the MI values before chemotherapy and 3 and 7 days after chemotherapy were 15, 2, and 0, respectively. The corresponding Ki67LI values were 51, 16, and 0, respectively. In the moderate response cases, the corresponding MI values before and 3 and 7 days after chemotherapy were 3.9-13.6, 0.8-1.6, and 1.6-4.0, respectively. The Ki67LI was 21.8-44.2 before chemotherapy, with two cases increasing and two decreasing at 7 days after chemotherapy. In the case showing a slight response, the MI values before chemotherapy and 3 and 7 days after chemotherapy were 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0, respectively. The Ki67LI was 4.0 before chemotherapy and increased slightly to 6.0 at 7 days after chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: In six cases examined, high MI and Ki67LI values before chemotherapy and a marked decrease in MI shortly after chemotherapy appeared to be predictors of good neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in uterine cervical carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The growth potential of ependymomas with varying grades of malignancy measured by the Ki-67 labelling index and mitotic index.

The prognostic significance of histopathological grade for postoperative outcome is not yet known for ependymomas. Data on proliferation kinetics of these tumors are few. In our study, the growth fraction was immunohistochemically determined by labelling cell nuclei with the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 in 24 tumors of the ependymoma group (2 malignant ependymomas grade III, 11 ependymomas grade II, 8 spinal ependymomas, and 3 subependymomas). The results were compared with the mitotic index in the same tumor areas. Both growth parameters are related to the grade of malignancy. The differences between the results of spinal ependymomas (grade I) and of intracranial tumors (grade II) were statistically significant. Malignant ependymomas had the highest values. Variable growth potentials could be demonstrated in a few tumors. A non-linear relationship between growth fraction and mitotic index was found, indicating a variable generation time in ependymomas (as in astrocytomas). Thus, with rising grade of malignancy the growth fraction increases and the generation time decreases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Role of oxidative stress and intracellular calcium in nickel carbonate hydroxide-induced sister-chromatid exchange, and alterations in replication index and mitotic index in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Human peripheral lymphocytes from whole blood cultures were exposed to either soluble form of nickel carbonate hydroxide (NiCH) (0-60 microM), or of nickel subsulfide (Ni(3)S(2)) (0-120 microM), or of nickel oxide (NiO) (0-120 microM), or nickel sulfate (NiSO(4)) (0-120 microM) for a short duration of 2 h. The treatments occurred 46 h after the beginning of the cultures. The cultures were harvested after a total incubation of 72 h, and sister-chromatid exchange (SCE), replication index (RI), and mitotic index (MI) were measured for each nickel compound. The soluble form of NiCH at 30 microM but those of Ni(3)S(2) and NiO at 120 microM produced significant increase in the SCE per cell compared to the control value, whereas NiSO(4) failed to produce any such significant increase. Except NiSO(4), the soluble forms of NiCH, Ni(3)S(2), and NiO produced significant cell-cycle delay (as measured by the inhibition of RI) as well as significant inhibition of the MI at respective similar concentrations as mentioned above. Pretreatment of human blood lymphocytes with catalase (H(2)O(2) scavenger), or superoxide dismutase (superoxide anion scavenger), or dimethylthiourea (hydroxyl radical scavenger), or deferoxamine (iron chelator), or N-acetylcysteine (general antioxidant) inhibited NiCH-induced SCE, and changes in RI and MI. This suggests the participation of oxidative stress involving H(2)O(2), the superoxide anion radical, the hydroxyl radical, and iron in the NiCH-induced genotoxic responses. Cotreatment of NiCH with either verapamil (inhibitor of intracellular calcium ion ([Ca(2+)](i)) movement through plasma membranes), or dantrolene (inhibitor of [Ca(2+)](i) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum), or BAPTA (Ca(2+) chelator) also inhibited the NiCH-induced responses. These results suggest that [Ca(2+)](i) is also implicated in the genotoxicity of NiCH. Overall these data indicate that various types of oxidative stress including iron-mediated oxidative stress involving the Fenton-Haber/Weiss reaction, and alterations in calcium homeostasis are involved in the genetic damage produced by the soluble form of NiCH.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cytoprotective effects of amifostine and cysteamine on cultured normal and tumor cells treated with paclitaxel in terms of mitotic index and 3H-thymidine labeling index.

PURPOSE: In this study, the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel (PAC) in normal and tumor cells were established, and the cytoprotective effects of amifostine (AMI) and cysteamine (CYS) against this cytotoxicity were examined. METHODS: Tumor cell lines used in this study were L-strain cells of mouse subcutaneous origin and human cervix carcinoma-derived HeLa cells. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used as the normal cell line. Results of the experiments were evaluated in terms of the mitotic index and the 3H-thymidine labeling index. PAC concentrations of 6 and 12 microg/ml were applied to the cells for 1-10 days either alone or in combination with 1 mug/ml of AMI and CYS. RESULTS: In terms of the above parameters, statistically significant effects were not seen in cultures of any of the cell lines treated with 1 microg/ml of AMI or CYS alone. In contrast, both concentrations of PAC caused increasing cytotoxic effects with increasing treatment time (P < .001). The cytotoxic effect of PAC appeared as mitotic phase accumulation (G2/M blockage) and a subsequent decline in the synthesis phase. HeLa cells were very sensitive to PAC treatment, whereas MEF cells were quite resistant compared with tumor cells. In cells treated with combined drugs to investigate the cytoprotective effects of AMI and CYS on normal and tumor cell lines, PAC continued to show cytotoxic effects in tumor cells, but this effect was reduced in the normal cells. CONCLUSIONS: AMI and CYS did not protect tumor cells against the cytotoxic effects of PAC, but protection was observed in normal cells. Furthermore, the protection provided by AMI was stronger than that provided by CYS.

Amifostine↗
PubMed2003

Periodontal status of orthodontic patients and the relationship between dental aesthetic index and community periodontal index of treatment need.

This prospective clinic-based study evaluated the pretreatment periodontal status of the orthodontic patients seen at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, and assessed the relationship between dental aesthetic index (DAI) scores and periodontal status according to community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) scores. One hundred forty five patients-70 (48.3%) males and 75 (51.7%) females from 6 to 45 years (mean 15.8 +/- 7.5)-were seen. World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines were followed in the examination and reporting of the periodontal status, and DAI scores were assessed based on WHO guidelines. The chi-square test was used to determine the association between the DAI and the CPITN scores. Most patients were in the 6-15 (55.9%) or 16-25 (35.9%) age groups. Based on the WHO preferred cumulative calculations of treatment need (TN), 35.2% of the patients had TN 0, 64.9% had TN 1, 24.9% had TN 2, and only 0.7% had TN 3. The relationship between DAI scores and periodontal treatment needs was not statistically significant (P >.05). Although many patients were yet to attain the WHO goal of no more than 1 sextant affected by bleeding or calculus at the age of 15, over one third had satisfactory periodontal health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Stress function index, a novel index for risk stratification and prognosis using stress echocardiography.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to define an appropriate parameter for risk stratification and prognosis of patients undergoing stress echocardiography. BACKGROUND: Among stress echocardiography variables, peak wall-motion score index (WMSI) and ejection fraction (EF) have been shown to be independent and significant predictors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Data on the impact and importance of each parameter in risk stratification and prognosis are limited. METHODS: We evaluated 1560 patients (59 +/- 13 years; 51% men) undergoing stress echocardiography (36% treadmill, 64% dobutamine). Peak WMSI was derived from the cumulative sum of 16 left ventricular segments divided by sum of visualized segments at peak stress. The ratio of peak WMSI to EF was calculated for the entire cohort. Based on this ratio and using the receiver operating characteristic curve, patients were divided into 3 groups: low- (< 1.9), intermediate- (1.9-3.1), and high- (> 3.1) risk subgroups. Follow-up (2.8 +/- 1.1 years) for confirmed myocardial infarction (n = 26) and cardiac death (n = 38) were obtained. RESULTS: Stress echocardiography effectively risk stratified patients into low- (0.7%/y), intermediate- (2.0%/y), and high- (4.4%/y) risk subgroups (P < .0001) based on the ratio of peak WMSI to EF. Cox proportional hazard model showed that risk stratification based on the ratio of peak WMSI to EF (global chi2 = 106.05; P < .0001) provided incremental value beyond that provided by risk stratification by peak WMSI (global chi2 = 79.23; P < .0001) or risk stratification by EF alone (global chi2 = 87.12; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The ratio of peak WMSI to EF (stress function index) provides best incremental prognostic value and effectively risk stratifies patients into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk subgroups and is better than risk stratification by either peak WMSI or EF alone. The results of stress echocardiography should routinely combine peak WMSI and EF for effective risk stratification.

Dobutamine↗
PubMed1998

The relation of weight, length and ponderal index at birth to body mass index and overweight among 18-year-old males in Sweden.

The intrauterine environment seems to be important for the occurrence of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases in adulthood. The aim of the present study is to analyze the importance of birthweight, birthlength and Ponderal Index (PI) for Body Mass Index (BMI) and overweight at 18 years of age. In this cohort study, the nationwide Swedish Medical Birth Registry for the years 1973-1976 was linked with the national Military Service Conscription Registry for 1990-1996. Of 193,056 children born at term 1973-1976, 165,109 (85.5%) could be followed-up at 18 years of age. The children were divided into percentile groups according to birthweight and birthlength for each gestational week. They were also assigned to three different categories, according to birthweight and birthlength for each gestational week: infants with values < or = 5th percentile, values > 5th and < or = 95th percentile, and values > 95th percentile. Clear-cut associations were found between birthweight and BMI, and between PI at birth and BMI at 18 years of age. High birthweight and normal birthlength and also high birthweight and high birthlength for gestational age were found to be risk factors for overweight and severe overweight among young men in Sweden.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Relations between high ponderal index at birth, feeding practices and body mass index in infancy.

OBJECTIVE: We compared feeding practices between infants of high ponderal index (PI) at birth (PI above the 90th percentile) and normal PI at birth (PI between 10th and 90th percentiles), and examined how birth size and infant feeding practices were related to body mass index (BMI) at 12 months. DESIGN: In a cohort of 3000 infants invited to participate in a national Norwegian dietary survey, 1825 participated both at 6 and 12 months of age, and the present study included those born full term and with a PI (weight/length3) at birth > or =10th percentile (n=1441). Data on feeding practices were collected by food-frequency questionnaires, and anthropometrical data were measured by health-care personnel. RESULTS: A lower proportion of infants born with high PI were exclusively breastfed for at least 4 months compared with infants born with normal PI (37 and 47%, respectively; P=0.03). Earlier introduction of solid foods and higher consumption of some foods were also observed among infants of high PI. In a multivariate analysis, adjusted mean BMI (kg/m2) at 12 months was higher for infants of high PI at birth than for infants of normal PI (17.6 and 17.0, respectively; P<0.001) and higher for infants exclusively breastfed <3 months than for infants exclusively breastfed > or =3 months (17.5 and 17.2, respectively; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: High PI at birth was associated with a shorter duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Furthermore, high PI at birth and short-term exclusive breastfeeding were both associated with higher BMI at 12 months.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

A comparative study using the Occlusal Index and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need.

Assessment of malocclusion is important for documentation of the prevalence and severity of malocclusion in population groups. Such information is needed in Hong Kong where less than 25 qualified orthodontists serve a population of about 6 million citizens. The objective of the present study was to compare the Occlusal Index (OI) and the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) when used to assess orthodontic treatment needs in a local population. Only a weak association (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0.31) was found between the two indices. The shortcomings of both indices are discussed. Neither OI nor the IOTN is perfect, but using the IOTN is less time consuming, making the study of a large population group more practical.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

The use of glycaemic index tables to predict glycaemic index of composite breakfast meals.

The applicability of the glycaemic index (GI) in the context of mixed meals and diets is still debatable. The objective of the present study was to investigate the predictability of measured GI in composite breakfast meals when calculated from table values, and to develop prediction equations using meal components. Furthermore, we aimed to study the relationship between GI and insulinaemic index (II). The study was a randomised cross-over meal test including twenty-eight healthy young men. Thirteen breakfast meals and a reference meal were tested. All meals contained 50 g available carbohydrate, but differed considerably in energy and macronutrient composition. Venous blood was sampled for 2 h and analysed for glucose and insulin. Prediction equations were made by regression analysis. No association was found between predicted and measured GI. The meal content of energy and fat was inversely associated with GI (R(2) 0.93 and 0.88, respectively; P<0.001). Carbohydrate content (expressed as percentage of energy) was positively related to GI (R(2) 0.80; P<0.001). Using multivariate analysis the GI of meals was best predicted by fat and protein contents (R(2) 0.93; P<0.001). There was no association between GI and II. In conclusion, the present results show that the GI of mixed meals calculated by table values does not predict the measured GI and furthermore that carbohydrates do not play the most important role for GI in mixed breakfast meals. Our prediction models show that the GI of mixed meals is more strongly correlated either with fat and protein content, or with energy content, than with carbohydrate content alone. Furthermore, GI was not correlated with II.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Activity Index - a complementary ADL scale to the Barthel Index in the acute stage in patients with severe stroke.

OBJECTIVE: It was the aim of this study to compare the Barthel Index (BI) and the activities of daily living (ADL) component of the Activity Index [AI(ADL)] regarding floor and ceiling effects, responsiveness and the predictive value for survival during the first week until 3 months after stroke onset. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Basic ADL were assessed in 75 patients with ischaemic stroke. RESULTS: There was a strong concordance between BI and AI(ADL) scores at all time points (Kendall's taub = 0.7878, p < 0.0001 at baseline; Kendall's taub = 0.8901, p < 0.0001 at 1 week; Kendall's taub = 0.9027, p < 0.0001 at 3 months). BI had a significantly more pronounced floor effect at baseline and at 1 week compared with AI(ADL) in patients with severe stroke. Both scales had a substantial ceiling effect at 3 months. At 1 week, the baseline BI score was significantly higher in patients being alive as compared with those who had died, while their AI(ADL) score did not differ significantly. At 3 months, baseline BI and AI(ADL) scores were significantly higher in patients being alive as compared with those who had died. The predictive value of being alive at 1 week and 3 months did not differ between BI and AI(ADL). CONCLUSION: AI(ADL) is recommended to be used in addition as a complement to BI in patients with severe stroke since the floor effect with BI in the acute stage is significantly more pronounced than with AI(ADL), thus hampering the responsiveness.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Grading follicular lymphoma on fine needle aspiration specimens. Comparison with proliferative index by DNA image analysis and Ki-67 labeling index.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether follicular lymphoma (FL) can be graded on fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies by determining the percentage of centroblasts in the neoplastic follicles on the smears. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty-nine cases of histologically confirmed cases of FL, including 31 grade 1, 46 grade 2 and 12 grade 3, were evaluated. Proliferative index (PI) by DNA image analysis (DIA) and Ki-67 labeling index (LI) were obtained on all cases. A minimum of 200 cells were counted per case (range, 200-800 cells) at 40x magnification, and the number of large cells (centroblasts) was expressed as a percentage of the total number of cells counted within the follicles. RESULTS: The percentage of centroblasts in the follicular aggregates was 9.7 +/- 2.9% in grade 1 FLs, 24.7 +/- 5.6% in grade 2 and 48.4 +/- 7.5% in grade 3. These differences were significant (P < .05). DNA image analysis of PI and Ki-67 LI differed significantly between grade 1 FLs and grade 2 and 3 FLs (P < .05), but there were no significant differences between grade 2 and 3 FLs. CONCLUSION: Determining the percentage of centroblasts in the follicular aggregates on FNA specimens is a good method of grading FLs. Using the percentage of centroblasts per follicular structure, FL grades 1, 2 and 3 were adequately distinguished. PI by DIA and Ki-67 LI clearly distinguished FL grade 1 from FL grades 2 and 3; however, it did not clearly distinguish between grades 2 and 3.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Effects of X-rays and cigarette smoking on leukocyte, lymphocyte and mitotic index values and SCE rates: the relationship between mitotic index and lymphocyte count.

Many previous studies revealed that smoking increases leukocyte and lymphocyte counts while exposure to X-rays decreases these counts. However the relationships between lymphocyte life span and smoking as well as X-rays were not well documented. The primary aim of this study was to determine relationships between smoking X-rays (in combination and individually) and life span of lymphocytes. Blood samples from 200 healthy individuals, half of which were X-ray exposed individuals, were collected. Half of X-ray exposed and of non-X-ray exposed individuals were smokers. There were equal numbers of male and female participants. Two lymphocyte cultures, one for the sister chromatid exchange (SCE) analysis and the other for the determination of mitotic index values were prepared using one part of the blood samples collected from the individuals. From the other part of the blood sample leukocyte and lymphocyte counts were determined with a haemogram device. Evaluation of the findings suggested that leukocyte count, lymphocyte count, mitotic index were relatively lower for the X-ray exposed individuals. In addition these values were higher for smokers than nonsmokers in general. The highest SCE rates were recorded for smoking radiology technicians. The most important finding is that lymphocyte life span is relatively low in smokers and in X-ray exposed males.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Pre-treatment mitotic index versus computer-quantitated Ki-67 nuclear antigen labeling index as predictors of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in uterine cervical carcinoma.

In order to evaluate the usefulness of the mitotic index (MI) and the Ki-67 nuclear antigen labeling index (Ki67LI) in pre-treatment biopsy specimens as predictors of response to chemotherapy for uterine cervical carcinomas, twelve patients with squamous cell carcinoma who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before radical surgery were investigated. The MI and computer-quantitated Ki67LI were determined using H&E and immunostained slides of biopsy specimens collected before chemotherapy. Tumor size was measured three-dimensionally by MR imaging, and assessed before and after chemotherapy. We compared the values of MI and Ki67LI with changes in tumor size and the following results were obtained. 1) The percentage reduction in tumor size ranged from 0 to 98%. The MI ranged from 0.5 to 15, and Ki67LI ranged from 0.01 to 50.1%. 2) A significant positive correlation was observed between response to chemotherapy assessed on MR image and MI [Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) =0.66, n=12, p=0.027], and between response to chemotherapy and Ki67LI (r=0.72, n=12, p=0.017). 3) A significant correlation was observed between MI and computer-assessed Ki67 LI [Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) =0.80, n=12, p=0.002]. Therefore, pre-chemotherapy MI and Ki67LI were both good predictors of response to platinum-based chemotherapy. Because MI is technically more convenient and economically less expensive than computer-quantitated Ki67LI, MI remains a simple and reliable predictor from the clinical point of view.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell↗
PubMed1999

The sleep supine position has a major effect on optimal nasal continuous positive airway pressure : relationship with rapid eye movements and non-rapid eye movements sleep, body mass index, respiratory disturbance index, and age.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of sleep position on optimal nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP [op-nCPAP]) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients and to investigate how rapid eye movements (REM) and Non-REM (NREM) sleep, body mass index (BMI), respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and age are related to this effect. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: Sleep Disorders Unit at Loewenstein Hospital Rehabilitation Center. PATIENTS: Eighty-three consecutive adult OSA patients who underwent a complete nCPAP titration. From this group, 60 patients who spent at least 30 min in both the supine (Sup) and lateral (Lat) positions and 46 patients who had data on both positions during REM and NREM sleep were included in the analysis. RESULTS: In most OSA patients (52; 86.7%), the recommended op-nCPAP was obtained when the patients slept in the Sup posture. The mean op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup posture (10.00 +/- 2.20 cm H(2)O) than it was in the Lat posture (7.61 +/- 2.69 cm H(2)O). The op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup position than it was in the Lat position in both REM and NREM sleep, as well as in the severe BMI group (BMI >/= 30) and in the less obese group (BMI < 30). Similarly, in the severe (RDI >/= 40) and less severe groups (RDI < 40), as well as in both age groups (< and > 60 years of age), the op-nCPAP was significantly higher in the Sup posture than it was in the Lat posture. Irrespective of the four parameters mentioned, the actual differences in op-nCPAP between the two body postures were almost identical, ranging between 2.31 and 2.66 cm H(2)O. CONCLUSIONS: For most OSA patients, the op-nCPAP level is significantly higher in the Sup position than it is in the Lat position. This is true for REM and NREM sleep, for obese and nonobese patients, for patients with different degrees of severity, and for young and old OSA patients. Since the op-nCPAP was highest in the Sup posture during REM sleep, no nCPAP titration should be considered complete without the patient having slept in the Sup posture during REM sleep.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Factor analysis of Cornell Medical Index and Medical Data Index (author's transl)].

Structures of Cornell Medical Index and Medical Data Index were examined by factor analysis. Both of the translated questionnaires were self-administered by six hundred male employees. Questions of low response rate less than 5 and 6% were excluded, and 117 and 70 questions were analysed finally by the method of varimax rotation for CMI and MDI respectively. Ten factors were extracted. Cummulated contribution ratio of them amounted to 72.0 and 84.1% for CMI and MDI respectively. The first two factors were common for the both questionaires and had pronounced contribution ratio amounting to 36.7 and 29.3% for CMI and MDI respectively. The first factors was composed of questions related to autonomic inbalance, gastrointesinal symptom and fatigue, so it was named a tendency of many physical complaints. This factor was considered to be characteristic and representative one in such general health questionnaires, which was closely related to response set of the respondent. The second factor of the questionnaires was named mental instability. The two major factors would correspond to the first and the second component of the Subjective Fatigue Complaint Test (1970) by Japan Association of Industrial Health. Not also CMI but MDI were found to have a poor scalability except for the two major factors.

Cornell Medical Index↗
PubMed2003

Reference norms for a fat-free mass index and fat mass index in the Japanese child population.

The aims of this study were to determine reference norms for a fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) in a large population of healthy children in Japan, to observe differences in these values in three age groups between ages three and eleven, and to develop percentile distributions for these parameters. Five hundred twenty-two boys and six hundred forty-nine girls with a wide spectrum of stature, body mass, and body composition underwent bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for the determination of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Both FFM and FM were divided by stature(2) to give FFMI and FMI, as described previously. Normal FFMI and FMI were defined within the range of the 25th to 75th percentile of age- and gender-specific data in this study. The reference norms for FFMI (3-11 yrs) were 12.7-13.4 kg/m(2) in boys and 12.0-13.0 kg/m(2) in girls. A modest increase in boys was observed with an age increase; otherwise, there were no marked age differences in FFMI for the children as a whole. The reference norms for FMI were 2.8-3.6 kg/m(2) in boys and 3.2-3.8 kg/m(2) in girls. For each 3-year category (i.e., ages 3-5, 6-8 and 9-11 yrs.), FMI progressively increased by an average of 28.6% in boys and 18.8% in girls, compared to an increase in BMI of 11.0 and 11.3% respectively. FFMI and FMI are appropriate for many purposes, and have the advantage of expressing both aspects of body composition in common units. In conclusion, the data presented as percentiles can serve as reference in comparing a child's body composition to that of healthy children of the same age and gender. The reference standards should be appropriate for almost all children in the Japan for whom stature, body mass, and body composition can be measured satisfactorily. However, a more sophisticated approach is ultimately required for evaluating body composition. This article is a preliminary attempt to promote future research in the area of childhood body composition.

Anthropometry↗