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PubMed1999

Anxiety, depression, hunger and body composition: III. Their relationships in obese patients.

The present paper explores the relationships between anxiety, depression, hunger sensation and body composition in obese patients (OP). The aim is to detect whether or not there are abnormalities in these relationships in OP as compared to clinically healthy subjects (CHS). The study was performed on 22 CHS (2 M, 20 W; mean age = 24 +/- 2 years; mean body mass index = 21 +/- 2 kg/m2) and 48 OP (4 M, 44 W; mean age = 40 +/- 17 years; mean body mass index = 32 +/- 7 kg/m2). Anxiety and depression were found to be correlated, negatively, with the relative lean body mass, and, positively, with the fat body mass in OP but not in CHS. These findings corroborate the idea that anxiety and depression can reach an abnormal expression when obesity shows its worst loss in lean body mass and its highest expansion in adipocyte mass. As hunger sensation was found not to correlate with either anxiety or depression in OP, the opinion is expressed that the impairment of anxio-depressive integrity is a corollary of obesity rather than a primary affective disorder leading to obesity via an enhanced food intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hunger sensation: a chronobiometric approach to its within-day and intra-day recursivity in anorexia nervosa restricting type.

Hunger sensation (HS) is a perception with a daily (circadian) and within-day (ultradian) recursive pattern. In human beings, circadian repeatability was investigated by means of the Single Cosinor method, while the ultradian recursivity was investigated by means of the spectral analysis, both applied to the 24-h HS profile (orexigram). Orexigrams were provided by each subject investigated, who self-rated her subjective orectic stimulus (OS) (from 1 to 10 hunger units) every half hour. The study was performed in 19 female patients aged 13-52 newly diagnosed as in the first episode of Anorexia Nervosa Restricting Type, with a BMI below 18.7. The control group consisted of 10 clinically healthy women aged 21 to 52 years with a BMI from 23 to 25. Two types of orexigrams were found. The first was characterized by a low profile with negligible ultradian variability, in which the HS circadian rhythm (CR) was still detectable, but the power spectrum (PS) was composed of unusual ultradian components associated with a very diminished amplitude for the circadian harmonics. The second was characterized by an almost regular profile, in which the ultradian variability was clearly detectable, the CR regularly fluctuated, and the PS was almost regularly composed. These findings indicate that anorectic patients (AP) can be recognized by their orexigram as "hyporectic", or "eurectic". Therefore, the term "anorexia" seems to be appropriate for AP who exhibit the first type of orexigram (anorectic aphagia nervosa), whereas the second identifying those who could be defined as suffering from "eurectic aphagia nervosa".

Activity Cycles↗
PubMed1998

Daily hunger sensation and body composition: I. Their relationships in clinically healthy subjects.

The human hunger sensation (HS) is a perceptive signal characterized by day-night variability (DNV). This pattern was investigated with respect to its relations with the body compartments in 22 clinically healthy subjects (CHS, 11 males and 11 females, mean age: 24 +/- 2.5 years, mean BMI: 21 +/- 1.7). The DNV was investigated by means of conventional descriptive statistics and the single cosinor method (SCM). Both procedures were applied to the orexigram, i.e., the 24-h profile of the orectic stimulus (OS) provided by each subject, who self-rated his/her HS (from 1 to 10 hunger units) every half hour. Body composition was investigated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) on the day when the orexigrams were compiled. It was found that the daily HS level correlates positively with the Free Fat Body Mass (FFBM) and negatively with the Fat Body Mass (FBM). These opposite relations indicate that HS is stimulated by the needs of the FFBM, and inhibited by expansion of the FBM, and provide further evidence of the existence of an "adipostat" anorectic mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic substrates of predatory attack. Suppression and the influence of hunger.

Electrical stimulation of medial hypothalamic and ventromedial hypothalamic areas of the cat brain stops the initiation of spontaneous predatory attack in cats, confirming similar evidence of other investigators. Furthermore, a new attack suppressing area, the mammillary bodies, was uncovered. Facilitation of predatory attack by hunger raised the electrical threshold for attack in the mammillary bodies. In addition, baseline levels of neural activity in attack suppressing brain areas prior to any brain stimulation were found to decrease when the cats were hungry and killing was facilitated and neural activity increased when the cats were on ad lib. feeding. These data support the hypothesis that modulation of excitability of neural systems functioning to suppress is involved in facilitation of attack behavior by hunger.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Combined modulating effects of the general arousal and the specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses in the rat.

The combined modulating effects of the general level of arousal and specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses were investigated in the rat. Vigilance state parameters and multi-unit mitral cell activity were recorded in freely moving animals stimulated by control odours and by their usual food odour, either in the hungry or the satiated state. The nutritionally modulated bulb responses towards food odour were observed only for high arousal level (wakefulness). In rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), no olfactory response occurred. In slow wave sleep (SWS), one observed either a high bulb responsiveness to stimuli with neocortical arousal, or a general inexcitability. Each odorous stimulus in SWS elicited a higher neocortical arousal rate in the hungry than in the satiated state, as did food odour compared with control odours in both nutritional states. In SWS, a progressive alteration of the nutritionally modulated responses occurred at first at the bulb level and later for inner structures. Rats fed 2 h a day displayed a reversed circadian sleep-waking cycle and a lower SWS proportion compared with rats fed ad libitum. The hunger arousal could quantitatively and qualitatively modulate the activity of structures regulating the sleep-waking pattern.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Chronobiometric identification of disorders of hunger sensation in essential obesity: therapeutic effects of dexfenfluramine.

In human beings, hunger is a proprioceptive signal that shows intraday (circadian components) and within-day (ultradian components) recursivity. Both periodic components can be investigated by chronobiometric procedures by combining the Cosinor method with spectral analysis. A 24-hour profile of hunger sensation (HS) can be plotted on a 1-to-10 scale of intensity using self-rated scores performed every half-hour of the day. Circadian and ultradian components were studied in 60 patients affected by essential obesity (20 men and 40 women; mean age, 38.4 years; mean body weight, 101 kg) before and after treatment with dexfenfluramine (Isomeride; Servier, Orléans, France) 15 mg orally twice daily, for 30 days. The control group consisted of 30 clinically healthy subjects (15 men and 15 women; mean age, 37.5 years; mean body weight, 69 kg). Chronobiometric analysis shows three patterns in obese patients, which suggests that HS may be normal (eurectic obesity), exaggerated (hyperrectic obesity), or diminished (hyporectic obesity). After dexfenfluramine administration, HS was showed a substantial decrease in the daily mean level. The spectrum of resolution in circadian and ultradian components was found to be maintained in eurectic obesity and partially readjusted in hyperrectic and hyporectic obesities. This demonstrates that dexfenfluramine acts not only as an anorectic but also as a chronizer by interfering with the recursive components of HS. The anorectic and chronizing effects suggest that dexfenfluramine is a "chronoanorectic drug" that interacts with the chronobiologic properties of the serotoninergic system.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

The responsiveness of neurons in the insular gustatory cortex of the macaque monkey is independent of hunger.

(1) In order to determine whether the responsiveness of neurons in the insular gustatory cortex is influenced by hunger, neuronal activity was analysed in it while macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were fed to satiety. The responses of single neurons in the insular gustatory cortex to the protypical taste stimuli glucose, NaCl, HCl and quinine HCl, and to fruit juice, were measured before, while, and after the monkey was fed to satiety with glucose or fruit juice. (2) While behavior turned from avid acceptance to active rejection upon repletion, the responsiveness of the neurons to the stimulus array, including the satiating solution, was unmodified. (3) It is concluded that in the insular gustatory cortex, neuronal responses to gustatory stimuli are not influenced by the normal transition from hunger to satiety. This is in contrast to the responses of a population of neurons recorded in the hypothalamus, which only respond to the taste of food when the monkey is hungry. Thus the neurons in the insular gustatory cortex are involved in a motivation-independent analysis of gustatory stimuli, whereas the hypothalamic neurons may be more closely related to the influence of motivational state on behavioral responsiveness to gustatory stimuli.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1989

Separating the actions of sweetness and calories: effects of saccharin and carbohydrates on hunger and food intake in human subjects.

A comparison was made of the effects on hunger and food intake of consuming preloads varying in sweetness and energy content. The preloads were a plain (unsweetened) yogurt, and the same yogurt sweetened to equal intensity with saccharin or glucose, or supplemented with starch. This balanced design made it possible to assess the consequences of adding sweetness to food as well as the consequences of substituting a nonnutritive sweetener for a caloric sweetener. Subjects (N = 24, repeated measures design) ate the preload at midday and returned one hour later for a sandwich lunch. Food intake in this meal was measured directly, and intake during the remaining part of the day was monitored using home recording in diaries. Hunger was assessed using subjective ratings of motivation to eat. Food intake at lunchtime was significantly greater following the saccharin compared with the plain preload, and parallel effects were revealed by the motivational ratings. Saccharin also stimulated further increases in intake after lunch. Food intake was lowest following the high-energy preloads, with the starch supplemented yogurt producing somewhat the largest suppression of intake. The results confirm and extend previous findings showing that intense sweeteners do not possess the same satiating capacity as glucose and sucrose. The stimulation of appetite by saccharin may be due to its sweet taste and also to effects on postingestive mechanisms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Effects of aspartame and sucrose on hunger and energy intake in humans.

Physiological and behavioral responses to high intensity sweeteners have been poorly characterized, leading to questions regarding their utility in weight management regimens. To address this issue, studies must independently control attributes such as the taste properties, chemical composition and energy contribution of a given sweetener, as well as subject expectations of its effects. In the present study, 24 adults of normal weight consumed breakfasts including unsweetened or sweetened (sucrose or aspartame) cereal for 5 days, during which hunger and energy intake were monitored. The cereals were rated as equally sweet and pleasant and were equicaloric. Half of the subjects were aware of the cereal composition. Neither sweet taste nor aspartame alone significantly affected reported hunger, daily energy intake or subsequent selection of foods with varying taste qualities. Energy intake tended to be more strongly influenced by perceptions of the energy value of the experimental breakfast. Thus, this study failed to find an appetite stimulating effect of either sweetness or sweetener (aspartame or sucrose).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Food palatability and hunger modulated effects of CGS 9896 and CGS 8216 on food intake.

The effect of food palatability and duration of food deprivation on the modulation of food intake by two benzodiazepine receptor (BDZR) ligands, CGS 9896 and CGS 8216, were investigated. Three diets differing in palatability (high, medium, or standard) and three different periods of food deprivation (0, 16, or 24 h) were used in all combinations to compare the effect of these variations on the observed modulation of food consumption by both BDZR ligands. Increasing diet palatability and/or food deprivation increased the baseline food consumption and reduced the sensitivity of the test to the detection of the hyperphagic effect of CGS 9896 but increased the sensitivity to detect the anorexic effect of CGS 8216. Only for the intermediate conditions of food deprivation (16 h) and for a standard or medium palatable diet were both significant hyperphagic effect of CGS 9896 and anorexic effect of CGS 8216 detected. Neither increased palatability nor hunger enhanced the modulation of feeding, indicating that neither "taste preference" nor "hunger" is the key factor in the mechanism of BDZR ligand-induced feeding response.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Mechanisms of action of the intragastric balloon in obesity: effects on hunger and satiety.

We evaluated the effect of a 500-ml intragastric balloon (Ballobes) on some aspects of eating-related behaviour and weight loss on nine massively obese patients. An 800-kcal mixed meal test was performed some days before, 2-3 days and 2 months after the implant of the balloon. A hypocaloric program was started after the second meal test. At hourly intervals, before and after the meal, patients were asked to rate the desire to eat, hunger, satiety and prospective consumption of food. After 2 months, weight loss was 12.0 +/- 5.1 kg. A significant decrease in the balloon diameters was observed, but none completely deflated. During the meal test performed 2-3 days after the implant, subjects rated themselves as significantly less hungry, fuller and desiring to eat less food. These patterns, however, returned to the baseline levels at the meal test performed after 2 months. No relationship was found between weight loss and reduction in the balloon diameters, nor between the latter and the changes in temporal profiles of eating ratings. The effect of a 500-ml balloon on meal-related hunger and satiety therefore seems to disappear with time.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Is the effect of a social model on eating attenuated by hunger?

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of social influence pressures on eating in individuals differing in initial hunger; we assumed that conformity to a model would decline as hunger increased. In the first experiment, subjects' eating conformed closely to the model's eating, with subjects eating very little when the model ate very little, even after 24 h of food deprivation. In a second experiment, the conformity effect again dominated the results, even after lengthy deprivation. We discuss the implications and limitations of this powerful modelling effect on eating.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Pantothenic acid as a weight-reducing agent: fasting without hunger, weakness and ketosis.

With the conventional method of fasting or aggressive dieting to reduce excess body fat, hunger, weakness, ketogenesis and ketosis are the sequential events that follow. It is not fully understood why, under conditions of negative calorie balance where complete energy release from storage fat is critical, ketosis should arise with a concomitant wastage of energy. Here, I wish to propose a theory that relates the formation of ketone bodies under such conditions to a deficiency in dietary pantothenic acid. Supplementation of this vitamin would facilitate complete catabolism of fatty acids and thus the formation of ketone bodies could be circumvented. As a result, a sufficient amount of energy would be released from storage fat to relieve dieters of the sensation of hunger and weakness which otherwise would be difficult to endure. Hence, using this method for weight reduction together with a careful observation of calorie intake, I have great success in treating overweight-to-obese patients to lose weight.

Acetyl Coenzyme A↗
PubMed2006

Metabolic mechanism of wakefulness (and hunger) and sleep (and satiety): Role of adenosine triphosphate and hypocretin and other peptides.

The concurrent background level of metabolic activity may control state of vigilance, promoting wakefulness (and hunger) when it is low, or sleep (and satiety) when it is high. In a series of experiments, we have shown that sleep is dependent on feeding, but only because of the metabolic consequences of food ingestion. These consequences are sensed by glioneuronal populations (at least in the rostromedial hypothalamus), which probably respond to channel-bound adenosine triphosphate/diphosphate turnover (ischymetric monitoring) rather than to the binding of such downstream molecules as adenosine and cytochrome c oxidase. This basic signal is communicated to the vigilance-controlling centers by a cascade of peptidic and nonpeptidic messengers-messengers that promote wakefulness and hunger, possibly via a hypometabolic action (as in the case of neuropeptide Y or hypocretins), or somnolence and satiety, possibly via a hypermetabolic action (as in the case of leptin or certain serotonergic agents).

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Beverage viscosity is inversely related to postprandial hunger in humans.

Accumulating evidence indicates that energy-yielding beverages evoke weaker appetitive responses than more solid food items, but the properties responsible have not been characterized. The present study attempted to isolate an influence of viscosity. At weekly intervals, 84 adults ingested 325-ml (220 kcal) shakes that were matched on weight, volume, temperature, energy, macronutrient content, energy density, rate of consumption, cognitive expectations, palatability, appearance, and requirements for mechanical processing, but varied in viscosity. Twice appetitive ratings were obtained over the subsequent 4 h, while all intake was proscribed, and twice ratings were kept until the first spontaneous eating occasion comprised of > or =100 kcal. Dietary intake was recorded over the 24 h after shake ingestion. Significantly greater and more prolonged reductions of hunger were observed with the thicker shake. No significant differences were noted in the size or time to first meal or 24 h energy intake. These data indicate viscosity exerts an independent inverse effect on hunger in humans.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

The influence of hunger and breeding temperature on the venom production of the spider Cupiennius salei (Araneae, Ctenidae).

The venom production of the free hunting neotropic spider Cupiennius salei was tested under different breeding conditions. Three groups kept at different temperatures (17, 21 and 25 degrees C) showed that venom production remained stable within this temperature range, only at a temperature of 15 degrees C the spiders stopped feeding and venom synthesis. Hunger periods do not have a direct effect on the released venom quantity. Two groups of spiders--the first group after a four and the second after an eight weeks hunger period--were compared and no difference in venom production was found. Such long fasting periods are a natural situation for spiders. In this case Cupiennius salei reduces its body weight but not venom supply. This means that body weight is a parameter only of short-term fitness which changes with the actual living conditions (temperature, feeding intervals) of each individual. Long-term fitness is best described by the prosoma length, which was formed during the juvenile growth of each spider and is rather invariable in adulthood. It was shown that the quantity of released venom is better correlated with the length of the prosoma than with the weight of the animal. This means that venom production is mostly an indicator of long-term fitness.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

The hypothalamus, hormones, and hunger: alterations in human obesity and illness.

Obesity is a major global epidemic, with over 300 million obese people worldwide, and nearly 1 billion overweight adults. Being overweight carries significant health risks, reduced quality of life, and impaired socioeconomic success, with profound consequences for health expenditure. The most successful treatment for obesity is gastric bypass surgery, which acts in part by reducing appetite through alterations in gut hormones. Circulating gut hormones, secreted or suppressed after eating food, act in the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, to alter hunger and fullness. Stomach-derived ghrelin increases food intake even in those with anorexia from chronic illness, while pancreatic polypeptide (PP), intestinal peptide YY 3-36 (PYY), oxyntomodulin, and other hormones reduce food intake and appetite. While obese subjects have appropriate reductions in orexigenic ghrelin, other gut-hormone disturbances may contribute to obesity such as reduced anorexigenic PYY and PP. Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) arises from the loss of paternally inherited genes on chromosome 15q11-13, leading to life-threatening insatiable hunger and obesity from early childhood, through developmental brain, particularly hypothalamic defects. The study of genetically homogenous causes of abnormal-feeding behavior helps our understanding of appetite regulation. PWS subjects have inappropriately elevated plasma ghrelin for their obesity, at least partly explained by preserved insulin sensitivity. It remains unproven if their hyperghrelinemia or other gut-hormone abnormalities contribute to the hyperphagia in PWS, in addition to brain defects. Postmortem human hypothalamic studies and generation of animal models of PWS can also provide insight into the pathophysiology of abnormal-feeding behavior. Changes in orexigenic NPY and AGRP hypothalamic neurons, or anorexigenic oxytocin neurons have been found in illness and PWS. Functional neuroimaging studies, using PET and fMRI, will also allow us to tease apart the hormonal and brain pathways responsible for controlling human appetite, and their defects in obesity.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed2003

2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol increases hepatocyte sodium: transduction of a hepatic hunger stimulus?

To test the hypothesis that decreased hepatocyte ATP is transduced into a hepatic neuronal signal via a change in sodium pump activity, we examined the effect of 2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (2,5-AM), which stimulates feeding behavior in rats, on intracellular sodium levels using 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Isolated hepatocytes suspended in agarose beads were superfused with either 2.5 mM 2,5-AM or fructose in the presence of the paramagnetic shift reagent, thulium(III)(1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetra(methylenephosphonate)). Superfusion with 2,5-AM decreased hepatocyte ATP and increased intracellular sodium levels compared with superfusion with either fructose or shift reagent alone starting within 15 min of exposure, reaching a maximum level of 120% of baseline by 30 min and declining gradually thereafter over the next 90 min. Superfusion with fructose, which also decreased hepatocyte ATP but by less than half the amount seen with 2,5-AM, had no significant effect on cellular sodium levels. The results support the hypothesis that changes in sodium pump activity could participate in transducing a hunger stimulus associated with hepatocyte energy status into a signal for hunger.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗