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Results for “Human Life Amendment”

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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post-traumatic stress disorder].

A traumatic experience outside the scope of the usual human experience (flood, earthquake, industrial disaster, fire, road accident, death camp, torture and bombing) results in a certain number of people in a traumatic disorder which was described for the first time in 1980. The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III) of mental illnesses published by the American Psychiatric Society gave a definition of post-traumatic stress disorder which was amended in 1987 in the revised edition of the same manual. The same definition has been accepted by the International Classification of Diseases and Causes of Death (ICD-10). The disorder is observed in 30-80% of the survivors of catastrophic events, in 18-54% of the war veterans, in 17-67% of the prisoners of war, and the prevalence in the course of life is 9.2%. The symptoms include reliving the experience of the traumatic event, avoidance of stimuli related to the trauma, generally dulled reactions and a lack of alertness. PTSD etiology comprises the following: stressor (strength, duration and circumstances of occurrence), personality (age, personality traits, previous experience, genetic predisposition, and available social support) and organic factors (effects of autonomic nervous system and neurobiological changes in the brain). The etiology of the understanding of the disorder is supported by the psychoanalytical theories (primary and secondary gain, anxiety neurosis and conflict neurosis) together with the behavioural cognitive theories based on conditioning and the theory of learning.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Humans↗
PubMed1984

The absence of effect of azathioprine on prednisolone pharmacokinetics following maintenance prednisone doses in kidney transplant patients.

Kidney transplant patients receive chronic prednisone and azathioprine for immunosuppression. However, the effect of azathioprine on prednisolone pharmacokinetics has not been determined in this population. Total and unbound prednisolone concentrations were determined, using high performance liquid chromatography and equilibrium dialysis, in eight kidney transplant patients following their usual oral maintenance dose of prednisone alone and concomitantly with their usual dose of azathioprine. The results showed no significant differences between the two groups in estimates of prednisolone plasma protein binding parameters and peak time, peak concentration, mean input time, clearance/F, volume of distribution/F, or half-life (t 1/2), using total or unbound prednisolone concentrations. Thus, the concomitant administration of azathioprine does not appear to alter the bioavailability or elimination of prednisolone at these doses.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

New drug and biological drug products; evidence needed to demonstrate effectiveness of new drugs when human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its new drug and biological product regulations to allow appropriate studies in animals in certain cases to provide substantial evidence of the effectiveness of new drug and biological products used to reduce or prevent the toxicity of chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear substances. This rule will apply when adequate and well-controlled clinical studies in humans cannot be ethically conducted and field efficacy studies are not feasible. In these situations, certain new drug and biological products that are intended to reduce or prevent serious or life-threatening conditions may be approved for marketing based on evidence of effectiveness derived from appropriate studies in animals and any additional supporting data.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Defining the role of endovascular therapy in the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm: results of a prospective randomized trial.

Following publication of early registry data showing poor durability for first-generation endografts, EVAR was labeled by some as a failed experiment. The EVAR trial results prove such a pessimistic appraisal of EVAR wrong. In patients fit for open AAA repair EVAR w ith current devicesachieves a 3% benefit in operative and 4-year aneurysm-related mortality compared with open surgery. In patients unfit for open repair 30-day mortality is significantly greater and can no longer be described as safe. Nor does EVAR affect aneurysm-related or all-cause mortality in the 4-year follow-up. EVAR, at least for the first 4 years, is not safe or effective. Based on these results it seems appropriate in unfit patients to attend to concurrent medical problems before considering intervention for an asymptomatic aneurysm. Before the publication of this trial it was generally believed that EVAR would be of benefit in such patients; indeed, it was for the high-risk patient that EVAR was originally conceived. The focus changes from urgency to deploy EVAR to improvement of fitness, recognizing that such patients are very sick with multiple comorbidities. In both fit and unfit patients with large aneurysms most late deaths were cardiovascular related. The importance of risk factor management in both patient groups cannot be overstated. Despite the cost implications of EVAR and its failure to improve mid-term all-cause mortality over open AAA repair it is likely that the bias of both patients and surgeons toward this minimally invasive procedure means that it will continue to have a significant role. Experience and endograft developments have the potential to reduce postoperative complications; surveillance strategies could then be amended to reduce cost implications. Alternatively, over time the currently static rate of complications may increase as endografts reach the end of their working life. The long-term follow-up of patients in both the both EVAR Trials 1 and 2 has the potential for future surprises.

Aneurysm, Ruptured↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The role of palliation in peri-ampullar tumors in the elderly].

Authors wonder about the actual part of the palliative practices in periampullar cancers of the geriatric age, and the choice criteria of the different surgical options that are practicable. They reaffirm that the common radical operation is the pancreaticoduodenectomy, even if, as it is verifiable in the relevant literature and in our series of cases, it is practicable only a few times. The necessity of amending the toxic-septic condition of the neoplastic cholestasis, which certainly is more unfavourable during the geriatric age, gives to the palliative procedures a better role, because few patients could be treated with a curative intention. Authors report their experience and their results about the icterus regression, mortality, morbidity and the average survival rate. About the surgical palliative options of the bilio-digestive shunts, they give the same importance to the gallbladder jejunostomy and to the common bile duct jejunostomy, granting to the first their preference in the geriatric age for the simplest and rapid execution. They point out the necessity of the gastrojejunostomy in all the present or incipient jejuno's obstruction, because of the surgical action importance, and to avoid another operation. They give, even in the geriatric age, their preference to the surgical palliative treatments, proposing to reserve the endoscopic and radiologic practices to the patient undergoing an operation for the precarious general state, for the high operating risk and the modest residual life. In fact, the non surgical treatments are suitable to amend the neoplastic cholestasis, but they aren't equivalent to the surgical palliative, that is more effective for the greater survivals, a better life's quality, a smaller mortality and morbidity.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Colorado rejects regulations to limit Medicaid coverage for abortion.

In a 3-3 vote on May 19, (1994) the Colorado Social Services Board rejected proposed emergency regulations that would have limited Medicaid coverage for abortions to circumstances in which federal matching funds are available. The regulations were proposed in response to U.S. District Court Judge Edward Nottingham's May 5 ruling, which permanently enjoined a state constitutional amendment and state statutes that prohibit public funds for abortion except where the life of the woman is endangered. Judge Nottingham found that the state measures are invalid because they conflict with the current Hyde Amendment, which provides federal Medicaid funds for abortions in cases of life endangerment, rape, and incest. In the absence of any restrictive provisions, Colorado is required to fund all medically necessary abortions. CRLP (Center for Reproductive Law and Policy), which represented plaintiffs in Hern v. Beye, provided testimony against the proposed emergency regulations during a hearing before the Board vote. Meanwhile, some other states are moving toward complying with federal Medicaid law. The Nebraska Department of Social Services is considering regulations that would extend state funding for abortion to include pregnancies resulting from rape or incest. A May 19 public hearing was held on the proposal, which is awaiting final approval. When the Louisiana legislature convenes for a special session on June 6, Governor Edwin Edwards is expected to introduce a bill to authorize Medicaid coverage for abortions in cases of rape and incest. Finally, Indiana and Ohio are reportedly moving toward compliance with the federal mandate. In contrast, however, Missouri Department of Social Services Director Gary Stangler filed suit in federal court on May 24 against Health and Human Services officials for issuing the federal directive requiring compliance with the Hyde Amendment. Pennsylvania officials filed a similar action in mid-March. Lawsuits filed by CRLP against Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, North Dakota, Oklahoma, and Pennsylvania for non-compliance are still pending; similar challenges were also filed by Planned Parenthood in Michigan and Montana.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1985

Medicaid program; fire safety standards for ICFs/MR--HCFA. Proposed rule.

This proposed rule would amend the fire safety standards for intermediate care facilities for the mentally retarded (ICFs/MR). It would incorporate the 1985 edition of the Life Safety Code of the National Fire Protection Association. Current regulations incorporate the 1981 edition. The incorporation of the current edition of the Life Safety Code is intended to ensure that Medicaid providers and recipients have the benefit of the most current fire protection standards.

Building Codes↗
PubMed2002

Bioavailability and bioequivalence requirements: abbreviated applications. Final Rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its regulations on bioavailability and bioequivalence and on the content and format of an abbreviated application to reflect current FDA policy and to correct certain typographical and inadvertent errors. This action is intended to improve the accuracy and clarity of the regulations.

Biological Availability↗
PubMed2003

The importance of reaching lipid targets: statins and the prevention of atherosclerosis.

To help prevent the development of coronary heart disease (CHD), the European and NCEP guidelines have recommended target cholesterol levels for all individuals. Lifestyle changes are advocated for individuals not achieving these targets. Intervention with lipid-modifying agents may be required for patients at high risk of a cardiovascular event and statins are generally recognised as first-line therapy. Unfortunately, large numbers of patients at risk of cardiovascular events are not being treated to the guideline targets. Primary care physicians are in a good position to improve lipid management by assessing risk factors, implementing lipid management strategies, monitoring whether targets are being reached and amending treatment appropriately. Furthermore, by educating and motivating patients,primary care physicians may improve compliance with lifestyle changes and medication. These approaches may help more patients to achieve recommended lipid levels and prevent the development of cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Crisis of conscience: reconciling religious health care providers' beliefs and patients' rights.

In this note, Katherine A. White explores the conflict between religious health care providers who provide care in accordance with their religious beliefs and the patients who want access to medical care that these religious providers find objectionable. Specifically, she examines Roman Catholic health care institutions and HMOs that follow the Ethical and Religious Directives for Catholic Health Care Services and considers other religious providers with similar beliefs. In accordance with the Directives, these institutions maintain policies that restrict access to "sensitive" services like abortion, family planning, HIV counseling, infertility treatment, and termination of life-support. White explains how most state laws protecting providers' right to refuse treatments in conflict with religious principles do not cover this wide range of services. Furthermore, many state and federal laws and some court decisions guarantee patients the right to receive this care. The constitutional complication inherent in this provider-patient conflict emerges in White's analysis of the interaction of the Free Exercise and Establishment Clauses of the First Amendment and patients' right to privacy. White concludes her note by exploring the success of both provider-initiated and legislatively mandated compromise strategies. She first describes the strategies adopted by four different religious HMOs which vary in how they increase or restrict access to sensitive services. She then turns her focus to state and federal "bypass" legislation, ultimately concluding that increased state supervision might help these laws become more viable solutions to provider-patient conflicts.

Catholicism↗
PubMed2006

Nebulization of liposomal rh-Cu/Zn-SOD with a novel vibrating membrane nebulizer.

Liposomes are potential drug carriers for pulmonary drug delivery: They can be prepared from phospholipids, which are endogenous to the respiratory tract as a component of pulmonary surfactant, and at an appropriate dose liposomes do not pose a toxicological risk to this organ. Among the various categories of drug that benefit from liposomal entrapment is the anti-inflammatory enzyme superoxide dismutase, thus prolonging its biological half-life. The delivery of liposomes by nebulization is hampered by stability problems, like physical and chemical changes that may lead to chemical degradation and leakage of the encapsulated drug. Here we present data of liposomes aerosolized with a novel electronic nebulizer based on a vibrating membrane technology (PARI eFlow), which amends drawbacks like liposomes degradation and product release. The data acquisition included aerosol properties such as aerodynamic particle size, nebulization efficiency, and liposome leakage upon nebulization. In conclusion, this study shows the ability of the PARI eFlow to nebulize high amounts of liposomal recombinant human superoxide dismutase with reduced vesicle disruption tested in an enclosing experimental protocol.

Aerosols↗