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Screening in Scotland.

A survey of screening in Scottish Health Boards suggests that, with the exceptions of screening in the antenatal period, for some conditions in the neonatal period and for the two national programmes for breast and cervix in adult women, practice is by no means uniform across all Boards and there is a lack of systematic evaluation. Four suggestions are made to improve equity, quality and relevance of screening: (i) national guidelines should be formulated to promote the implementation of the same core screening activities in all Boards; (ii) audit and quality control programmes should be universal and systematically applied; (iii) the demarcations of professional and managerial responsibilities and lines of accountability should be clarified; (iv) any proposed new screening programmes should be assessed in the light of the World Health Organisation principles before their introduction.

Adolescent↗

How to sell safer sex.

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Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Between scientific application and therapy: the ethical consideration.

The development of bioscience and biotechnology during the last thirty years exerted a tremendous influence on medicine. New techniques have risen and new kinds of treatment have been and still are introduced. The theories concerning the pathogenesis and the causes of disease change, while new therapeutical drug become constantly available on the market. The way in which new technologies and drugs are introduced contains more and more an experimental phase in which animals and human beings are used to test the outcomes of research. As a rule, these experiments are performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (WMA, Helsinki 1964, Tokyo, 1975). The guidelines of this Declaration are concerned with the ethical aspects of those experiments which involve human subjects. Although the guidelines are intended to have a global import, it still remains a matter of fact that some of them are a matter of debate in several regions of the world. They seem to have a cultural background (e.g. respect for the individual) and bioscientists sometimes argue that fort this reason they have to be considered as non-scientific restrictions. On the basis of a general philosophical and ethical consideration, it will be argued in this paper that ethical guidelines belong to the heart of biomedicine and biology itself. It is the common interest of researchers, clinicians, patients and scientists to consider the ethical implications of research outcomes before it can be stated that any worthwhile knowledge is obtained. The implementation of monoclonal-antibodies in clinical practice can be seen as a sample of this argument.

Animals↗

California Association of Neurological Surgeons' Emergency Services Committee report: guidelines for establishment of trauma centers.

The CANS supports the concept of organized neurological trauma care consisting of an appropriate amalgamation of prepared communities, institutions, and adequate numbers of committed neurosurgeons. It further supports the guidelines of the ACS regarding institutions designated to receive trauma cases. It opposes mandatory uncompensated limitations on practice imposed by trauma institutions. It supports the concept of prehospital triage of trauma victims as conducted by well-trained field personnel and reasonable triage criteria agreed upon by the local neurosurgical community. It further supports audit systems that include neurosurgeons to assess and improve the quality of neurosurgical care.

Community Participation↗

Neurotrauma care and the neurosurgeon: a statement from the Joint Section on Trauma of the AANS and CNS.

The AANS and CNS support the concept of organized neurosurgical trauma care consisting of the appropriate combination of prepared communities and institutions and of adequate numbers of committed neurosurgeons. Furthermore, we support the guidelines of the ACS regarding institutions designated to receive trauma patients, and support the concept of prehospital triage of trauma victims based upon well-trained EMS personnel guided by criteria selected by the local neurosurgical community. We support audit systems that include neurosurgeons to assess and improve the quality of neurotrauma care. By using the principles outlined above, neurosurgeons can plan, support, and evaluate whatever system their community or region requires for the optimal care of the neurotrauma patient.

Health Planning Guidelines↗