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PubMed2004

Models and theories in studies on educating and counseling children about physical health: a systematic review.

The aim of this review is to gain a comprehensive view on the theories and models referred to in studies on educating and counseling children about physical health. A computer search was conducted using PubMed Medline, and Silverplatter Webspirs Psycinfo. Original studies, reviews, and theoretical papers published between 1992-2003 were included. The review presents the results of the 35 studies in which the majority of the subjects were between 0 and 12 years of age. A classification system is proposed that helped grouping the models, and the interrelationship between this classification and the characteristics of the reviewed studies is explored. The classification could function as an introductory guide and help to select appropriate theories and models when defining future research agenda's. The results of this review may attribute to the refinement of the theoretical underpinning of child education and counseling in physical health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Emotional, social, and physical health characteristics of older men in prison.

A competitive survey was carried out in three medium-security Federal prisons in British Columbia, Canada. The purpose was to compare the social, emotional, and physical health characteristics of older and younger inmates. The results showed that when compared with younger inmates, the older men had more contacts with friends and family, more friends in prison, and experienced less stress than the younger men. Aside from problems with vision and hearing, their physical health did not appear to be any worse when compared to that of younger inmates. This was surprising in light of age-related declines in health found in both the general population and in previous research with inmates. The study uncovered several unique problems concerning older prisoners, and a number of policy and program recommendations were generated.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and children.

The battering of female partners and the concomitant emotional abuse that is almost always part of the coercive control have significant mental and physical health consequences for the women who experience this type of violence. Children who live in households fraught with the conflict, violence, and unpredictable danger of domestic violence often witness the battering of their mothers and may also be victims of child abuse themselves. This article highlights current knowledge regarding the mental and physical health effects of intimate partner violence on women and their children, and discusses needed directions for screening, intervention, research, and changes in the health care system.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Mental and physical health of middle-aged and elderly women and psychosocial factors.

Middle-aged and elderly women with no specific disabilities in their daily life were divided into two groups: those visiting clinics with mild physical symptoms and those not visiting clinics. Those visiting clinics showed significantly lower mental and physical health indices, but satisfaction and emotional support were similar. Although those visiting clinics had significantly more stressful events, no differences were seen in ways they were dealt with. For those not visiting clinics, mental and physical health indices were better in their 60s than in their 50s and got worse again in their 70s, while for those visiting clinics indices were consistently low. Somatic symptoms in the women visiting clinics could be somatic reactions to their life situation from their 50s to their 60s.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1993

Men, family-role quality, job-role quality, and physical health.

The relationship between the quality of men's family roles, as spouse and as parent, and the quality of men's job role, on the one hand, and their reports of physical symptoms, on the other, was examined in men drawn from a random sample of 300 dual-earner couples. The main effect of marital-role quality (i.e., rewards and concerns) on physical health was estimated, as was the Marital-Role Quality x Job-Role Quality interaction effect. With respect to the parent role, the effect of both parent-role occupancy and parent-role quality was estimated. After controlling for job-role quality, it was found that parent-role occupancy had neither main nor interactive effects. However, among the men who occupied all 3 roles (n = 180), only parent-role concerns were a significant predictor of physical health reports. Thus, concerns in the parent role are a major unmeasured source of variance in studies of the stress-illness relationship in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Retrospective and prospective psychological and physical health as a function of negative affect and attributional style.

Subjects completed questionnaires designed to assess (a) attributions along internal-external, stable-unstable, and global-specific dimensions subsequent to undersirable events; (b) negative affect; and (c) retrospective psychological and physical health. Subjects then kept weekly records, for 12 weeks, of their visits to doctors and days of illness (prospective physical health) and days they experienced emotional problems (prospective psychological health). Multiple regression analyses that used negative affect and attributional variables as predictors showed that negative affect was the best predictor of retrospective health and that global attributions were the best predictors of prospective health. Analysis of the comparative predictive value of the internal, stable, and global attributions revealed that global attributions were the most significant predictors of retrospective and prospective health.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Effects of alcohol abuse and familial alcoholism on physical health in men and women.

Detoxified alcoholic men (n = 76) and women (n = 72) and nonalcoholic control men (n = 50) and women (n = 51) were given a structured interview that assessed five categories of physical health: medical history, alcohol-related disorders, trauma history, drug use history, and, for females, female-related disorders. Approximately half the subjects in each group were family history positive for alcoholism. Significant differences between alcoholics and controls were found for all five categories; family history effects were significant for four of the five categories, and sex differences were present in two categories. The results indicate that (a) alcoholics suffer pervasive physical health difficulties, (b) a family history of alcoholism is predictive of health problems in both alcoholics and controls, (c) the effects of alcohol abuse and family history of alcoholism on health appear to be independent and additive, and (d) women may be more "illness prone" than men and exhibit an increased vulnerability to the adverse effects of alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Problem and pathological gambling are associated with poorer mental and physical health in older adults.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and correlates of problem and pathological gambling in older adults. METHODS: Adults (n = 343) aged 60 years and older attending senior centers, bingo sites and other community activities completed a screening form containing the South Oaks Gambling Screen and the Short Form-12 Health Survey, to evaluate physical and mental health. RESULTS: Overall, 6.4% of the respondents were classified as problem gamblers and an additional 3.8% as pathological gamblers. Problem and pathological gamblers evidenced significantly greater physical and mental health problems than non-problem gamblers. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that about 10 percent of active older adults experience gambling problems, which are associated with poor physical and mental health.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Correlates of sense of control among older Korean-American immigrants: financial status, physical health constraints, and environmental challenges.

Responding to the need for more research on minority older populations, the present study assessed sense of control among older Korean-American immigrants. The association of sense of control with financial status, physical health constraints, and environmental challenges was examined with a sample of 230 older Korean-Americans (M(age) = 69.8, range = 60-92) in Florida. In a hierarchical regression analysis, financial limitations (poorer perceived financial status and receipt of financial support from adult children), physical health constraints (greater functional disability), and environmental challenges (lower acculturation and greater difficulty with transportation) were identified as significant risk factors for a diminished sense of control. Findings are discussed in a cultural context, and ways to promote sense of control among immigrant older populations are suggested.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Object representations and their relationship to psychopathology and physical health status in African-American women in primary care.

Object relations theories hypothesize a relationship between self/other representations and level of psychopathology. Research has lent support to this hypothesis. This study was conducted to examine the link between object representation and psychopathology, stress, physical health status, and alcohol abuse in 110 African-American women in primary care. Object representations were assessed through spontaneous descriptions of parents. Psychopathology and physical health status were assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey, both of which were designed for medical settings. The results support the link between dimensions of object representations (developmental level, benevolence, punitiveness) and psychopathology and between object representations and aspects of health status. Punitive maternal and paternal representations were most robustly associated with psychopathology and health status and were the only representational variables associated with alcohol abuse. The findings provide additional support for the object representations-psychopathology link and extend the research by demonstrating associations among object representations, alcohol abuse, and health status.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Mental and physical health of spouse caregivers: the role of personality.

Although personal resources of caregivers, such as coping skills and social support, have been shown to be important in understanding caregiver stress and health outcomes, personality traits have not previously been considered. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between the personality traits of neuroticism and dispositional optimism and mental and physical health outcomes. It was predicted that personality would have direct effects, and indirect effects through perceived stress, on health outcomes. Participants were spouse caregivers of patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Results showed that neuroticism and optimism were significantly related to mental and physical health. Furthermore, neuroticism had significant direct effects on all of the health outcomes, and substantial indirect effects, through perceived stress, on mental health outcomes. Optimism showed stronger indirect than direct effects on all health outcomes. These findings demonstrate the importance of including personality of the caregiver in theoretical and empirical models of the caregiving process.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Mental and physical health status in a community sample of New Zealand Vietnam War veterans.

The data presented in this paper were obtained by a survey involving 573 New Zealand Vietnam veterans. It represents the first comprehensive report on the mental and physical health of a community sample of these ex-service personnel. Although most of these veterans were reasonably healthy for their age, a small proportion was substantially worse off than their Vietnam veteran peers, reporting relatively low levels of psychological wellbeing, relatively high levels of psychological distress and post-traumatic stress disorder, a greater number and severity of physical health symptoms, lower self-rated health status, and making more frequent contacts with health care providers.

Australia↗
PubMed1992

Job stress, psychosocial strain, and physical health problems in women employed full-time outside the home and homemakers.

A pair of studies was conducted to investigate for both women employed full-time outside the home and homemakers: (a) relations between job-related stress and various indices of psychosocial strain and reported physical health problems; and (b) social support and number of children in the home in regard to direct relations with indices of psychosocial strain and physical health problems as well as moderating effects on relations between job stress and these indices. Self-report data were collected from 91 women employed outside the home and 95 homemakers. For both groups of women, more quantitative overload was associated with more tension and health problems. Greater quantitative overload was associated with more marital dissatisfaction for homemakers but not for women employed outside the home. Greater underutilization of skills for both groups of women was associated with more self-reported tension and poorer quality of marital relations but was not associated with health problems. Less reported tension was associated with greater overall social support for homemakers and greater social support from supervisors for women employed outside the home. Better quality of marital relationships was associated with greater overall social support for homemakers and greater social support from husbands and relatives/friends for women employed outside the home. For women employed outside the home, social support from supervisors and coworkers were found to moderate some of the relations between job stress and measures of psychosocial strain. Social support for homemakers, however, evidenced no moderating effects for relations involving job stress. Possibly because of low mean number and small variability in number of children in these samples, no direct relations or moderating effects were found for number of children for either group of women.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Worksite intervention effects on physical health: a randomized controlled trial.

Overweight and physical inactivity are risk factors for increased disease burden and health care expenditure. Well-designed studies are still needed to determine the treatment efficacy of worksite interventions targeting such risk factors. This randomized controlled trial was conducted at one of Australia's casinos in 2002-2003, to investigate the effects of a comprehensive exercise and lifestyle intervention on physical fitness. Only 6.4% of the workforce expressed interest in being study participants. Seventy-three employees (aged 32 +/- 8 years, 51% overweight/obese, 73% shift workers and 52% women) were recruited and randomized to treatment or wait-list control groups for 24 weeks, 44 of whom completed the intervention. Components of the intervention include supervised moderate-to-high intensity exercise including combined aerobic (at least 20 min duration 3 days/week) and weight-training (for an estimated 30 min completed 2-3 days/week), and dietary/health education (delivered via group seminars, one-on-one counselling and literature through the provision of a worksite manual). ANCOVA, by intention-to-treat and of study completers, found significant between-group differences in the mean waist circumference and predicted maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), favouring the intervention, but effects were concentrated in one subject. For study completers, between-group differences in the mean waist circumference (82.3 +/- 9.2 versus 90.5 +/- 17.8 cm, p = 0.01) and predicted VO2max (47 versus 41 ml/kg/min, p < 0.001) remained significant without the outlier, favouring the intervention. Higher intervention compliance predicted greater improvements in physical fitness. No significant effects on body mass or body mass index were found. This worksite intervention significantly improved waist circumference and aerobic fitness in healthy but sedentary employees, most of whom were shift workers. Worksite interventions have the potential to counter the increasing burden of overweight and obesity, particularly visceral adiposity, as well as physical inactivity; however, substantial barriers to adoption/adherence need to be overcome for greater feasibility and impact on employee physical health.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Late-onset Pompe disease primarily affects quality of life in physical health domains.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate quality of life in an international population of patients with late-onset Pompe disease. METHODS: Data on quality of life (SF-36), age, sex, disease duration, wheelchair use, and use of artificial ventilation were collected for 210 adults with Pompe disease from Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. SF-36 scores were compared between countries and related to patient characteristics. In addition, for the Dutch subgroup (n = 51), comparisons with the general population and 1-year follow-up assessments were performed. RESULTS: No significant differences between countries were found for the four physical health scales. Mean scores on the vitality, role functioning-emotional, and mental health scale differed between countries, but these differences were not consistent. Wheelchair use was associated with lower physical and social functioning scores (B = -23.6 and -15.1, p < 0.001), and the use of artificial ventilation with lower physical functioning scores (B = -8.4, p = 0.004). Patients reported significantly poorer quality of life than the general population on the physical functioning, role functioning-physical, general health, vitality, and social functioning scales. No significant differences in SF-36 scores were found between the baseline and 1-year follow-up measurement. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with late-onset Pompe disease are, on average, markedly affected on the physical health domains of quality of life, but score only slightly lower than the general population on the mental health domains.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed2003

Physical health vulnerability in adult children from divorced and intact families.

OBJECTIVES: The current study evaluated family process variables associated with markers of physical health vulnerability. METHODS: Retrospective reports of parental caring, conflict, and divorce-specific factors were examined in reference to hostility, somatic symptoms, and illness reports in young adults from divorced (n=253) and intact (n=552) families. RESULTS: Contrary to expectations, participants from divorced and intact families were equivalent on all health-related measures. Within the intact group, parental conflict and low parental caring were associated with hostility, somatic symptoms, and illness reports. Within the divorce group, negative feelings about the divorce were associated with higher hostility, somatic complaints, and illness reports. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that parental divorce in itself does not increase long-term vulnerability to physical illness; rather it is the negativity of the experience that is associated with vulnerability. Although overall health markers did not differ, the family process variables associated with physical health risk differed for individuals from divorced versus intact families.

Adolescent↗