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PubMed1977

Homosexuality and creativity.

Despite heightened interest in both homosexuality and creativity, as well as theoretical and anecdotal evidence linking the two, there are virtually no empirical data relevant to this hypothesized relationship. Four groups of homosexuals (activists, social homosexuals, clients of a college counseling center, and artistic homosexuals) and four groups of control heterosexuals matched on age, educational level, and verbal intelligence were administered a battery of tests that included nine measures of aspects of creativity. Of the 36 possible comparisons, nine significant mean differences were obtained, but in all cases homosexuals scored lower. There is thus no support for the contention that homosexuals are more creative.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Attitudes toward homosexuality and femininity in men.

College students were asked to express their liking for a male stimulus person who was described as either heterosexual or homosexual and as masculine or feminine. Subjects disliked the homosexual man more than the heterosexual man, regardless of his gender attributes. Subjects did not, however, consistently dislike the feminine man more than the masculine man. The feminine heterosexual man was liked less than the masculine heterosexual man, but the feminine homosexual man was liked more than the masculine homosexual man. These results cast doubt on earlier notions that homosexual people are disliked because of their presumed inappropriate gender attributes. Instead, it appears that homosexual men are disliked even more if they violate the feminine stereotype. Reasons for this effect are proposed.

Attitude↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The Dutch penal law and homosexual conduct.

The history of changes in Dutch penal law regulating homosexual conduct since the 18th century are traced and their effects on homosexual behavior described. Changes in policies and practices regarding enforcement are reviewed. The article discusses the Dutch criminal code of 1886, the criminalization of homosexual contacts involving minors in 1911, the criminalization of male homosexuality from 1941 to 1945, and the progressive relaxation of the law since World War II, resulting in the decriminalization in 1971 of homosexual contacts involving minors and the draft in 1981 for a bill that would prohibit discrimination against homosexuals.

Capital Punishment↗
PubMed1993

The morality of homosexuality.

Homosexuality has been considered a form of mental illness, morally wrong and socially deviant. The purpose of this paper is to present both sides of the homosexuality issue from a religious standpoint: opponents of homosexuality versus supporters of homosexuality. It is proposed that how one interprets the morality of homosexuality will depend upon one's level of moral development according to Kohlberg's theory. Ten churches in the Raleigh area of North Carolina completed a questionnaire designed to ascertain the church's position on the issue of homosexuality. Specifically, questions were asked to ascertain the church's level of moral development.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The Gay Identity Questionnaire: a brief measure of Homosexual Identity Formation.

This article describes the development of the Gay Identity Questionnaire (GIQ) which was derived from tenets of the Homosexual Identity Formation (HIF) model proposed by Cass in 1979. The GIQ is a brief measure that may be used by clinicians and researchers for identifying gay males in the various stages of homosexual identity formation. The test construction procedures included the selection of questionnaire items based upon constructs of the Homosexual Identity Formation Model, establishment of interrater and interitem reliability for those items, and refinement of the GIQ through two pilot tests. The final version of the GIQ was administered to two hundred twenty-five males who reported having same-sex fantasies or engaging in homosexual behavior. In addition, demographic and psychosocial data were collected and used to describe the sample and examine the relationship of these variables to subject stage of HIF. Results support the use of the Gay Identity Questionnaire as a brief measure for identifying subject stage of homosexual identity formation. The data also suggest that homosexual identity acquisition may be a two-stage process rather than the six-stage process proposed by Cass (1979). The differentiation between these stages includes whether or not a subject had resolved a coherent self-identity as gay and had a significant relationship to some aspect of the gay culture.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Explaining homosexuality: philosophical issues, and who cares anyhow?

Standard behavioral and biological attempts to explain the etiology of homosexuality are surveyed. These include genetic, physiological (e.g., hormonal), constitutional (e.g., wrong pubic hair configurations), childhood experience, parenting, and psychoanalytic accounts. These are criticized from a number of perspectives, including inadequate conceptualization of homosexuality and heterosexuality. The use of path analysis to assess etiological accounts is examined, with particular attention being paid to the Kinsey Institute's Sexual Preference efforts. Drawing from the sociology of science, recent philosophical work on the growth of scientific knowledge, and historical considerations, the legitimacy of homosexual etiology as a scientific research question is examined. It is argued that homosexual etiology is a degenerative research program. The research program's conceptual crudity with respect to sexual identity and sexual orientation precludes it from making any scientific contribution. Thus the claim that homosexual etiology is a legitimate scientific issue is plausible only against the background of a set of late Victorian normative assumptions about "normal love," some surrogate thereof, or a political agenda. Implications of the homosexuality etiology case study for more general philosophical treatments of explanation are considered briefly.

Female↗
PubMed1995

Biomedical concepts of homosexuality: folk belief in a white coat.

Biological and medical tradition teaches that sexuality exists for the sole purpose of reproduction. Within this tradition homosexuality has no biological significance. It is conceived as a pathological condition wherein a homosexual has the internal or external characteristics of the opposite sex. The initial search for cross-sex physical characteristics in homosexuals (e.g., wide hips in males, wide shoulders in females) failed. The search then focussed on so-called sex hormones. It was hypothesized that homosexuals had an excess of hormones of the opposite sex. The researchers are now hypothesizing that homosexuals have a cross-sex brain organization. To date, no evidence for such cross-sex differentiation has been credibly demonstrated. This paper describes the results of unsuccessful attempts to replicate studies which are based on the assumption that homosexuals have a cross-sexed brain organization due to perinatal hormonal factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The "Jews" of the antifascist left: homosexuality and socialist resistance to Nazism.

In the early 1930s, German Social Democrats and Communists seized upon the homosexual orientation of some Nazi leaders, especially Ernst Röhm, with the aim of discrediting the entire National Socialist movement. In Western Europe as well as the Soviet Union, there was a general tendency among socialists in the 1930s to identify homosexuality with Nazism. Antifascist leftists created the impression that homosexuality was widespread in Nazi organizations. Such socialist theorists as Wilhelm Reich tended to view homosexuality sociologically and psychologically as a typical rightist, nationalist, and above all fascist aberration. Leftist aversion to homosexuality was not only an expression of political opportunism. Prejudices against homosexuality were part and parcel of socialist thinking and became even more deep-rooted among leftists as a consequence of the ideological and moral confrontation with National Socialism. Against the presumed immortality and perversion of the Nazis, the antifascists stressed their own rationality and purity.

Germany↗
PubMed1998

On the prevalence of homosexuality and bisexuality, in a random community survey of 750 men aged 18 to 27.

A stratified random sample of 750 males aged 18 to 27 in Calgary, Canada included questions on sexual activity and orientation. A computerized response format (established as a good method for eliciting sensitive personal data) ensured anonymity. Three measures of homosexuality were employed: (1) voluntary, same-gender sexual contact from age 12 to 27: 14.0%; (2) overlapping homosexual (5.9%) and/or bisexual (6.1%) self-identification: 11.1%; and (3) exclusive (4.3%) and non-exclusive (4.9%) same-gender sexual relationships in past 6 months: 9.2%. On the basis of one or more of the three often overlapping measures, 15.3% of males reported being homosexual to some degree. CES-D depression scores did not differ significantly for sexually active homosexual (mean 14.6), bisexual (mean 15.7), and heterosexual (mean 13.7) males. The elevated depression scores for celibate homosexual (mean 27.1) and heterosexual (mean 23.6) males permit various interpretations, but are not supportive of beliefs and related institutional policies recommending or requiring that young adult homosexual males be celibate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Gender-related factors influencing perceptions of homosexuality.

There is a long history linking gender role conformity to perceived homosexuality. However, the lack of a systematic theoretical model hinders the elucidation of the interrelationships among gender stereotypes, conformity to gender stereotypes, and perceived homosexuality, as well as other factors which may mediate these relationships. The purpose of the present study was to propose such a model by combining theories of gender stereotype formation and maintenance with research investigating perceptions of homosexuality. Specifically, this study examined college students' perceptions of gender role characteristics in male and female adult target persons and these students' perceptions of the likelihood that the targets were homosexual. Path analysis demonstrated that the sex and occupation of the target person were significantly related to perceived masculinity, femininity, and homosexuality of the target person. Furthermore, individual differences in these relationships were observed, indicating that the sex and gender role characteristics of the participant influenced perceptions of the gender role attributes and homosexuality of the target person.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Problems in defining cross-cultural "kinds of homosexuality" --and a solution.

Cross-cultural typologies of male homosexuality categorize widely different cultural expressions of same-sex behavior and orientation, but often without a deeper consideration of what it means for there to be kinds of homosexuality, or what the existence of separate kinds means for the category "homosexuality." In this paper the methods and results of these typologies are described and criticized, and a new interpretation of cultural expressions of homosexuality is offered in their place. The kinds of homosexuality are seen in terms of an activity of male consciousness, whereby male consciousness becomes progressively more oriented toward itself through each general kind. Finally a plan for a future systematic study of homosexuality is suggested, into which the reorganized typologies and other cultural material may be integrated.

Cultural Characteristics↗
PubMed2000

Political tolerance among adolescents towards homosexuals in Spain.

This paper studies the willingness that an adolescent has to extend human rights to homosexuals. This willingness defines the concept of political tolerance towards homosexuals. Results of this study show that the rights that adolescents are less willing to extend to homosexuals are those more related to the activities that homosexuals do to recover their rights, as the right of demonstrating on the street. This study also pretends to find those variables more related to political tolerance towards homosexuals. Self-esteem, political experience, support for democratic norms and identification with a group of friends are positively related to political tolerance towards homosexuals, whereas support for violent groups or the identification with a religious group are negatively related.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Errors by the American Psychiatric Association, the American Psychological Association, and the National Educational, Association in representing homosexuality in amicus briefs about Amendment 2 to the U.S. Supreme Court.

In October 1995, consortiums of psychiatric and educational profes sional organizations, including the American Psychological Association and the American Psychiatric Association and the National Educational Association, submitted amicus briefs to the U.S. Supreme Court asserting that the scientific literature unequivocally supports the following propositions (a) that homosexuals, including homosexual teachers, do not disproportionately molest children, (b) that children of homosexual patients are not more likely to become homosexuals, (c) that professionals agree that homosexuality is not a pathology, and (d) that homosexual attractions are biologically or genetically predetermined and are therefore beyond the control of the individual. The first two contentions are inconsistent with the scientific literature, and the second two grossly oversimplify a contentious and uncertain literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Immediate effects of written material on attitudes toward homosexuality.

This study examined whether attitudes toward homosexuals were affected by educational material containing information about the biological determinants of sexual orientation. This study utilized a normed two-alternative inventory on which participants were asked to rate matched items on a 5-point scale. In the first session participants completed one version involving interactions with homosexual individuals. One week later, participants, randomly assigned to one of three groups, filled out the matched alternative form after reading a summary that presented either a biological or environmental basis for homosexuality or an unrelated article. Analysis confirmed previous research that the 40 men had more negative attitudes toward homosexuals than the 40 women but that different types of explanations for homosexuality had no over-all influence on attitudes. More importantly, an item analysis extended our previous understanding of sex differences in that physical proximity to the homosexual individual was the strongest factor associated with attitude change.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Does homosexual activity shorten life?

Previous estimates from obituaries and pre-1994 sex surveys suggested that the median age of death for homosexuals is less than 50 yr. Four contemporary databases were used to test that estimate: (1) obituaries in the homosexual press from 1993 through 1997 reflected treatment success for those with AIDS but suggested a median age of death less than 50 years; (2) two large random sexuality surveys in 1994--one in the USA and the other in Britain--yielded results consistent with a median age of death for homosexuals of less than 50 years; (3) the median age of those ever married in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway was about 50 years, while that of the ever homosexually partnered was about 40 yr; further, the married were about 5 times more apt to be old and 4 times less apt to be widowed young; and (4) intravenous drug abusers and homosexuals taking HIV tests in Colorado had almost identical age distributions. The four lines of evidence were consistent with previous findings suggesting that homosexual activity may be associated with a lifespan shortened by 20 to 30 years.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Homosexual parents in custody disputes: a thousand child-years exposure.

Through 1998, 78 custody appeal decisions involving 79 homosexual parents were evaluated. The 142 children involved in these cases were exposed to a thousand child-years of homosexual parenting. In appeals records (a) parents recorded as lying or engaging in criminality or homosexuality were more apt to be recorded as harming children; (b) homosexuals more frequently were recorded as lying or engaging in criminality; (c) in 54 (70%) disputes the homosexual parent or his associates and in 4 (5%) the heterosexual parent was recorded as having exposed the children to harm(s), e.g., neglect, seduction; and (d) homosexuals were responsible for 111 (97%) of the 115 recorded harms to children. For 78 nonhomosexual vs nonhomosexual control cases, in 11 (14%) the 141 children were exposed to 12 harms.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Opposite sex behaviours correlate with degree of homosexual feelings in the predominantly heterosexual.

There is extensive evidence that subjects who identify as homosexual show opposite sex-linked behaviours. However no attempt has been made to investigate whether a similar association exists between such behaviours and the presence of homosexual feelings in the predominantly heterosexual. Eighty medical students completed an anonymous questionnaire reporting the ratio of their heterosexual to homosexual feelings and the presence of sex-linked behaviours in their earlier life and currently. As in previous studies correlations between opposite sex behaviours and subjects' degree of homosexual feelings were found in the male subjects. Correlations remained present, though mainly at a weaker level, in the predominantly heterosexual students. It is suggested this evidence of a dimensional relationship between opposite sex-linked behaviours in childhood and degree of homosexual feeling in adulthood renders irrational the classification of such behaviours as a gender identity disorder of childhood when homosexuality in adults is not regarded as a disorder.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Perception of homosexuality among Turkish university students: the roles of labels, gender, and prior contact.

The author examined three questions: (a) What constitutes participants' causal attributions for the labels "gay," "lesbian," and "homosexual"?; (b) Do participants' attitudes vary by labels?; and (c) Do participants' attitudes vary with previous social contact with homosexuals? Participants were 334 university students (140 women, 194 men). Three labels--"gay," "lesbian," and "homosexual"--served as probes. The author investigated participants' attributions toward causes of homosexuality with Principal-Component Analysis (PCA) and obtained 4 components: disorder, problems, modeling or sensation seeking, and preference. The author found the most negative attitudes toward the label "gay." Finally, participants who had previous contact with homosexual people held more positive attitudes toward homosexuality than did the others. The author also obtained some gender differences. The author discussed the results in the light of the current literature.

Adolescent↗