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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Mail survey of dental radiographic techniques and radiation doses in Greece.

OBJECTIVES: To measure the entrance dose from periapical radiography in Greece and to determine the relative influence of factors affecting it. METHODS: Special packs, containing a questionnaire, a film (X-Omat MA 18 x 22.4 cm, Ready Pack, Kodak-Pathe, Paris, France) with an attached aluminium stepwedge and a pre-exposed Ektaspeed Plus (Kodak) film, were mailed to 550 randomly selected dental practitioners. The results were tested statistically using an Analysis of Variance (level P < 0.05). RESULTS: Three hundred and sixty-four packs were returned: 311 were complete but in 53 the pre-exposed film had not been developed. The average HVL was 1.4 mm Al 51% of the units had pointed cones and 34% a beam diameter larger than 6 cm. 54% of the dentists used E-speed films. Eighty per cent of the films were inadequately processed. For the total group the average entrance dose was 6.9 mGy (range 0.6-36 mGy), and 6.3 mGy (range 0.6-35 mGy) for the completed packs (n = 311). The radiation dose for the completed packs was significantly influenced by HVL, film speed, length of cone and standard of processing. CONCLUSIONS: HVL, film speed, length of cone and standards of processing influence the entrance dose. Not all of the available measures for reducing radiation dose are commonly practised in Greece. Continuing education programs can help to improve radiation safety for dental patients.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2000

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among first-time and sporadic blood donors in Greece: 1991-1996.

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroprevalence among three major groups of sporadic voluntary blood donors in Greece was studied and compared to the seroprevalence in regular donors. These three groups share many characteristics with the general population. A 6-year retrospective seroepidemiological study was carried out (1991-1996). The study population consisted of donors who were (i) military recruits (n = 80 302), (ii) enlisted military personnel (n = 86 920) and (iii) directed family donors (n = 75403). A specimen was considered as HBsAg positive when found repeatedly reactive by a 3rd-generation immunoassay and confirmed by RIA. The Mantel-Haenszel chi2 procedure was used for stratified analysis of the prevalence rates and Greenland/Robins confidence intervals of the respective weighted relative risk (MHRR) were calculated. The 6-year overall HBsAg seroprevalence among the three sporadic donor groups was 0.84%; this was twice the seroprevalence among a sample of regular donors (n = 45504) in Greece. Seroprevalence was higher among enlisted personnel (1.21 < MHRR = 1.34 < 1.50), during years prior to 1995. Directed family donors had the same overall seropositivity rate as recruits and enlisted personnel. After 1995, all groups had a seroprevalence below 1%, possibly indicating a shift towards lower endemicity in the Greek population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Allergenic pollen records (15 years) and sensitization in patients with respiratory allergy in Thessaloniki, Greece.

BACKGROUND: Very limited allergenic pollen records exist in Greece so far; moreover, there is a lack of investigation on patient sensitization. The above data are necessary for respiratory allergy diagnosis and treatment worldwide. METHODOLOGY: Daily records and identification of 16 airborne pollen species were made using a Burkard trap (1987-2001). Skin sensitivity to 13 most common pollen extracts was investigated, in a sample of 1311 asthmatics with atopy, admitted to the Out-Patient Clinic for Asthma (1990-2001). Skin sensitivity to 55 allergens, including 13 pollen extracts, was detected by skin prick test. RESULTS: The following pollen concentrations were recorded: cypress (24.9% of the total), oak (20.8%), wall pellitory (13.6%), olive (9.1%), pine (8.9%), grasses (6.3%), plane (5.4%), hazel (3%), goosefoot (2.5%) and poplar (1.4%). The respective percentages of birch, ragweed, mugwort, willow, alder and elm were lower than 1%. The highest counts of airborne pollen grains were detected from March to June. Regarding patient sensitization, sensitivity was detected to: grasses in 530 patients (40.4%), olive 417 (31.8%), goosefoot 240 (18.3%), wall pellitory 201 (15.3%), mugwort 198 (15.1%), plantain 194 (14.6%), cypress 166 (12.7%), hazel 126 (9.6%), pine 122 (9.3%), poplar 111 (8.4%), plane 107 (8,2%), oak 99 (7.6%) and to birch 89 patients (6.8%). The sensitivity to pollen grains displays preponderance (57.9%) to males. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time in Thessaloniki, Greece, 15-year allergenic pollen records were conducted. Clinical observations confirm that the pollen mainly implicated in respiratory allergy symptoms are grasses, olive and wall pellitory.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1999

The epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a study in Greece.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in a case-control study in greater Athens, Greece. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study comprised 184 patients surgically treated for BPH within one year of its diagnosis (cases) and 246 patients with no symptoms of BPH who were treated in the same hospitals for minor diseases or conditions (controls). All cases and controls were permanent residents of the greater Athens area, Greece. The data were assessed using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS: After controlling for age and education, cases and controls had similar distributions for height, body mass index, sibship size and birth order in the parental family, marital status, number of offspring and a series of previous medical diagnoses or surgical operations. The sole exception was surgery for haemorrhoids, that appeared to be related to the incidence of BPH, possibly by chance. There was no evidence that vertex baldness, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption or coffee drinking increased the risk for BPH. Men who had spent most of their lives in a rural rather than an urban environment appeared to be at reduced risk for BPH. CONCLUSION: The lifestyle factors assessed here have no major effect on the aetiology of BPH.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

A common clone of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Greece and the UK.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the possible genetic relationship among erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated in Greece and the UK. METHODS: During 1995-97, 140 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from clinical specimens submitted to the microbiology departments of the two main children's hospital in Athens. All erythromycin-resistant strains were further studied with respect to the presence of genes encoding for the two major mechanisms of macrolide resistance, their serotypes, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types, in comparison to a previously characterized UK erythromycin-resistant clone. RESULTS: Eleven of the 140 isolates (7.9%) were resistant to erythromycin; nine of these were susceptible to penicillin. Serotyping allocated seven, three and one isolates to serotypes 14, 19F and serogroup 6, respectively. The mefA gene was detected in seven isolates (five serotype 14 and two serotype 19F), ermB in two (one serotype 19F and the serogroup 6 isolate), whilst in the remaining two isolates no resistance gene could be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA showed that five Greek serotype 14 isolates belonged to the same chromosomal type as the serotype 14 erythromycin-resistant UK clone. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that erythromycin resistance among the S. pneumoniae isolates was mostly owing to the efflux mechanism and suggested a possible clonal spread of serotype 14 erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae strains between Greece and the UK.

Child↗
PubMed1996

The prevalence of headache in Greece: correlations to latitude and climatological factors.

A questionnaire study on headaches, using a door-to-door survey, was carried out in a representative sample of the general Greek population, including 1737 men and 1764 women, from 15 to 75 years of age. The parameters evaluated included age, sex, education, socioeconomic status, region of domicile, frequency of headache, use of medication, medical consultation, and family history. Latitude and climatologic factors such as humidity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure were also investigated. Headaches were not classified because the interviewers were not specialists. Nineteen percent of men and 40% of women (mean 29%) suffered from headaches in the prior year. Headaches were more frequent in lower social classes, in people with less education, and in those between 45 and 64 years of age. Nineteen percent of sufferers did not take any medication and 33% used medication every time that they had a headache, while 36% sought medical consultation. Twenty-nine percent of headache sufferers had a family history of headaches. Daily headache was present in 15% of headache sufferers. Humidity and atmospheric pressure were not correlated to headache frequency. However, in the northern areas of Greece, as well as in the regions with low mean temperature, more people suffered from daily headaches. These data may explain the lower 1-year prevalence of headaches in other Greece as compared to the prevalence of headaches in other northern European countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Antibodies to hepatitis E virus among several populations in Greece: increased prevalence in an hemodialysis unit.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) has been found to be the causative agent of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis in tropical and subtropical countries. Several investigators, however, have indicated that HEV could be endemic in Europe, albeit at a low prevalence. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anti-HEV in various populations in northwestern Greece (Epirus region). Healthy blood donors (2636), refugees from southern Albania (350), children (165), injecting drug users (IDUs) (65), multiply transfused patients (62), patients with chronic viral hepatitis (75), and chronic hemodialysis patients (149) were investigated for anti-HEV by enzyme immunoassay and confirmatory Western blot assay. In addition, 380 consecutive healthy blood donors and 62 hemodialysis patients from a neighboring area (Agrinion, Greece) were investigated. RESULTS: A very low presence of anti-HEV antibody was found among healthy blood donors from Epirus (0.23%) and Agrinion (0.53%). Anti-HEV was not detected in children, IDUs, or multiply transfused patients. In contrast, a low but significant prevalence of anti-HEV was found among refugees (4.85%), patients with chronic viral hepatitis (5.3%), and hemodialysis patients from Epirus (1.34%), as compared with healthy blood donors from Epirus: p < 0.0001, p < 0.00001, and p < 0.10, respectively. A high prevalence (9.7%) of anti-HEV was revealed in patients at the hemodialysis unit of the General Hospital of Agrinion (p < 0.00005, compared to healthy blood donors from Agrinion). No significant association was found between anti-HEV positivity and the age or sex of donors, the duration of hemodialysis, positivity for hepatitis B or C virus infection markers, history of hepatitis, increased alanine aminotransferase, renal transplantation, a history of transfusion, or the number of units transfused. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated a high prevalence of anti-HEV in a separate hemodialysis unit, without an association with the known routes of transmission of blood-borne viruses. This observation suggests that a still-undefined intra-unit factor or other factors are associated with HEV transmission.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Acute diarrhoea in children treated in an outpatient setting in Athens, Greece.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology and aetiology of acute diarrhoea among children treated exclusively in an outpatient setting in Greece. METHODS: During 1999, children with acute diarrhoea who attended the emergency department of our hospital were prospectively studied. Patients requiring hospitalization were excluded. Stool specimens were tested microscopically, for bacterial enteropathogens by standard and selective medium cultures and for rotavirus and adenovirus by latex agglutination test. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two children (median age: 2 years) were included in the study; an enteropathogen was detected in 63 (48%) of them. Isolates included rotavirus (19 patients), Salmonella sp (12), Campylobacter sp (10), Aeromonas sp (9), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (6), adenovirus (6), Giardia lamblia (4), Yersinia enterocolitica (2) and Shigella sp (1). Half of the bacterial cases occurred from August to October, and two rotavirus-associated peaks occurred during February and August. Acute diarrhoea caused by viruses affected exclusively children under six years of age, mainly those attending day care centres. Macroscopic blood in stools was reported only among patients with a bacterial infection. Socioeconomic characteristics were not helpful in differentiating disease due to specific enteropathogens. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial enteropathogens account for a significant proportion of acute diarrhoea in children treated in the outpatient setting in Greece. Rotavirus is also a frequent cause affecting mostly younger children and those attending day care centers. The presence of blood in stools and the seasonality of bacterial infections may enable their presumptive diagnosis.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Clinical features, complications and treatment outcome of childhood brucellosis in central Greece.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the epidemiology, clinical and hematological characteristics, complications and treatment outcome of childhood brucellosis in central Greece. METHODS: Retrospective record review of all patients 0-14 years of age with brucellosis admitted during a 16-year period between 1984 and 1999. RESULTS: A total of 39 cases (23 males, median age 132 months) were recorded in which the diagnosis was confirmed by a positive culture (n=30) or detection of IgM antibodies with ELISA (n=9). About 38% of these patients came from families of farmers or shepherds who owned a few domestic animals or small herds of goats or sheep and another 43% had consumed dairy products bought from shepherds. In 41% of the cases another family member developed symptomatic infection. Most of the patients presented with fever (61%) and musculoskeletal symptoms (69%). Splenomegaly was recorded in 38% and hepatomegaly in 28% of the cases. Anemia (39%) and monocytosis (31%) were the most common hematological manifestations, followed by lymphopenia (18%). Unusual complications were detected in two patients who developed thrombocytopenic purpura and acute facial nerve palsy, respectively, but recovered without long-term sequelae. None of the 22 patients who received a combination of two or three antibiotics for > or =6 weeks and had adequate follow-up had a relapse. CONCLUSION: Childhood brucellosis remains an important public health problem in central Greece. It usually occurs in families that raise small ruminants and the development of symptomatic infection in more than one family member is common. It may cause serious complications in children and treatment with at least two antibiotics for not less than six weeks appears to be effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cost analysis and estimation of thoracic surgical patients with lung cancer in Greece: the case of Sotiria ICU.

This study aimed to estimate the hospitalization cost of thoracic surgical patients with lung cancer, treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) of Sotiria Hospital in Athens. This is the largest specialist thoracic disease hospital in the greater region of Central and Southern Greece. Methodology was based on the prospective study of patients' medical records, from which clinical and economic data were derived for a six-month period. The study sample consisted of 95 thoracic surgical patients. Economic analysis and cost estimation were based on the differentiation between nominal and real prices, occurring in the public hospital sector in Greece. Real ICU cost per patient is estimated at US$ 2,011 in 1998, while the total patients hospitalization cost was US$ 6,958. The patient's ICU cost represents about 29% of his total hospitalization cost, while the price deviation in the amounts covered by social insurance compared to the real hospitalization cost is also confirmed. It is believed that the use of economic analysis techniques could substantially contribute to the assessment of resource consumption, initially at a microeconomic and later at a macroeconomic level, and thus to the adoption of prospective payment systems, as these are encountered on an international level.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The occurrence of disinfection by-products in the drinking water of Athens, Greece.

Application of chlorination for the disinfection of drinking water results in the formation of a wide range of organic compounds, called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which occur due to the reaction of chlorine with natural organic materials. The occurrence of DBPs was studied in samples from four drinking-water treatment plants (WTPs) and from the distribution network of Athens, Greece. Twenty-four compounds, which belong to different categories of DBPs, were monitored, including trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HAKs), chloral hydrate (CH) and chloropicrin (CP). Sampling was performed monthly for a period of two years, from three different points at each WTP and from eight points atthe distribution network. Samples were analyzed by GC-ECD methods, which included pretreatment with liquid-liquid extraction for volatile DBPs and acidic methanol esterification for HAAs. The results of the analyses have shown the presence of disinfection by-products belonging to all categories studied in all water samples collected after prechlorination. The major categories of DBPs detected were THMs and HAAs, while the other volatile DBPs occurred at lower concentrations. The concentrations of DBPs did not in any case exceed the maximum contaminant levels (MCL) set by USEPA and WHO. However, monitoring these compounds needs to be continued, because their levels could increase due to changes in the quality of water entering the water treatment plants. Reduction of the concentrations of DBPs could be achieved by optimization of the chlorination conditions, taking into account the effect of time. Moreover, research on alternative disinfection methods (e.g. ozone, chlorine dioxide, chloramines) and their by-products should be conducted to evaluate their applicability in the case of the drinking water of Greece.

Chlorine Compounds↗
PubMed2003

Environmental impacts of coastal aquaculture in eastern Mediterranean bays: the case of Astakos Gulf, Greece.

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Over the last decade Greece has become a leading country in the EU as concerns the cage farming of seabream and seabass. A strong debate has risen, however, about the environmental impacts of aquacultures in the coastal areas. The present paper deals with this problem and it is based on measurements of physico-chemical parameters in the water column, particulate matter and sediments in the area of Astakos Gulf, a coastal embayment in western Greece where three big fish farms are currently operating. METHODS: Water samples were collected by using Hydro-Bios sampling bottles, whereas a prototype sediment trap was installed under a fish cage for the collection of particulate matter. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and salinity were measured in situ using portable equipment. Nutrients were determined by standard spectrophotometric methods. Trace metals were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Dissolved organic carbon was determined by a Shimadzu 5000A carbon analyzer, whereas organic carbon in sediments was determined titrimetrically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: No clear eutrophication incidents have been identified, although the water column near the fish farms was enriched in nutrients and organic carbon. A sludge 'blanket' covers considerable parts of the seabed and is enriched in colloidal organic carbon and trace metals (Cd, Cu, Fe and Zn) that come from unused fish food. The biodegradation of this sludge leads to the development of anoxic conditions followed by the formation of undesirable gases, precipitation or remobilization of metals and the extinction of benthic fauna. CONCLUSION: The operation of fish farms at the coastal area of Astakos Gulf, and probably in similar Mediterranean gulfs, affects the marine environment, particularly in the vicinity of the cages. The most significant influence concerns the near-bottom water layer. The environmental impacts depend on the amount of food given to fishes, the mode of feeding, the fish density in cages, the annual production and the years of unit operation. The hydrology and the geomorphology of the area are also critical factors for its environmental quality. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The success of the fish-farming sector in the Mediterranean is accompanied by environmental and, in some extents, by social and marketing problems. These problems, derived from the rapid development of fish farming, can be solved only through an integrated management, using methods such as environmental impact assessment, risk assessment, economic evaluation, vulnerability assessments, resource accounting, cost-benefit analysis and outcome-based monitoring.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Leishmaniasis in Greece I. Isolation and identification of the parasite causing human and canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Three human and 19 canine leishmanial stocks were typed according to their excreted factor serotype and the electrophoretic mobility of their MDH, GPI, G6PDH and 6PGDH and shown to be identical with regard to these characters and, thus with Leishmania donovani infantum. This verifies the opinion of earlier researchers, who suggested that the parasites which cause human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in Greece are the same organism and that dogs are the reservoir for the human infection. The complexities raised by the co-existence of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Greece caused by L. tropica (formerly L. t. minor) are stressed. A comparison was made of the clinical symptomatology, serological diagnosis by IFA and ELISA tests and parasitological diagnosis of the human cases and canine infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Leishmaniasis in greater Athens, Greece. Entomological studies.

Greater Athens, the largest urban area in Greece, has a population of 3.1 million and is home for most of the human and canine cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) reported in Greece. Seven species of sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) were identified in light- and sticky-trap surveys in the area in 1993. Although none of the flies was found in wooded areas or scrub, flies were collected from quarries, corrals, wells, walls, houses and animal shelters. There were small 'island' populations in residential districts and moderate or large populations in the quarries and corrals in the foothills of the mountains bordering the area and in the hills near the city centre. Phlebotomus neglectus, the putative vector of VL in the area, was ubiquitous; it predominated in the quarries and was common in the sampled corrals and residential habitats. The distribution, abundance and seasonal activity of all seven species of sandflies are described and discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Lung function in Gypsies in Greece.

The relationship between lung function and smoking and dietary habits was examined in 121 Gypsies (62 males, 59 females) who were 14-70 y of age and who lived in Greece. All were examined clinically, after which they all participated in spirometry tests. Half of the study group had abnormal (< 80% of predicted) forced vital capacity, 36.4% had abnormal (< 80% of predicted) forced expiratory volume in 1 sec, and 5% had serious lung function disturbances (forced vital capacity < 50% of predicted). Approximately 70% of subjects were smokers, and their diets were rich in alcohol and meat; they ate very few salads and oranges. Consequently, decreased lung function might be a major health problem in Gypsies in Greece. Organization of preventive health strategies should improve the overall health of this study group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Epidemiology, clinical course and impact on hospitalization costs of acute diarrhea among hospitalized children in Athens, Greece.

The aim of this study was to describe the etiology, morbidity and hospitalization costs associated with acute diarrhea among hospitalized children in Greece. During 1999, 294 hospitalized children (median age 1 y) with acute diarrhea were prospectively studied. Bacterial and viral enteropathogens were detected in 100 (34%) and 37 (12.5%) patients, respectively; 17 (6%) patients had mixed infections. Isolated agents included Salmonella spp. (43 patients; 15%), rotavirus (32; 11%), Campylobacter spp. (26; 9%), enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (16; 5.5%), Shigella spp. (11; 4%), Aeromonas spp. (7; 2.5%), adenovirus (6; 2%), Yersinia enterocolitica (6; 2%), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (2; 0.5%) and Giardia lamblia (1; 0.5%). Of the patients with bacterial infection, 70% were admitted between April and September 1999. A rotavirus-associated peak was noted in March. Patients with a bacterial infection were hospitalized for longer periods than those with viral infections. It is concluded that bacterial enteropathogens account for one-third of admissions due to acute diarrhea among children in Greece and are associated with significant hospitalization costs. Rotavirus is also a frequent cause of acute diarrhea necessitating hospitalization.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Occurrence of aflatoxin M(1) in raw and market milk commercialized in Greece.

From December 1999 to May 2000, 114 samples of pasteurized, ultrahigh temperature-treated (UHT) and concentrated milk were collected in supermarkets, whereas 52 raw milk samples from cow, sheep and goat were obtained from different milk producers all over Greece. Sample collection was repeated from December 2000 to May 2001 and concerned 54 samples of pasteurized milk, 23 samples of bulk-tank raw milk and 55 raw milk samples from cow, sheep and goat. The total number of samples analysed for aflatoxin M(1) (AFM(1)) contamination by immunoaffinity column extraction and liquid chromatography was 297. In the first sampling, the incidence rates of AFM(1) contamination in pasteurized, UHT, concentrated and cow, sheep and goat raw milk were 85.4, 82.3, 93.3, 73.3, 66.7 and 40%, respectively, with only one cow raw milk and two concentrated milk samples exceeding the EU limit of 50 ng l(-1). In the second sampling, the incidence rates of AFM(1) contamination in pasteurized, bulk-tank and cow, sheep and goat raw milk were 79.6, 78.3, 64.3, 73.3 and 66.7%, respectively, with only one cow and one sheep raw milk samples exceeding the limit of 50 ng l(-1). The results suggest that the current regulatory status in Greece is effective.

Aflatoxin M1↗
PubMed2006

Monitoring of triazine and phenylurea herbicides in the surface waters of Greece.

A large-scale study was implemented to monitor triazine and phenylurea herbicides in the main surface water bodies of continental Greece from October 1998 to September 1999. Samples from 10 rivers and 7 lakes were analyzed for the presence of five triazine (atrazine, cyanazine, prometryne, simazine, terbuthylazine) and five phenylurea (chlorotoluron, diuron, linuron, metobromuron, monolinuron) herbicides. The samples were extracted with C18 cartridges and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The most frequently detected herbicides were atrazine, followed by prometryne, cyanazine, and simazine. The concentrations of the compounds were generally low (< 0.78 micro g/L) and are not considered harmful for the freshwater ecosystem. Most of the positive samples were taken from the water bodies of northern Greece where agricultural activity is more intense.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗