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PubMed1987

The inhibitory effect of oral administration of garlic on experimental carcinogenesis in hamster buccal pouches by DMBA painting.

The inhibitory effect of oral administration of garlic on experimental carcinogenesis in buccal pouches induced by painting 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was studied on 40 golden Syrian hamsters. The animals were grouped at random into four experimental groups (oral administration of garlic, NTP, BP or mineral oil followed by DMBA painting on buccal pouches), three chemical control groups (oral administration of garlic, NTP or BP without DMBA painting) and a DMBA control group (only painted DMBA on buccal pouches). Starting from the fourth week after DMBA painting, the pouch mucosae were examined biweekly for its tumor formation and blood vessel architecture. Animals were sacrificed 25 weeks after DMBA application. Tumors and pouch mucosae were dissected to examine tumor nature and biochemical reactions of DNA synthesis and GGTase activity. The inhibitory efficacy of garlic, BP and NTP were evaluated according to the results of these examinations. Garlic was found to have a higher inhibitory efficacy than BP and NTP through the probable mechanism of competitive binding with nuclear DNA and diminishing the opportunity of DMBA to initiate carcinogenesis. Other factors related to cancer inhibition included insufficient local blood flow, low GGTase activity and lesser DNA synthesis. The inhibitory effect of fractions of garlic on experimental carcinogenesis should be a reasonable and necessary continuation in future studies of the series of cancer prevention by garlic.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed1996

Radioprotection of mice following garlic pretreatment.

Freshly prepared aqueous extract of garlic was tested in mice for its possible in vivo protective effect against gamma-radiation-induced chromosomal damage. In the same animals, the changes in the sulphydryl content and glutathione S-transferase activity were evaluated. Three doses of garlic extract [125, 250 and 500 mg kg-1 body weight (bw)] were administered orally for five consecutive days and the animals were exposed to 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 Gy gamma-radiation 2 h after the final feeding. The results of the bone marrow micronucleus test revealed that pretreatment with garlic extract was effective in reducing gamma-radiation-induced chromosomal damage. Against 0.25 Gy gamma-radiation, a high dose of 500 mg kg-1 bw garlic extract was required to significantly reduce the chromosomal damage. All the three doses of garlic extract were effective in exerting a protective effect against 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 Gy gamma-radiation. However a dose-related effect was observed only against 2.0 Gy. The sulphydryl content and glutathione S-transferase activity registered a significant increase after either pretreatment with garlic with extract or irradiation. In the garlic extract pretreated irradiated animals, a significant reduction was observed in the sulphydryl content and glutathione S-transferase activity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Gender may affect the action of garlic oil on plasma cholesterol and glucose levels of normal subjects.

Early trials of garlic preparations on blood lipids mainly supported a lipid-lowering effect, whereas later well-designed garlic tablet trials were mainly entirely null. However, enteric simulation tests suggest that this discordance may result from ineffective delivery of bioactive agents from the brands of garlic powder (GP) and cyclodextrin-bound garlic oil (GO) tablets tested in some recent negative trials. In contrast, enteric simulation tests show that the preformed bioactive agents present in "traditional" gelatin capsules of GO are efficiently released, although such capsules have rarely been investigated in lipid-lowering trials. It was hypothesized that gelatin capsules of GO given to normal subjects would improve specified coronary heart disease risk factors. Effects of a GP preparation were also investigated. Subjects (n = 51; men and women, mean age 27 y) were randomly assigned to receive either 8.2 mg/d of GO (allyl sulfides) or placebo for 11 wk. Another 27 subjects received garlic powder (GP) of similar biopotential (7.8 mg allicin/d). Outcome measures were 95% confidence intervals (CI) between GO and placebo groups for differences between baseline and subsequent sample times. Men and women combined showed no significant differences save for an improved total antioxidant capacity at 6 wk (P = 0.01). Hence, no benefit from GO after 11 wk is one plausible conclusion. However, there were significant differences in effect of GO between men and women for HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) (P = 0.004) and total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C (P = 0.003). Women showed favorable effects in terms of CHD risk factors (i.e., increases in HDL-C and reductions in TC/HDL-C), whereas men had small adverse effects. There was a significant difference in the GO effect for glucose (P = 0.006), with a reduction seen for men and an increase for women. The gender effects were unexpected and such analyses were not planned in advance. Confirmation of these findings with larger numbers of subjects would have importance for the use of garlic against CHD and for the design of future garlic studies.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review.

Garlic and its preparations have been widely recognized as agents for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, thrombosis, hypertension and diabetes. Effectiveness of garlic in cardiovascular diseases was more encouraging in experimental studies, which prompted several clinical trials. Though many clinical trials showed a positive effect of garlic on almost all cardiovascular conditions mentioned above, however a number of negative studies have recently cast doubt on the efficacy of garlic specially its cholesterol lowering effect of garlic. It is a great challenge for scientists all over the world to make a proper use of garlic and enjoy its maximum beneficial effect as it is the cheapest way to prevent cardiovascular disease. This review has attempted to make a bridge the gap between experimental and clinical study and to discuss the possible mechanisms of such therapeutic actions of garlic.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of garlic oil as a contact dissolution agent for gallstones: comparison with monooctanoin.

AIM: To find a better contact solvent to dissolve gallstones we studied invitro use of garlic oil and compared it with monooctanoin. METHODS: In the first stage gall stones obtained from patients after cholecystectomy were subjected to dissolution in different concentrations of garlic oil. Then the rate of dissolution of gall stones in garlic oil was compared to that in monooctanoin in stage II. Efficacy of various concentration of garlic oil and monoocatanoin in dissolving gallstones in artificial gall bladder and common bile duct models were compared in stage III. RESULTS: Garlic oil dissolved the cholesterol gall stones in proportion to the concentration used. The gall stone fragmentation was faster [6 hours V/s 36 hours] and more [88.30% V/s 71.01%] by garlic oil in comparison to monooctanoin in test tubes and even in artificial gallbladder and common bile duct models. CONCLUSIONS: Garlic oil is a better contact dissolving agent of gallstones than monooctanoin.

Allyl Compounds↗
PubMed1998

Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Garlic-containing drugs have been used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia even though their efficacy is not generally established. Little is known about the mechanisms of action of the possible effects on cholesterol in humans. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the hypocholesterolemic effect of garlic oil and to investigate the possible mechanism of action. DESIGN: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Outpatient lipid clinic. PATIENTS: We investigated 25 patients (mean age, 58 years) with moderate hypercholesterolemia. INTERVENTION: Steam-distilled garlic oil preparation (5 mg twice a day) vs placebo each for 12 weeks with wash-out periods of 4 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum lipoprotein concentrations, cholesterol absorption, and cholesterol synthesis. RESULTS: Baseline lipoprotein profiles were (mean [SD]): total cholesterol, 7.53 (0.75) mmol/L (291 [29] mg/dL); low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), 5.35 (0.78) mmol/L (207 [30] mg/dL); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 1.50 (0.41) mmol/L (58 [16] mg/dL); and triglycerides, 1.45 (0.73) mmol/L (127 [64] mg/ dL). Lipoprotein levels were virtually unchanged at the end of both treatment periods (mean difference [95% confidence interval]): total cholesterol, 0.085 (-0.201 to 0.372) mmol/L (3.3 [-7.8 to 14.4] mg/dL), P=.54; LDL-C, 0.001 (-0.242 to 0.245) mmol/L (0.04 [-9.4 to 9.5] mg/dL), P=.99; HDL-C, 0.050 (-0.028 to 0.128) mmol/L (1.9 [-1.1 to 4.9] mg/dL), P=.20; triglycerides, 0.047 (-0.229 to 0.135) mmol/L (4.2 [-20.3 to 12.0]) mg/dL, P=.60. Cholesterol absorption (37.5% [10.5%] vs 38.3% [10.7%0], P=.58), cholesterol synthesis (12.7 [6.5] vs 13.4 [6.6] mg/kg of body weight per day, P=.64), mevalonic acid excretion (192 [66] vs 187 [66] microg/d, P=.78), and changes in the ratio of lathosterol to cholesterol in serum (4.4% [24.3%] vs 10.6% [21.1%], P=.62) were not different in garlic and placebo treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The commercial garlic oil preparation investigated had no influence on serum lipoproteins, cholesterol absorption, or cholesterol synthesis. Garlic therapy for treatment of hypercholesterolemia cannot be recommended on the basis of this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Studies on the antimutagenic activities of garlic extract.

Experiments with Salmonella tester strains indicated that aqueous garlic extract possesses antimutagenic properties toward ionizing radiation, peroxides, adriamycin, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-nitrosoguanidine. The assumption that radical scavenging garlic constituents, i.e., molecules with sulfur moieties, might be responsible for the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract toward mutagenesis induced by radiation and radiomimetic compounds was confirmed by the results of subsequent experiments; 1) garlic extract attenuated the lethal effects of gamma-rays on repair-deficient E. coli strains; 2) the garlic constituent allicin (thio-2-propene-1-sulfinic acid S-allyl ester) is partly responsible for the reduced radiation-induced mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102. No such inhibitory effects were detected with alliin (S-allyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide) or cysteine; 3) aqueous garlic extract inhibited hydrogen-peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation. Results obtained in preliminary experiments with Chinese hamster ovary cells suggest that the antimutagenic properties of garlic extract are not restricted to procaryotic cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of raw garlic on physical performance and learning behaviour in rats.

The effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on physical performance and learning behaviour were evaluated in male rats (7-8 months old, weighing 250-400 g) by comparison with the effects of pentoxifylline, a haemorheological agent with antiplatelet activity. The tests were designated as experiment A and experiment B, both conducted in two consecutive 4-week sessions. In experiment A, the rats performed in a learning maze model during the first 4 weeks then followed by moving along the rope model for another 4 weeks. In experiment B, the rats were first tested in a rotarod treadmill for 4 weeks and then a step down test model for another 4 weeks. Each experiment consisted of four groups with 6-8 rats per group. Aqueous garlic homogenate at doses of 1 and 2 g (of raw garlic)/kg/day were given orally to group 1 and group 2, respectively, while pentoxifylline dispersion at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day was given to group 3. Group 4 served as the control group and was given water. All tests (maze model, rope model, rotarod model and step down model) were performed three times a week. The number of successful tasks and the acquisition time in 1 week intervals were used for the statistical analysis. The present results demonstrated that neither aqueous garlic homogenate at both doses nor pentoxifylline exhibited any benefit in the maze model or the rotarod model. Garlic only at the lower dose and pentoxifylline however, showed benefit in the rope model and step down model. These findings may provide some evidence to support the beneficial effect of long-term garlic consumption on physical performance and learning behaviour in normal subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Prevention of bone loss by oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis.

The effects of oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on different primary and secondary osteoporotic marker changes were tested in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. Experiments were performed on three different rat models: sham-operated control, ovariectomized and ovariectomized supplemented with garlic oil. In ovariectomized group, there has been a significant increase in different relative organ weights compared to sham-operated control, while the uterine weight was found to be decreased. Supplementation with oil extract of garlic could effectively reverse these changes. Also low bone densities that developed in the ovariectomized group were significantly recovered in the garlic oil supplemented group. In our study, the development of high rate of bone turnover and osteoporosis in the ovariectomized animals were confirmed by significant alteration of serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum tartrate resistant acid phosphatase activity, urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, hydroxyproline and urinary calcium to creatinine ratio, when compared with the sham-operated control group. Garlic oil extract supplementation, apart from its unique influence in lowering blood cholesterol, could also prevent ovariectomy-induced rise in all the above-mentioned marker changes. The results of this study emphasize that oil extract of garlic possibly has a positive role in suppressing ovariectomy-induced bone resorption.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed2006

Role of oil extract of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on intestinal transference of calcium and its possible correlation with preservation of skeletal health in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis.

The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of an oil extract of garlic on the in vivo intestinal transference of calcium, and also to verify its role in maintaining the bone mineral content and bone tensile strength in an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis. The results suggest that, in this experimental model, oil extract of garlic promotes intestinal transference of calcium by modulating the activities of both intestinal alkaline phosphatase and Ca(2+) activated ATPase. Also the observed low bone mineral content and low bone tensile strength in these rats were significantly restored by garlic oil supplementation. Further, garlic oil supplementation was able to revive partially the bilateral ovariectomy-induced decrease in the serum estrogen titer. The serum parathyroid hormone level, however, was found unaltered in these rats. The garlic oil supplemented partial recovery in serum estrogen titer in bilaterally ovariectomized rat was found to be persistently associated with enhanced calcium transference and better preservation of bone mineral content. The results of this study propose that the phytoestrogenic efficacy of an oil extract of garlic prevents ovarian hormone deficiency induced bone mineral loss possibly by promoting intestinal transference of calcium through the partial revival of the serum estrogen titer.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1993

Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack.

A platelet-inhibiting effect is described for garlic. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study on 60 voluntary subjects with cerebrovascular risk factors and constantly increased platelet aggregation it was demonstrated that the daily ingestion of 800 mg of powdered garlic (in the form of coated tablets) over 4 weeks led to a significant inhibition of the pathologically increased ratio of circulating platelet aggregates and of spontaneous platelet aggregation. The ratio of circulating platelet aggregates decreased by 10.3%, from 1.17 +/- 0.08 to 1.05 +/- 0.11 (P < 0.01), and spontaneous platelet aggregation by 56.3%, from 40.7 +/- 23.3 to 17.8 +/- 23.2 degrees (P < 0.01) during the garlic phase. There were no significant changes in the placebo group. The parallel group comparison (garlic versus placebo) revealed a significantly different ratio of circulating platelet aggregates after 4 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). After the 4-week wash-out phase the values increased again to 1.19 +/- 0.32 and 34.9 +/- 28.7 degrees, reaching the initial values (run-in phase prior to the ingestion of garlic). Since garlic is well tolerated it would be worth testing it in a controlled clinical trial for usefulness in preventing disease manifestations associated with platelet aggregation.

Brain Ischemia↗
PubMed1993

Can garlic reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of standardized garlic powder tablets on serum lipids and lipoproteins, glucose, and blood pressure. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty-two healthy adults (19 men, 23 women), mean age of 52 +/- 12 years, with a serum total cholesterol (TC) level of greater than or equal to 220 mg/dL received, in a randomized, double-blind fashion, either 300 mg three times a day of standardized garlic powder in tablet form or placebo. Diets and physical activity were unchanged. This study was conducted in an outpatient, clinical research unit. RESULTS: The baseline serum TC level of 262 +/- 34 mg/dL was reduced to 247 +/- 40 mg/dL (p < 0.01) after 12 weeks of standard garlic treatment. Corresponding values for placebo were 276 +/- 34 mg/dL before and 274 +/- 29 mg/dL after placebo treatment. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was reduced by 11% by garlic treatment and 3% by placebo (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, serum glucose, blood pressure, and other monitored parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with standardized garlic 900 mg/d produced a significantly greater reduction in serum TC and LDL-C than placebo. The garlic formulation was well tolerated without any odor problems.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Effect of garlic on human platelet aggregation in vitro.

In 6 healthy adults the effect of essential oil of garlic on platelet aggregation was studied in vitro with an aggreganometer. The blood was collected in a siliconized centrifuge tube containing sodium citrate. The aggregating agents used were ADP, epinephrine and collagen. In each subject aggregation was studied 3 times: (i) initial fasting control; (ii) immediately after (i) but with essential oil of garlic drawn into the syringe together with the sodium citrate; (iii) 5 days after feeding 0.5 mg of essential oil of garlic daily. Addition of essential oil of garlic inhibited in-vitro platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine or collagen; the effect was dose-related. Oral administration of garlic also decreased platelet aggregation. Thus, garlic seems to inhibit some aspects of thrombus formation.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1981

The long-term use of garlic in ischemic heart disease--an appraisal.

The hypocholesterolemic and fibrinolysis-enhancing properties of garlic were assessed in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and in healthy control subjects. The peak of blood fibrinolytic activity (BFA) achieved at the 4th week of garlic therapy was not sustained despite its continuous use and returned to about the pre-garlic values at the 12th week. Garlic withdrawal did not cause any further change in BFA. Under the same conditions serum total cholesterol (STC) values did not show any significant change. Both of the foregoing features were observed in the IHD as well as in the control group. Garlic therapy for 12 weeks did not cause any appreciable changes in serum triglyceride, beta-lipoprotein, plasma fibrinogen levels or coagulation time in either IHD or control subjects. The evidence cited above does not appear to substantiate the prevalent popular belief in the efficacy of garlic in the management of IHD either as a hypocholesterolemic or as a fibrinolytic agent.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Occupational asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic.

Repeated exposure to garlic dust induced severe asthma in an atopic patient. Subsequently, the patient also developed marked adverse responses after ingestion of garlic. Immunologic investigations carried out in an asymptomatic period revealed significant skin reactivity and bronchospasm after challenge with both garlic dust and extract. The results of a controlled oral challenge test to garlic dust were also positive. The patient's serum contained unusually high quantities of garlic-specific IgE. Cross allergenicity between garlic and other members of the Liliaceae family were documented by the RAST inhibition technique.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

In vivo radioprotection with garlic extract.

Garlic extract was evaluated in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test for its possible protective effects against gamma-radiation-induced chromosomal damage. Together with this, biochemical assays were carried out to determine the changes in sulfhydryl content and glutathione S-transferase activities. Three doses of freshly prepared garlic extract (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w.) were orally administered for 5 consecutive days, and the animals were irradiated 2 h after the final feeding. The results of the micronucleus test demonstrated that pre-treatment with garlic extract can lead to significant dose-related reductions in the frequencies of gamma-radiation-induced (2 Gy) micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. The anticlastogenic effect of garlic extract was observed against lower radiation doses of 0.5 and 1 Gy, but not 0.25 Gy. Significant increases in the sulfhydryl content and glutathione S-transferase activity were observed after either pre-treatment with garlic extract or irradiation. However, the irradiated garlic-extract pre-treated animals showed a significant reduction in sulfhydryl content and glutathione S-transferase activities.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Garlic: a sensory pleasure or a social nuisance?

A total of 100 female and male shoppers in Helsinki were interviewed to evaluate beliefs, attitudes and norms concerning the consumption of garlic. In a subsequent postal questionnaire, the annoyance related to the smell of garlic, compared with other social odors, was also measured. The most frequent beliefs about garlic pertained to its good taste, unpleasant smell, and healthiness. Users and non-users showed distinctly different belief patterns. Sweat and alcohol were considered the most annoying social odors, and garlic and perfume/aftershave the least so. The Fishbein-Ajzen model, in which individual beliefs and their evaluations as well as subjective norms were used as predictors, explained 35-36% of the variation of the reported consumption and intention to use garlic. The predictive power of the model rose to 56-62% when past behavior was included as a third independent variable. Although the predictive power of attitudes was greater than that of subjective norms, the latter were also significant predictors. Thus, use of garlic is a somewhat unusual form of food-related behavior in that it is controlled by both attitudes and normative factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Testing garlic for possible anti-ageing effects on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human fibroblasts in culture.

The beneficial effects claimed for the use of garlic as a nutritional supplement include detoxification, antioxidation, antifungal activity, antibacterial activity, tumour suppression and, possibly, anti-ageing and rejuvenating effects. We have used the Hayflick system of cellular ageing in culture in order to test garlic for its anti-ageing effects on long-term growth characteristics, morphology and macromolecular synthesis of human skin fibroblasts. Our results show that an addition of garlic extract into the normal cell culture medium can support serial subculturing for over more than 55 population doublings in 475 days, and that this treatment has some youth-preserving, anti-ageing and beneficial effects on human fibroblasts in terms of maximum proliferative capacity and morphological characteristics. In comparison, similar or lesser doses of garlic extracts are growth inhibitory for cancerous cells that could not be grown over longer periods in the presence of garlic. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the effects of garlic on the long-term growth characteristics and macromolecular synthesis of normal human skin cells, the results of which have applications for both anti-ageing and anti-cancer research.

Adult↗